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Frank C. Verhulst - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Epidemiology of Child Psychopathology: major milestones
European Child & Adolescent Psychiatry, 2015Co-Authors: Frank C. Verhulst, Henning TiemeierAbstract:Child psychiatric epidemiology has developed rapidly from descriptive, cross-sectional studies in the 1960s to the current large-scale prospective cohorts that unravel aetiological mechanisms. The objective of the study was to give an overview of epidemiological studies that have influenced Child psychiatry. A chronological overview of selected major milestone studies was obtained to demonstrate the development of Child psychiatric epidemiology, with a more in-depth discussion of findings and methodological issues exemplified in one cohort, the Generation R Study. Epidemiological studies have been successful in describing the frequency and course of Child psychiatric problems. The high expectations that biological factors can be used to better explain, diagnose or predict Child psychiatric problems have not been met. More ambitious large-scale Child psychiatric cohort studies are needed, carefully applying genetics, neuroscience or other molecular research to better understand how the brain produces maladaptive behaviour. Progress will only be attained if the basic sciences are systematically integrated in cohorts with rigorous epidemiological designs rather than hurriedly inserted in Child psychiatric studies.
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Help-seeking for Child Psychopathology: pathways to informal and professional services in The Netherlands
Journal of the American Academy of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry, 2005Co-Authors: Marieke Zwaanswijk, Jan Van Der Ende, Peter F. M. Verhaak, Jozien M. Bensing, Frank C. VerhulstAbstract:Objective: To devise and test a model describing the process of help-seeking for Child Psychopathology in professional and informal service settings. Method: Using structural equation modeling, associations between several help-seeking stages, and the influence of Child, family, and context characteristics on these stages were investigated in 246 Dutch Children (4-11 years old) between April 2000 and July 2002. Children were selected for having emotional or behavioral problems from a representative general practice sample; 68% of the selected Children participated. Results: School personnel played an important role in the process of help-seeking for Child Psychopathology, in both detecting service need and the provision of and the referral for help. Although Dutch general practitioners are supposed to be gatekeepers of mental health care, their role in help-seeking for Child Psychopathology was limited. Various family characteristics were shown to influence service need and informal or professional help-seeking. The influence of Child characteristics on the help-seeking process was limited. Conclusions: Educating parents about Child Psychopathology and the availability and accessibility of care, improving general practitioners' skills in detecting Child Psychopathology, and direct contact of mental health professionals with general practitioners and schools may enhance access to care for Children in need.
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Predicting change in problem behavior from Child and family characteristics and stress in referred Children and adolescents.
Development and psychopathology, 1999Co-Authors: Jolanda J. J. P. Mathijssen, Hans M. Koot, Frank C. VerhulstAbstract:A three-wave longitudinal study design with two 6-month intervals was used to examine the stability and change in Internalizing, Externalizing, and Total Problem behavior among Children and adolescents referred to outpatient mental health services. Our results indicated high stabilities for parent ratings of Child Psychopathology across a 1-year interval. Additionally, we found decreases in the level of problem behavior. Interindividual differences in change were found for Total Problems and Externalizing behavior but not for Internalizing. While both the Child's temperament and intelligence level and family relations were related to the initial level of parent-rated problem behavior, only intermediary stressful life events had an influence on the rate of change of Child Psychopathology.
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The Relationship between Mutual Family Relations and Child Psychopathology
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines, 1998Co-Authors: Jolanda J. J. P. Mathijssen, Frank C. Verhulst, Hans M. Koot, Eric E. J. De Bruyn, Johan H. L. OudAbstract:The associations of the mutual mother-Child, father-Child, and mother-father relationship and various patterns of family relations with Child Psychopathology were investigated in a sample of 137 families referred to outpatient mental health services. Assessment of the relative association of the different family dyads showed that both the mother-Child and the mother-father relationship were related to Child problem behaviour. However, whereas the mother-Child relationship was consistently more related to externalising behaviour, the mother-father relationship was particularly related to internalising behaviour. Our findings gave clear support for the cumulative risk model: having more negatively qualified relationships was associated with more problem behaviour. Furthermore, our results suggested a protective influence of the parent-Child relationship: having one or two positive parent-Child relationships was associated with less problem behaviour. No support was found for the cross-generational coalition hypothesis. Implications for future research are discussed.
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Family Functioning and Child Psychopathology: Individual Versus Composite Family Scores.
Family Relations, 1997Co-Authors: Jolanda J. J. P. Mathijssen, Frank C. Verhulst, Hans M. Koot, Eric E. J. De Bruyn, Johan H. L. OudAbstract:Family Functioning and Child Psychopathology: Individual versus Composite Family Scores * Jolanda J. J. P. Mathijssen,** Hans M. Koot, Frank C. Verhulst, Eric E. J. De Bruyn, and Johan H. L. Oud This study examined the relationship of individual family members' perceptions and family mean and discrepancy scores of cohesion and adaptability with Child Psychopathology in a sample of 138 families, referred to Regional Mental Health Agencies. The results indicate that the family mean scores, contrary to the family discrepancy scores, explain more of the variance in parent-reported Child Psychopathology than individual scores. Implications for future research and clinical practice are discussed. From different perspectives, such as sociological, psychological and family systems theory, it is assumed that the family plays an important role in the development and maintenance of Psychopathology in Children (Hetherington & Martin, 1986; Jacob & Tennenbaum, 1988). A major problem in family research is to obtain information that will reflect the family as a unit and yield true family characteristics (Fisher, Kokes, Ransom, Philips, & Rudd, 1985). Although researchers recognize that responses of multiple family members are needed to obtain a more representative view of the family, collecting data from more than one family member does not automatically yield family data. Still, in the majority of studies on the relation between family functioning and Child Psychopathology, the individual scores of different family members are not aggregated to construct a family-based measure (Blaske, Borduin, Henggeler, & Mann, 1989; Farrell & Barnes, 1993; Friedman, Utada, & Morrisey, 1987; Kiser et al., 1988; Natakusumah et al., 1992; Prange et al., 1992; Volk, Edwards, Lewis, & Sprenkle, 1989; Watson, Henggeler, & Whelan, 1990). In these studies conclusions are drawn at the family level from data collected at the level of the individual family member. Individual perceptions of family functioning may have considerable value and may show relations with Psychopathology in family members, but they are by definition not appropriate to draw conclusions about the relation between the functioning of the family as a unit and the individual's Psychopathology. A challenging question is then how scores based on individual perceptions should be combined into a family score. This is not an easy task, because family members, in particular Children and their parents, differ considerably in their perception of the family (Noller & Callan, 1986; Tein, Roosa, & Michaels,1994). Some researchers question aggregation because of the differences between family members (Tein et al., 1994), whereas others argue in favor of aggregation (Schwarz, Barton-Henry, & Pruzinsky, 1985). However, this lack of high agreement should not prevent us from exploring ways to treat data from different family members (cf. Wampler & Halverson, 1993). For example, Jacob and Tennenbaum (1988) made a plea for the development of composite scores from individual reports followed by a comparison of the individual and composite scores regarding their relationship with key variables. The examination of both individual and family composite scores is important, because it provides the opportunity to investigate whether it is valuable to compute family scores. In the present study we used two different family scores, i.e., the mean of individual family members' scores and the discrepancy between scores of individual family members regarding family functioning, in order to examine their relative association with Child problem behavior. Especially for clinical purposes, this information is very important. However, as far as we know, this comparison has never been addressed in previous research. The computation of an arithmetic mean offers the possibility of locating the family on a scale relative to other families, but has the disadvantage of blurring individual differences. …
John R. Weisz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Correlates of expressed emotion in mothers of clinically-referred youth: an examination of the five-minute speech sample
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines, 2002Co-Authors: Carolyn A. Mccarty, John R. WeiszAbstract:Background: Most studies applying the adult-derived ‘expressed emotion’ (EE) measure to Children have combined criticism (CRIT) and emotional overinvolvement (EOI). Yet, some of the parent behaviors coded as EOI and shown to have negative implications for parents and their adult Children (e.g., multiple positive comments about the son or daughter) may be normative and benign for parents and their juvenile Children. Thus, EOI, as currently operationalized, may not be related to Child Psychopathology in the way CRIT is. Method: We tested this possibility, separating CRIT and EOI and examining the individual scoring criteria for each in relation to Psychopathology factors in a sample of 258 clinicallyreferred Children aged 7–17. Results: Whereas each of the four CRIT criteria related positively to maternal reports of Child Psychopathology, especially externalizing problems, only two of the five EOI criteria were positively related to Child Psychopathology, and one (positive comments) was negatively related. Structural Equation Modeling findings supported a model in which CRIT partially mediates the relation between maternal Psychopathology and Child externalizing symptoms. Conclusions: Overall, the results suggest that EE may contribute to the study of parent–Child relations and Child Psychopathology, but that a developmental adjustment may be required in the way EE is operationalized for use with juvenile samples. Keywords: Assessment, expressed emotion, parent–Child. Abbreviations: EE: expressed emotion; CRIT: criticism; EOI: emotional overinvolvement; FMSS: fiveminute speech sample.
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Can we trust parent reports in research on cultural and ethnic differences in Child Psychopathology? Using the bicultural family design to test parental culture effects.
Journal of abnormal psychology, 1999Co-Authors: John R. Weisz, Carolyn A. MccartyAbstract:Research comparing cultural and ethnic groups on Child Psychopathology has relied heavily on parent reports. But don't parents' own cultural backgrounds bias their reports, undermining valid assessment of actual Child behavior? The question is hard to address because parent and Child culture tend to be confounded. To solve this problem, we assembled an unusual but heuristically valuable sample: 50 bicultural families, each with an ethnic Thai parent reared in Thailand and a Caucasian parent reared in the U.S. Parents in each pair independently completed standardized problem checklists on the same Child in their family. Across all 10 empirically derived problem syndromes, no parental culture effect was either significant or larger than "small," by Cohen's (1988) standards; across all 140 specific problems, the mean percent of variance accounted for by parent culture was less than 1%. Results do not point to a biasing effect of parental culture. For many decades, researchers have sought to understand the impact of cultural and ethnic variations on the development of Psychopathology in Children. 1 Hundreds of studies have been designed to assess the prevalence of various forms of Child Psychopathology in different sociocultural groups, both within the United States and across national boundaries. The result has been a mushrooming literature involving cross-ethnic and cross-cultural comparisons, with an array of findings that may enrich our understanding of culture and developmental Psychopathology. However, a potential methodological problem may complicate interpretation of nearly all these findings, raising questions about how much the studies can actually reveal about culture and ethnicity in relation to Psychopathology. The potential problem is related to this fact: In the great majority of studies, Child Psychopathology is assessed by means of adult reports about Children. By far the most common assessment approach involves the use of parent-report checklists. Such checklists have proliferated over the years (see, e.g., Jellinek & Murphy, 1990; Quay & Peterson, 1983). The most widely used of these is
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Experimental task and speaker effects on parent-Child interactions of aggressive and depressed/anxious Children.
Journal of abnormal child psychology, 1997Co-Authors: Geri R. Donenberg, John R. WeiszAbstract:Parent-Child interactions of aggressive and depressed/anxious clinic-referred Children were observed during two different tasks: planning a vacation and discussing a conflict. Marked group differences were found as a function of the type of task, who was speaking (parent vs. Child), and type of Child Psychopathology. Negative behaviors (e.g., Belittling and Blaming) were especially pronounced in the conflict task, whereas positive behaviors (e.g., Nurturing and Protecting) were more common in the planning task. Parents displayed other-directed behavior (e.g., Watching and Controlling), whereas Children showed more self-directed behavior (e.g., Walling Off and Distancing), and patterns of Child Psychopathology interacted with task and speaker in theoretically important ways; for example, parents of aggressive Children showed more Belittling and Blaming than their Children in the conflict task, but not in the planning task. The findings highlight key factors that may need to be incorporated into models of parent-Child interaction and Child Psychopathology.
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Jamaican and American Adult Perspectives on Child Psychopathology: Further Exploration of the Threshold Model
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1992Co-Authors: Michael Canute Lambert, John R. Weisz, Frank Knight, Marie-france Desrosiers, Kathay Overly, Charles ThesigerAbstract:University of MississippiJohn R. WeiszUniversity of California at Los AngelesFrank KnightUniversity of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, JamaicaMarie-France DesrosiersUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillKathay OverlyUniversity of North Carolina at Chapel HillCharles ThesigerUniversity of the West Indies, Mona, Kingston, JamaicaAlthough several factors determine whether Children receive psychological intervention, culturaldeterminants may be particularly influential. Cultural factors may influence adults' levels of con-cern over Child Psychopathology. This possibility was explored by comparing adult attitudes in twosocioculturally different societies. Jamaican and American parents, teachers, and clinicians (totalN= 382) judged vignettes of two Children, one with overcontrolled (e.g., fearfulness) and one withundercontrolled (e.g., fighting) problems. Regression analyses revealed that although years of edu-cation affected some adult ratings, culture had the most profound effect.Despite the proliferation of literature suggesting that culturemay influence Psychopathology, most research on the topiccontinues to be based in Western cultures. Thus, we risk devel-oping an ethnocentric picture of how dysfunction takes shape(Kennedy, Scheirer, & Rogers, 1984). The risk is particularlyserious with respect to the study of Child Psychopathology,which is actually defined in terms of both actual behavior andthe lens through which adults in a society view that behavior(Weisz et al, 1988). Children rarely seek help on their own (e.g.,Achenbach & Edelbrock, 1978). The distress level experiencedby adults (e.g., parents, teachers, clinicians) in response to chil-dren's problems may well determine whether treatment will beconsidered. Given the pivotal role of adults, it is important to
Cliff Mckinney - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Parental and Child Psychopathology: Moderated Mediation by Gender and Parent–Child Relationship Quality
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 2018Co-Authors: Annabel O. Franz, Cliff MckinneyAbstract:Previous literature has not examined the processes underlying the relations among parent–Child relationship quality, parental Psychopathology, and Child Psychopathology in the context of gender. Further, research examining these variables in emerging adulthood is lacking. The current study examined whether parent–Child relationship quality would mediate the relation between parental and Child Psychopathology, and whether gender moderated these associations. Participants were emerging adults (N = 665) who reported on perceptions of their parents’ and their own psychological problems as well as their parent–Child relationship quality. Results indicated that the relation between parental internalizing problems and parent–Child relationship quality was positive for males, and that mother–Child relationship quality was related positively to psychological problems in males. This suggests that sons may grow closer to their parents (particularly their mother) who are exhibiting internalizing problems; in turn, this enmeshed relationship may facilitate transmission of Psychopathology. Mediational paths were conditional upon gender, suggesting moderated mediation. Overall, the current study emphasizes that the complexities of parenting must be understood in the context of gender. Further, the mother–son dyad may particularly warrant further attention.
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Parental and Child Psychopathology: Moderated Mediation by Gender and Parent-Child Relationship Quality.
Child psychiatry and human development, 2018Co-Authors: Annabel O. Franz, Cliff MckinneyAbstract:Previous literature has not examined the processes underlying the relations among parent–Child relationship quality, parental Psychopathology, and Child Psychopathology in the context of gender. Further, research examining these variables in emerging adulthood is lacking. The current study examined whether parent–Child relationship quality would mediate the relation between parental and Child Psychopathology, and whether gender moderated these associations. Participants were emerging adults (N = 665) who reported on perceptions of their parents’ and their own psychological problems as well as their parent–Child relationship quality. Results indicated that the relation between parental internalizing problems and parent–Child relationship quality was positive for males, and that mother–Child relationship quality was related positively to psychological problems in males. This suggests that sons may grow closer to their parents (particularly their mother) who are exhibiting internalizing problems; in turn, this enmeshed relationship may facilitate transmission of Psychopathology. Mediational paths were conditional upon gender, suggesting moderated mediation. Overall, the current study emphasizes that the complexities of parenting must be understood in the context of gender. Further, the mother–son dyad may particularly warrant further attention.
Rex Forehand - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Father Participation in Child Psychopathology Research
Journal of Abnormal Child Psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Justin Parent, Rex Forehand, Hayley Pomerantz, Virginia Peisch, Martin SeehuusAbstract:The purpose of the current study was two-fold: (1) To examine time trends of the inclusion of fathers in Child Psychopathology research from 2005 to 2015; and (2) to examine online crowdsourcing as a method to recruit and study fathers. In study 1, findings indicated that, relative to two earlier reviews of father participation from 1984 to 1991 and 1992–2004, there has been limited progress in the inclusion of fathers in Child Psychopathology research over the last decade. In study 2, without explicit efforts to recruit fathers, almost 40% of a sample of 564 parents recruited from online crowdsourcing (Amazon’s Mechanical Turk) were fathers. Major demographic differences did not emerge between mother and father participants and data were equally reliable for mothers and fathers. Fathers were more likely to drop out over the course of a 12-month follow-up but these differences in retention between mothers and fathers were non-significant if fathers were retained at a 2-week follow-up. Finally, family process models tested across four assessments (baseline, 4, 8, and 12 month follow-ups) indicated that data from fathers are equally supportive of convergent validity as data from mothers. We concluded that online crowdsourcing is a promising recruitment methodology to increase father participation in Child Psychopathology research.
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Introduction to special section: the role of longitudinal data with Child Psychopathology and treatment: preliminary comments and issues.
Journal of consulting and clinical psychology, 1994Co-Authors: Michelle Wierson, Rex ForehandAbstract:Longitudinal data can play an important role in Child Psychopathology and treatment. This article introduces a review of some of the research questions that longitudinal designs can answer and how longitudinal studies have been used in evaluating traditional syndromes in Child clinical psychology. We then introduce the articles in this special section.
Ruth Feldman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Maternal depression impacts Child Psychopathology across the first decade of life: Oxytocin and synchrony as markers of resilience.
Journal of child psychology and psychiatry and allied disciplines, 2018Co-Authors: Avital Priel, Amir Djalovski, Orna Zagoory-sharon, Ruth FeldmanAbstract:Background While maternal depression is known to carry long-term negative consequences for offspring, very few studies followed Children longitudinally to address markers of resilience in the context of maternal depression. We focused on oxytocin (OT) and mother-Child synchrony - the biological and behavioral arms of the neurobiology of affiliation - as correlates of resilience among Children of depressed mothers. Method A community birth-cohort was recruited on the second postbirth day and repeatedly assessed for maternal depression across the first year. At 6 and 10 years, mothers and Children underwent psychiatric diagnosis, mother-Child interactions were coded for maternal sensitivity, Child social engagement, and mother-Child synchrony, Children's OT assayed, and externalizing and internalizing problems reported. Results Exposure to maternal depression markedly increased Child propensity to develop Axis-I disorder at 6 and 10 years. Child OT showed main effects for both maternal depression and Child psychiatric disorder at 6 and 10 years, with maternal or Child Psychopathology attenuating OT response. In contrast, maternal depression decreased synchrony at 6 years but by 10 years synchrony showed only Child disorder effect, highlighting the shift from direct to indirect effects as Children grow older. Path analysis linking maternal depression to Child externalizing and internalizing problems at 10 years controlling for 6-year variables indicated that depression linked with decreased maternal sensitivity and Child OT, which predicted reduced Child engagement and synchrony, leading to higher externalizing and internalizing problems. OT and synchrony mediated the effects of maternal depression on Child behavior problems and an alternative model without these resilience components provided less adequate fit. Conclusions Maternal depression continues to play a role in Children's development beyond infancy. The mediating effects of OT and synchronous, mutually regulated interactions underscore the role of plasticity in resilience. Results emphasize the need to follow Children of depressed mothers across middle Childhood and construct interventions that bolster age-appropriate synchrony.
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The social transmission of risk: Maternal stress physiology, synchronous parenting, and well-being mediate the effects of war exposure on Child Psychopathology.
Journal of abnormal psychology, 2017Co-Authors: Galit Halevi, Amir Djalovski, Orna Zagoory-sharon, Yaniv Kanat-maymon, Karen Yirmiya, Lee Koren, Ruth FeldmanAbstract:While chronic early stress increases Child susceptibility to Psychopathology, risk and resilience trajectories are shaped by maternal social influences whose role requires much further research in longitudinal studies. We examined the social transmission of risk by assessing paths leading from war-exposure to Child symptoms as mediated by 3 sources of maternal social influence; stress physiology, synchronous parenting, and psychiatric disorder. Mothers and Children living in a zone of continuous war were assessed in early Childhood (1.5-5 years) and the current study revisited families in late (9-11years) Childhood (N = 177; N = 101 war-exposed; N = 76 controls). At both time-points, maternal and Child's salivary cortisol (SC), social behavior, and externalizing and internalizing symptoms were assessed. In late Childhood, hair cortisol concentrations (HCC) were also measured and mother and Child underwent psychiatric diagnosis. The social transmission model was tested against 2 alternative models; 1 proposing direct impact of war on Children without maternal mediation, the other predicting late-Childhood symptoms from early Childhood variables, not change trajectories. Path analysis controlling for early Childhood variables supported our conceptual model. Whereas maternal Psychopathology was directly linked with Child symptoms, defining direct mediation, the impact of maternal stress hormones was indirect and passed through stress contagion mechanisms involving coupling between maternal and Child's HCC and SC. Similarly, maternal synchrony linked with Child social engagement as the pathway to reduced symptomatology. Findings underscore the critical role of maternal stress physiology, attuned behavior, and well-being in shaping Child Psychopathology amid adversity and specify direct and indirect paths by which mothers stand between war and the Child. (PsycINFO Database Record