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P A Hepburn - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 7. Assessment of mutagenic activity of phytosterols, phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative, 4-cholesten-3-one
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002
    Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A Hepburn
    Abstract:

    Abstract Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of mutagenic activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5β-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5β-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of mutagenic activity in these assays.

  • safety evaluation of phytosterol esters part 7 assessment of mutagenic activity of phytosterols phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative 4 cholesten 3 one
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002
    Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A Hepburn
    Abstract:

    Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of mutagenic activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5beta-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5beta-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of mutagenic activity in these assays.

David Kritchevsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hypolipidemic and anti atherogenic effects of long term Cholestin monascus purpureus fermented rice red yeast rice in cholesterol fed rabbits
    Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Wei Wei, Yinye Wang, Jiashi Zhu, David Kritchevsky
    Abstract:

    Long-term effects of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) on serum lipids and severity of atherosclerosis were examined in rabbits fed for 200 days on a semi-purified diet containing 0.25% cholesterol. Serum total cholesterol was 25 and 40% lower, respectively, in rabbits fed 0.4 or 1.35 g/kg/day of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) compared to controls. This treatment also lowered serum LDL cholesterol. This 200-day treatment significantly reduced serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic index (ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol). Although similar reductions of total, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, a parallel group of rabbits fed lovastatin (0.0024 g/kg/day) failed to reduce the index significantly. Apolipoprotein A(1) was increased and apolipoprotein B was reduced in all treatment groups. Severity of atherosclerosis was reduced significantly in all treatment groups. The sudanophilic area of involvement was 80.6% in controls, and reduced significantly; to 30.1% on the low dose of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice), and 17.2% on the high dose. Lovastatin reduced severity of lesions by 89% (sudanophilia) and 84% (visual). Visual grading of lesion severity showed reduction by 38% and 68%.

Kritchevsky D - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects of long-term Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice, red yeast rice) in cholesterol fed rabbits
    journal of nutritional biochemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Wei W, Yy Wang, Hs Zhu, Kritchevsky D
    Abstract:

    Long-term effects of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) on serum lipids and severity of atherosclerosis were examined in rabbits fed for 200 days on a semi-purified diet containing 0.25% cholesterol. Serum total cholesterol was 25 and 40% lower, respectively, in rabbits fed 0.4 or 1.35 g/kg/day of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) compared to controls. This treatment also lowered serum LDL cholesterol. This 200-day treatment significantly reduced serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic index (ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol). Although similar reductions of total, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, a parallel group of rabbits fed lovastatin (0.0024g/kg/day) failed to reduce the index significantly. Apolipoprotein A, was increased and apolipoprotein B was reduced in all treatment groups. Severity of atherosclerosis was reduced significantly in all treatment groups. The sudanophilic area of involvement was 80.6% in controls, and reduced significantly; to 30.1% on the low dose of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice), and 17.2% on the high dose. Lovastatin reduced severity of lesions by 89% (sudanophilia) and 84% (visual). Visual grading of lesion severity showed reduction by 38% and 68%. (C) 2003 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.Biochemistry & Molecular BiologyNutrition & DieteticsSCI(E)496314-3181

Wei Wei - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • hypolipidemic and anti atherogenic effects of long term Cholestin monascus purpureus fermented rice red yeast rice in cholesterol fed rabbits
    Journal of Nutritional Biochemistry, 2003
    Co-Authors: Wei Wei, Yinye Wang, Jiashi Zhu, David Kritchevsky
    Abstract:

    Long-term effects of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) on serum lipids and severity of atherosclerosis were examined in rabbits fed for 200 days on a semi-purified diet containing 0.25% cholesterol. Serum total cholesterol was 25 and 40% lower, respectively, in rabbits fed 0.4 or 1.35 g/kg/day of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) compared to controls. This treatment also lowered serum LDL cholesterol. This 200-day treatment significantly reduced serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic index (ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol). Although similar reductions of total, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, a parallel group of rabbits fed lovastatin (0.0024 g/kg/day) failed to reduce the index significantly. Apolipoprotein A(1) was increased and apolipoprotein B was reduced in all treatment groups. Severity of atherosclerosis was reduced significantly in all treatment groups. The sudanophilic area of involvement was 80.6% in controls, and reduced significantly; to 30.1% on the low dose of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice), and 17.2% on the high dose. Lovastatin reduced severity of lesions by 89% (sudanophilia) and 84% (visual). Visual grading of lesion severity showed reduction by 38% and 68%.

  • Hypolipidemic and anti-atherogenic effects of long-term Cholestin (Monascus purpureus-fermented rice, red yeast rice) in cholesterol fed rabbits
    2003
    Co-Authors: Wei Wei, Li Changling, Wang Yinye, Su Huaide, Zhu Jiashi, Kritchevsky David
    Abstract:

    Long-term effects of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) on serum lipids and severity of atherosclerosis were examined in rabbits fed for 200 days on a semi-purified diet containing 0.25% cholesterol. Serum total cholesterol was 25 and 40% lower, respectively, in rabbits fed 0.4 or 1.35 g/kg/day of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice) compared to controls. This treatment also lowered serum LDL cholesterol. This 200-day treatment significantly reduced serum triglycerides and atherosclerotic index (ratio of non-HDL-cholesterol to HDL-cholesterol). Although similar reductions of total, LDL-cholesterol and triglycerides were observed, a parallel group of rabbits fed lovastatin (0.0024 g/kg/day) failed to reduce the index significantly. Apolipoprotein A(1) was increased and apolipoprotein B was reduced in all treatment groups. Severity of atherosclerosis was reduced significantly in all treatment groups. The sudanophilic area of involvement was 80.6% in controls, and reduced significantly; to 30.1% on the low dose of Cholestin (Monascus purpureus rice; red yeast rice), and 17.2% on the high dose. Lovastatin reduced severity of lesions by 89% (sudanophilia) and 84% (visual). Visual grading of lesion severity showed reduction by 38% and 68%.SCI(E)PubMed0ARTICLE6314-81

A. M. Wolfreys - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Safety evaluation of phytosterol esters. Part 7. Assessment of mutagenic activity of phytosterols, phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative, 4-cholesten-3-one
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002
    Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A Hepburn
    Abstract:

    Abstract Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of mutagenic activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5β-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5β-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of mutagenic activity in these assays.

  • safety evaluation of phytosterol esters part 7 assessment of mutagenic activity of phytosterols phytosterol esters and the cholesterol derivative 4 cholesten 3 one
    Food and Chemical Toxicology, 2002
    Co-Authors: A. M. Wolfreys, P A Hepburn
    Abstract:

    Phytosterol esters are phytosterols derived from vegetable oils following esterification to fatty acids. When phytosterols are added to foods, they inhibit the absorption of dietary and endogenous cholesterol and thereby reduce blood cholesterol concentrations. As part of a comprehensive programme of safety assessment, the mutagenic potential of phytosterols and phytosterol esters has been assessed in a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. In addition, an in vitro mammalian cell gene mutation assay and two in vivo mutagenicity studies, namely rat bone marrow micronucleus and liver unscheduled DNA synthesis (UDS) assays, were conducted on phytosterol esters only. Phytosterols and phytosterol esters did not show any evidence of mutagenic activity in any of these assays. A breakdown product of cholesterol is 4-cholesten-3-one and thus the amount of 4-cholesten-3-one in the gut may increase following supplementation of foods with phytosterol-esters. 4-cholesten-3-one had been previously reported as mutagenic but, due to various shortcomings, these data could not be used to assess the mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one. The mutagenic activity of 4-cholesten-3-one and its major faecal by-products, 5beta-cholestan-3-one, was assessed in two in vitro assays, a bacterial mutation assay and an in vitro chromosome aberration assay. Neither 4-cholesten-3-one nor 5beta-cholestan-3-one showed evidence of mutagenic activity in these assays.