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D S Kronfeld - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • arterial and mixed venous acid base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

  • Arterial and mixed venous acid‐base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

Lynn E Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • arterial and mixed venous acid base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

  • Arterial and mixed venous acid‐base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

Pamela L Ferrante - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • arterial and mixed venous acid base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

  • Arterial and mixed venous acid‐base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

Judith A Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • arterial and mixed venous acid base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

  • Arterial and mixed venous acid‐base status and strong ion difference during repeated sprints
    Equine Veterinary Journal, 2010
    Co-Authors: Lynn E Taylor, Pamela L Ferrante, Judith A Wilson, D S Kronfeld
    Abstract:

    Summary Seven horses performed six, 1 min sprints separated by 4 min intervals at a walk, followed by a 30 min recovery period. To evaluate changes in blood gases and strong ions, blood samples were taken from the carotid artery (A) and the right heart (mixed venous, V) at rest, after a submaximal warm-up, during the last 15 s of sprints 5 and 6 and at 5 and 30 min of recovery. At both arterial and venous sites, plasma [H+], PCO2, PO2, albumin ([Alb]), strong ion concentrations ([Na+], [K+], [Cl−]), blood lactate ([Lac]) and haemoglobin concentrations ([Hb]) were measured. Strong ion difference ([SID]), bicarbonate concentration ([HCO3−]) and total weak acid ([Atot]) were calculated. Between sites (A vs. V) there were differences in [H+], PCO2, PO2, [HCO3−], [Cl−], [SID], [Na+], [K+] and [Lac−]. Arterial PO2 remained constant during exercise, was increased at 5 min recovery and returned to the resting level by 30 min recovery. The PvO2 decreased during exercise before returning to resting levels at 5 min of recovery. During exercise, [Cl−] increased at A and decreased at V, which is consistent with the Chloride Shift. The [H+], PCO2 and [HCO3−] decreased at A and increased at V. During exercise, [Na+], [K+] and [Lac] increased at both sites, with [Na+]V, [K+]V and [Lac−]A increasing to a greater extent. Plasma [SID]A decreased due to a greater increase in [Lac−]A compared to other strong ions and [SID]V increased due to increased [Na+]V and [K+]V and decreased [Cl−]V. Plasma [Alb] and blood [Hb] increased with exercise, with no site differences. Plasma [H+] increased at V and decreased at A before returning to pre-exercise values at 30 min recovery. These changes reflected the patterns of change in PCO2, but not [SID]. In turn, the decrease in PaCO2 was probably associated with hyperventilation that maintained the PaO2 at a constant level during repeated sprints. Results show that SID, [Atot] and PCO2 have different effects on plasma [H+] and [HCO3−] at sites A and V and that the Chloride Shift is evident in the exercising horse.

Jitsuko Hiraoka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transport of Na+ and HCO3– Out of Red Blood Cells Is Simultaneous with a Chloride Shift in Canine and Human Whole Blood exposed to Co2-Rich Gas
    The Japanese journal of physiology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Senri Hirakawa, Seiichi Shimabukuro, Kiyoji Asano, Taro Minagawa, Hisaya Iguchi, Jitsuko Hiraoka
    Abstract:

    To study the release of Na+ from erythrocytes, arterial whole blood obtained from anesthetized and heparinized dogs (n = 8), or human (n = 9) venous blood was aerated with a CO2-rich gas mixture (15% CO2, 25% O2, 60% N2) at a rate of 1 l/min. To examine possible mechanisms involved in the release of sodium ions into plasma, CO2-rich gas was also passed through whole blood in the presence of acetazolamide (n = 8), SITS (n = 8), or furosemide (n = 8). The changes in blood gas parameters, plasma protein concentration, hematocrit, and plasma sodium, Chloride, and bicarbonate ion concentrations were examined. When CO2-rich gas was passed through treated and untreated canine or human whole blood, PCO2 and plasma sodium and bicarbonate contents per ml of blood increased, while pH and plasma Chloride content per ml of whole blood decreased. After 0 to 5 min of CO2-rich gassing, the mean rates of change in plasma ion contents per ml of whole blood per min were related by the following equations: (1) delta MCI- = a (delta MNa+), (2) delta MHCO3- = b(delta MNa+), (3) delta MHCO3- approximately equal to delta MNa+ + delta MCl-, (4) b approximately equal to 1 + a. These results suggest that the release of Na+ and HCO3- from erythrocytes into plasma in canine and human whole blood occurred in a one-to-one ratio simultaneously with, and probably independently of, the well-known Chloride Shift during a period of 0 to 5 min after the start of CO2-rich gassing.

  • transport of na and hco3 out of red blood cells is simultaneous with a Chloride Shift in canine and human whole blood exposed to co2 rich gas
    Japanese Journal of Physiology, 1993
    Co-Authors: Senri Hirakawa, Seiichi Shimabukuro, Kiyoji Asano, Taro Minagawa, Hisaya Iguchi, Jitsuko Hiraoka
    Abstract:

    To study the release of Na+ from erythrocytes, arterial whole blood obtained from anesthetized and heparinized dogs (n = 8), or human (n = 9) venous blood was aerated with a CO2-rich gas mixture (15% CO2, 25% O2, 60% N2) at a rate of 1 l/min. To examine possible mechanisms involved in the release of sodium ions into plasma, CO2-rich gas was also passed through whole blood in the presence of acetazolamide (n = 8), SITS (n = 8), or furosemide (n = 8). The changes in blood gas parameters, plasma protein concentration, hematocrit, and plasma sodium, Chloride, and bicarbonate ion concentrations were examined. When CO2-rich gas was passed through treated and untreated canine or human whole blood, PCO2 and plasma sodium and bicarbonate contents per ml of blood increased, while pH and plasma Chloride content per ml of whole blood decreased. After 0 to 5 min of CO2-rich gassing, the mean rates of change in plasma ion contents per ml of whole blood per min were related by the following equations: (1) delta MCI- = a (delta MNa+), (2) delta MHCO3- = b(delta MNa+), (3) delta MHCO3- approximately equal to delta MNa+ + delta MCl-, (4) b approximately equal to 1 + a. These results suggest that the release of Na+ and HCO3- from erythrocytes into plasma in canine and human whole blood occurred in a one-to-one ratio simultaneously with, and probably independently of, the well-known Chloride Shift during a period of 0 to 5 min after the start of CO2-rich gassing.