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Deyá, Marta Cecilia - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Primers based on tara and quebracho tannins for poorly prepared steel surfaces
    2020
    Co-Authors: Yrne, Christia Eduardo, D'alessandro Oriana, Selmi, Gonzalo Juliá, Romagnoli Roberto, Deyá, Marta Cecilia
    Abstract:

    Steel panels must be protected during storage and transportation because they can corrode.This protection used to be afforded by Chromate primers, but now a days tannin-based primers are being studied.These primers are not only used as protection but also as adhesion promoter if the steel surfacewas not well prepared (presence of oxides or low roughness). The objective of this work was to prepare lanthanum“tannate”,employing tara and quebracho tannins. The “tannates”were incorporated in primers formulation and applied on steel SAE1010 panels (previously exposed to the humidity chamber or with 6μm of roughness depth). These primed panels were exposed to humidity chamber where corrosion and blistering degrees were evaluated. Adhesion test were done. Electrochemical assays such as ionic resistance and corrosion potential measurements were carried out. Results showed that the adhesion and the barrier properties of the primers were good. Besides, on low roughness steel, the primers diminished the corrosion current. Results were compared with traditional zinc tetroxy Chromate primer.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Ceramic microsphere to improve anticorrosive permanence of phosphate paints
    2020
    Co-Authors: Deyá, Marta Cecilia, Del Amo, Delia Eatriz, Romagnoli Roberto
    Abstract:

    Zinc phosphate and related compounds have been proposed as “green” replacements for traditional anticorrosive pigments such as zinc Chromate and lead oxides. However, environmental concerns have risen in the last years because the disposal of these materials in the environment increased phosphate levels in water and produce eutrophication of water bodies. The present paper deals with the possible incorporation of ceramic microspheres in alkyd paints in order to diminish phosphate content. The results suggested that paints with low phosphate content can be successfully formulated with a suitable selection of the amount and type of microspheres.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Behavior of two eco-compatible duplex systems used in the construction industry against corrosion
    2020
    Co-Authors: Seré, Pablo Ricardo, Deyá, Marta Cecilia, Elsner, Cecilia Inés, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó
    Abstract:

    Two types of coated steels are currently competing in the construction industry: the hot-dip galvanized steel (HDGS) and the 55%Al–Zn alloy coated steel (HDZAS). Both systems are typically coated by a Chromate-based conversion film, which is dangerous for human health and environment. Furthermore, for aesthetics purposes and/or to prolong their expected or planned service life, they are painted designing each paint system as a function of the service conditions to which they will be subject to. The present work reports on a comparative study of two duplex systems: steel/metal coating/organic coating. In both cases, the Chromate-based pretreatment was replaced by another one that features γmercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MTMO) as an active element. The organic coating used was a waterbased polyurethane. Behavior of this paint against corrosionwas assessed byexposing the samples in salt spray or humidity chambers, and monitoring its evolution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, visual observation, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results revealed that: MTMO was suitable for promoting adhesion both in HDGS and HDZAS; in humidity chamber, both duplex systems provided good protection; the presence of corrosion products of the base steel and paint blistering was detected in the HDGS/paint system seventy-two days after exposure; however,150 days after that, none of these effects were observed in the HDZAS/paint system; differences in behavior were significant in Salt spray chamber: speed of paint delamination from the mark done and the bulk of corrosion products generated was much higher in HDGS/paint system than in HDZAS/paint.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Preparation and characterization of silanes films to protect electrogalvanized steel
    2020
    Co-Authors: Seré, Pablo Ricardo, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó, Egli, Walte Alfredo, Deyá, Marta Cecilia
    Abstract:

    Silanes are an interesting alternative to Chromate-based surface treatments for temporary protection of electrogalvanized steel. In this work, the protective behavior of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MTMO), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AMEO), or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) films applied on electrogalvanized automotive quality steel sheets has been studied. The silane coating morphology, composition, and porosity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energydispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray fluorescence, immersion in copper sulfate, and cyclic voltammetry. The corrosion protection was evaluated by polarization curves, electrochemical noise measurements, electrochemical impedance spectrometry, and accelerated humidity chamber tests. The results showed that the silanes protect temporarily electrogalvanized steel from corrosion. MTMO forms a relatively thick and cracked film. AMEO and GLYMO films were so thin that they could not be observed by SEM but silicon was detected by EDS. MTMO provided good temporary protection, being an alternative to replace Cr(VI) as protector of electrogalvanized steel.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Lanthanum-exchanged zeolite and clay as anticorrosive pigments for galvanized steel
    2020
    Co-Authors: Roselli, Sol Natacha, Deyá, Marta Cecilia, Del Amo, Delia Eatriz, Ellotti Natalia, Revuelta, Mariana Valeria, Romagnoli Roberto
    Abstract:

    A wide variety of inhibitive pigments is now being offered as possible alternatives to Chromate and lead compounds for painted metals protection. Unfortunately, the most wide spread of these substitute pigments, zinc phosphate, has, at present, raised some environmental concern because phosphate causes the eutrophication of water courses and zinc itself is toxic. The aim of this research was to study the anticorrosive performance of a mixture consisting of zinc phosphate, modified zeolite and clay (bentonite) in order to diminish phosphate content in paints. The zeolite and the clay were exchanged with La(III) ions, as inorganic green inhibitor. In the first step, the anticorrosion protection by La(III) ions in solution was assessed by electrochemical tests. In the second step, an epoxy-polyamide paint formulated with the pigment mixture applied on galvanized panels was studied by salt spray test and electrochemical noise measurements (ENM). The results showed that it was possible to replace part of the zinc phosphate content in the paint with the exchanged zeolite and the clay.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

France David - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Turkey red prints: Identification of lead Chromate, Prussian blue and logwood on Turkey red calico
    Associação Profissional de Conservadores - Restauradores de Portugal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Wertz, Julie H., Quye Anita, France David
    Abstract:

    In this research, printed Turkey red calico from the 19th c. is analysed using conservation-based techniques to identify the materials used in their manufacture. Turkey red production was a significant industry in Scotland, and the textiles found in archives and collections are a valuable part of Scottish heritage and material history. Turkey red prints were produced via a unique dyeing process followed by discharge printing, and the analysis in this paper using SEM-EDX, FTIR, UHPLC, and microscopy confirms they were made as documented in the literature. Here, we show that lead Chromate, Prussian blue, and logwood were used to create the distinctive prints. These results are useful to develop material-specific guidelines for storage and display for improved conservation and collection accessibility

David France - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Turkey red prints: identification of lead Chromate, Prussian blue and logwood on Turkey red calico
    Associação Profissional de Conservadores - Restauradores de Portugal, 2019
    Co-Authors: Julie H. Wertz, Anita Quye, David France
    Abstract:

    In this research, printed Turkey red calico from the 19th century is analysed using conservation-based techniques to identify the materials used in their manufacture. Turkey red production was a significant industry in Scotland, and the textiles found in archives and collections are a valuable part of Scottish heritage and material history. Turkey red prints were produced via a unique dyeing process followed by discharge printing, and the analysis in this paper using SEM-EDX, FTIR, UHPLC, and microscopy confirms they were made as documented in the literature. Here, we show that lead Chromate, Prussian blue, and logwood were used to create the distinctive prints. These results are useful to develop material-specific guidelines for storage and display for improved conservation and collection accessibility

Curtis A. Suttle - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Image_1_The Complete Genome and Physiological Analysis of the Eurythermal Firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha Strain RW2 Isolated From a Freshwater Microbialite, Widely Adaptable to Broad Thermal, pH, and Salinity Ranges.JPEG
    2019
    Co-Authors: Richard Alle White, Sarah A. Soles, Greg Gavelis, Emma Gosseli, Greg F. Slate, Darlene S. S. Lim, Ia Leande, Curtis A. Suttle
    Abstract:

    Members of the genus Exiguobacterium are found in diverse environments from marine, freshwaters, permafrost to hot springs. Exiguobacterium can grow in a wide range of temperature, pH, salinity, and heavy-metal concentrations. We characterized Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a permanently cold freshwater microbialite in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia using metabolic assays, genomics, comparative genomics, phylogenetics, and fatty acid composition. Strain RW2 has the most extensive growth range for temperature (4–50°C) and pH (5–11) of known Exiguobacterium isolates. Strain RW2 genome predicts pathways for wide differential thermal, cold and osmotic stress using cold and heat shock cascades (e.g., csp and dnaK), choline and betaine uptake/biosynthesis (e.g., opu and proU), antiporters (e.g., arcD and nhaC Na+/K+), membrane fatty acid unsaturation and saturation. Here, we provide the first complete genome from Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2, which was isolated from a freshwater microbialite. Its genome consists of a single 3,019,018 bp circular chromosome encoding over 3,000 predicted proteins, with a GC% content of 52.1%, and no plasmids. In addition to growing at a wide range of temperatures and salinities, our findings indicate that RW2 is resistant to sulfisoxazole and has the genomic potential for detoxification of heavy metals (via mercuric reductases, arsenic resistance pumps, Chromate transporters, and cadmium-cobalt-zinc resistance genes), which may contribute to the metabolic potential of Pavilion Lake microbialites. Strain RW2 could also contribute to microbialite formation, as it is a robust biofilm former and encodes genes involved in the deamination of amino acids to ammonia (i.e., L-asparaginase/urease), which could potentially boost carbonate precipitation by lowering the local pH and increasing alkalinity. We also used comparative genomic analysis to predict the pathway for orange pigmentation that is conserved across the entire Exiguobacterium genus, specifically, a C30 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is predicted to yield diaponeurosporene-4-oic acid as its final product. Carotenoids have been found to protect against ultraviolet radiation by quenching reactive oxygen, releasing excessive light energy, radical scavenging, and sunscreening. Together these results provide further insight into the potential of Exiguobacterium to exploit a wide range of environmental conditions, its potential roles in ecosystems (e.g., microbialites/microbial mats), and a blueprint model for diverse metabolic processes.

  • Table_2_The Complete Genome and Physiological Analysis of the Eurythermal Firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha Strain RW2 Isolated From a Freshwater Microbialite, Widely Adaptable to Broad Thermal, pH, and Salinity Ranges.xlsx
    2019
    Co-Authors: Richard Alle White, Sarah A. Soles, Greg Gavelis, Emma Gosseli, Greg F. Slate, Darlene S. S. Lim, Ia Leande, Curtis A. Suttle
    Abstract:

    Members of the genus Exiguobacterium are found in diverse environments from marine, freshwaters, permafrost to hot springs. Exiguobacterium can grow in a wide range of temperature, pH, salinity, and heavy-metal concentrations. We characterized Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a permanently cold freshwater microbialite in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia using metabolic assays, genomics, comparative genomics, phylogenetics, and fatty acid composition. Strain RW2 has the most extensive growth range for temperature (4–50°C) and pH (5–11) of known Exiguobacterium isolates. Strain RW2 genome predicts pathways for wide differential thermal, cold and osmotic stress using cold and heat shock cascades (e.g., csp and dnaK), choline and betaine uptake/biosynthesis (e.g., opu and proU), antiporters (e.g., arcD and nhaC Na+/K+), membrane fatty acid unsaturation and saturation. Here, we provide the first complete genome from Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2, which was isolated from a freshwater microbialite. Its genome consists of a single 3,019,018 bp circular chromosome encoding over 3,000 predicted proteins, with a GC% content of 52.1%, and no plasmids. In addition to growing at a wide range of temperatures and salinities, our findings indicate that RW2 is resistant to sulfisoxazole and has the genomic potential for detoxification of heavy metals (via mercuric reductases, arsenic resistance pumps, Chromate transporters, and cadmium-cobalt-zinc resistance genes), which may contribute to the metabolic potential of Pavilion Lake microbialites. Strain RW2 could also contribute to microbialite formation, as it is a robust biofilm former and encodes genes involved in the deamination of amino acids to ammonia (i.e., L-asparaginase/urease), which could potentially boost carbonate precipitation by lowering the local pH and increasing alkalinity. We also used comparative genomic analysis to predict the pathway for orange pigmentation that is conserved across the entire Exiguobacterium genus, specifically, a C30 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is predicted to yield diaponeurosporene-4-oic acid as its final product. Carotenoids have been found to protect against ultraviolet radiation by quenching reactive oxygen, releasing excessive light energy, radical scavenging, and sunscreening. Together these results provide further insight into the potential of Exiguobacterium to exploit a wide range of environmental conditions, its potential roles in ecosystems (e.g., microbialites/microbial mats), and a blueprint model for diverse metabolic processes.

  • The Complete Genome and Physiological Analysis of the Eurythermal Firmicute Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha Strain RW2 Isolated From a Freshwater Microbialite, Widely Adaptable to Broad Thermal, pH, and Salinity Ranges
    Frontiers Media S.A., 2019
    Co-Authors: Richard Alle White, Sarah A. Soles, Greg Gavelis, Emma Gosseli, Greg F. Slate, Darlene S. S. Lim, Ia Leande, Curtis A. Suttle
    Abstract:

    Members of the genus Exiguobacterium are found in diverse environments from marine, freshwaters, permafrost to hot springs. Exiguobacterium can grow in a wide range of temperature, pH, salinity, and heavy-metal concentrations. We characterized Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2 isolated from a permanently cold freshwater microbialite in Pavilion Lake, British Columbia using metabolic assays, genomics, comparative genomics, phylogenetics, and fatty acid composition. Strain RW2 has the most extensive growth range for temperature (4–50°C) and pH (5–11) of known Exiguobacterium isolates. Strain RW2 genome predicts pathways for wide differential thermal, cold and osmotic stress using cold and heat shock cascades (e.g., csp and dnaK), choline and betaine uptake/biosynthesis (e.g., opu and proU), antiporters (e.g., arcD and nhaC Na+/K+), membrane fatty acid unsaturation and saturation. Here, we provide the first complete genome from Exiguobacterium chiriqhucha strain RW2, which was isolated from a freshwater microbialite. Its genome consists of a single 3,019,018 bp circular chromosome encoding over 3,000 predicted proteins, with a GC% content of 52.1%, and no plasmids. In addition to growing at a wide range of temperatures and salinities, our findings indicate that RW2 is resistant to sulfisoxazole and has the genomic potential for detoxification of heavy metals (via mercuric reductases, arsenic resistance pumps, Chromate transporters, and cadmium-cobalt-zinc resistance genes), which may contribute to the metabolic potential of Pavilion Lake microbialites. Strain RW2 could also contribute to microbialite formation, as it is a robust biofilm former and encodes genes involved in the deamination of amino acids to ammonia (i.e., L-asparaginase/urease), which could potentially boost carbonate precipitation by lowering the local pH and increasing alkalinity. We also used comparative genomic analysis to predict the pathway for orange pigmentation that is conserved across the entire Exiguobacterium genus, specifically, a C30 carotenoid biosynthesis pathway is predicted to yield diaponeurosporene-4-oic acid as its final product. Carotenoids have been found to protect against ultraviolet radiation by quenching reactive oxygen, releasing excessive light energy, radical scavenging, and sunscreening. Together these results provide further insight into the potential of Exiguobacterium to exploit a wide range of environmental conditions, its potential roles in ecosystems (e.g., microbialites/microbial mats), and a blueprint model for diverse metabolic processes

Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Preparation and characterization of silanes films to protect electrogalvanized steel
    2020
    Co-Authors: Seré, Pablo Ricardo, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó, Egli, Walte Alfredo, Deyá, Marta Cecilia
    Abstract:

    Silanes are an interesting alternative to Chromate-based surface treatments for temporary protection of electrogalvanized steel. In this work, the protective behavior of 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MTMO), 3-aminopropyltriethoxysilane (AMEO), or 3-glycidoxypropyltrimethoxysilane (GLYMO) films applied on electrogalvanized automotive quality steel sheets has been studied. The silane coating morphology, composition, and porosity were characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energydispersive x-ray spectroscopy (EDS), x-ray fluorescence, immersion in copper sulfate, and cyclic voltammetry. The corrosion protection was evaluated by polarization curves, electrochemical noise measurements, electrochemical impedance spectrometry, and accelerated humidity chamber tests. The results showed that the silanes protect temporarily electrogalvanized steel from corrosion. MTMO forms a relatively thick and cracked film. AMEO and GLYMO films were so thin that they could not be observed by SEM but silicon was detected by EDS. MTMO provided good temporary protection, being an alternative to replace Cr(VI) as protector of electrogalvanized steel.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Behavior of two eco-compatible duplex systems used in the construction industry against corrosion
    2020
    Co-Authors: Seré, Pablo Ricardo, Deyá, Marta Cecilia, Elsner, Cecilia Inés, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó
    Abstract:

    Two types of coated steels are currently competing in the construction industry: the hot-dip galvanized steel (HDGS) and the 55%Al–Zn alloy coated steel (HDZAS). Both systems are typically coated by a Chromate-based conversion film, which is dangerous for human health and environment. Furthermore, for aesthetics purposes and/or to prolong their expected or planned service life, they are painted designing each paint system as a function of the service conditions to which they will be subject to. The present work reports on a comparative study of two duplex systems: steel/metal coating/organic coating. In both cases, the Chromate-based pretreatment was replaced by another one that features γmercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane (MTMO) as an active element. The organic coating used was a waterbased polyurethane. Behavior of this paint against corrosionwas assessed byexposing the samples in salt spray or humidity chambers, and monitoring its evolution by electrochemical impedance spectroscopy, visual observation, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray analysis. The results revealed that: MTMO was suitable for promoting adhesion both in HDGS and HDZAS; in humidity chamber, both duplex systems provided good protection; the presence of corrosion products of the base steel and paint blistering was detected in the HDGS/paint system seventy-two days after exposure; however,150 days after that, none of these effects were observed in the HDZAS/paint system; differences in behavior were significant in Salt spray chamber: speed of paint delamination from the mark done and the bulk of corrosion products generated was much higher in HDGS/paint system than in HDZAS/paint.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Non-toxic and eco-compatible conversion treatment for the protection of electro galvanised steel
    2020
    Co-Authors: Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó, Tomachuk C. R., Elsner, Cecilia Inés
    Abstract:

    La resistencia a la corrosión de recubrimientos basados en cinc puro puede ser mejorada mediante la aplicación de adecuados tratamientos de pasivación. Los compuestos de cromo hexavalente han sido ampliamente utilizados para la formulación de películas de conversión capaces de proveer mejor protección anticorrosiva así como también propiedades de anclaje al sistema de pintado. Sin embargo, el hecho que sean fabricados usando agentes químicos peligrosos para la salud pública y el medio ambiente, obliga a desarrollar tecnologías alternativas y “verdes” con una también efectiva performance protectora. Este desafío ha sido aceptado y procurado resolver por numerosos laboratorios de I+D distribuidos alrededor del mundo. En tal dirección, el objetivo del presente trabajo es estudiar el comportamiento frente a la corrosión de recubrimientos de cinc obtenidos a partir de baños alcalinos libres de cianuro y luego sometidos a tratamientos de pasivación basados en Cr3+. La tarea experimental involucró medidas electroquímicas (potencial de corrosión e impedancia) a cortos tiempos de inmersión en una solución 0,5 M de Na2SO4 así como también la caracterización de la microestructura y morfología superficial mediante SEM y EDXS. El análisis e interpretación de los datos obtenidos permite inferir que: 1) los cambios superficiales más significativos tienen lugar dentro de las primeras horas de exposición; y 2) el tratamiento de conversión basado en Cr3+ podría ser, en principio, una alternativa electroquímicamente aceptable, no poluente ni tóxica para reemplazar a los tradicionales con Cr6+.The corrosion resistance of pure zinc coatings can be improved through the application of suitable chemical passivation treatments. Hexavalent chromium compounds have widely been used to formulate conversion layers providing better anticorrosive protection as well as anchorage properties to painting systems. However, taking into account that they are produced using hazardous chemical ingredients, the development of alternative and “green” technologies with equivalent protective performance is a paramount purpose of many R&D laboratories working around the world. In the present paper, the corrosion behavior of zinc coatings obtained from free-cyanide alkaline baths and latterly subjected to a Cr3+ based passivation treatment, with and without a sealing treatment, was studied. The experimental work involved electrochemical impedance spectroscopy measurements in 0.5 M Na2SO4 solution, surface microstructural and morphological characterization by electronic microscopy as well as chemical analysis by EDXS. The analysis and interpretation of all the data coming from these battery of tests allowed inferring that both the Cr3+ based conversion treatment + adequate sealer presented a good corrosion resistance and, therefore, they could be used as a none polluting nor toxic alternative to the traditional Chromate coatings.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pintura

  • Effect of Oxidizing Concentration on the Corrosion Resistance of the Cerium Conversion Coatings on Galvanized Steel
    2019
    Co-Authors: Culcasi, José Daniel, Elsner, Cecilia Inés, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó, Palomino Luis, Tomachuk C. R., Costas Isolda
    Abstract:

    Ce-based conversion films have been assessed as alternatives for replacement of Cr6+-based films,which have been forbidden for their toxicity and carcinogenic properties. However, corrosion protection associated with Chromate films is difficult to achieve by other surface treatments. Experimental results have revealed that to obtain the highly satisfactory results provided by Chromate-based conversion coatings, it is necessary to improve the anticorrosive properties of the new chromium-free coatings. The present work deals with the effect of the oxidant concentration in the cerium-based conversion baths on the corrosion resistance of the films deposited on galvanized steel. Electrogalvanized steel sheets were exposed to cerium chloride-based baths with different concentrations of oxidant for a minute. The surface of the treated samples was analyzed by XPS and SEM-EDXS, while its corrosion resistance was investigated using electrochemical tests (EIS) conducted in a 0.05 M NaCl solution and the impedance spectra evolution analyzed as a function of the exposure time. The results showed a direct relationship between oxidant concentration and corrosion resistance. When the oxidant concentration rose from2mL.L-1 to 12mL.L-1, the corrosion resistance increased about 5 times, and this was attributed to the decrease in the Ce3+/Ce4+ relationship of the conversion film.Centro de Investigación y Desarrollo en Tecnología de Pinturas (CIDEPINT

  • Electrochemical Characterization of Chromate Free Conversion Coatings on Electrogalvanized Steel
    2019
    Co-Authors: Tomachuk C. R., Elsner, Cecilia Inés, Di Sarli, Alejandro Ramó
    Abstract:

    The Chromate conversion treatment is widely used, but it requires highly toxic chromic acid solutions with the consequent effluent disposal and ecological problems. The removal of these toxic chemicals is considered a priority within European Union. The corrosion resistance of three alternative treatments applied on electrogalvanised steel, and immersed in aerated 0.3 M Na2 SO4 solution, pH 10, at 25 °C, was investigated using electrochemical techniques. Their performance was compared with the obtained using the traditional Cr6+-based treatment in the same conditions. The achieved results show that the alternative coatings exhibited discrete protective properties in the sulphate solution. The nitro-cobalt chemical conversion treatment showed similar protective properties than the traditional Cr6+-based treatment, while with the Cr3+-based treatment those were very poor. The phosphate treatment initially performed acceptably but as the time elapsed, its protective properties decreased.Facultad de Ingenierí