The Experts below are selected from a list of 312 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
M.a. Brooke - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Communication through stacked silicon Circuitry using integrated thin film InP-based emitters and detectors
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1995Co-Authors: N.m. Jokerst, C. Camperi-ginestet, B. Buchanan, S. Wilkinson, M.a. BrookeAbstract:To demonstrate optical communication through stacked silicon Circuitry, thin film InGaAsP-based emitters and photodetectors have been bonded directly onto silicon Circuitry. These optoelectronic devices operate at a wavelength to which silicon is transparent. The thin film emitters and detectors were integrated onto a MOSIS foundry silicon CMOS integrated circuit which contained driver and amplifier circuits. Bidirectional vertical optical communication between two layers of Circuitry was demonstrated by stacking the layers, exciting the emitter driver circuit on one layer with an electrical signal, and measuring the output electrical signal from the detector amplifier located on the other circuit in the vertical stack.
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Vertical electrical interconnection of compound semiconductor thin-film devices to underlying silicon Circuitry
IEEE Photonics Technology Letters, 1992Co-Authors: C. Camperi-ginestet, N.m. Jokerst, M.g. Allen, M.a. BrookeAbstract:A three-dimensional integration technology that electrically connects an independently optimized thin-film device layer to a Si Circuitry layer is reported. An epitaxial liftoff GaAs thin-film optical detector is integrated directly on top of Si amplifier Circuitry with a planarizing, insulating layer of polymide between the detector and the Circuitry. The detector is virtually connected to the Circuitry below through an electrical via in the insulator. This integration technology enables monolithic, massively parallel vertical interconnection between two independently optimized device layers. Systems such as image processing arrays should significantly benefit from this massively parallel integration technology.
Fred H. Gage - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Neural Circuitry
Current topics in developmental biology, 2009Co-Authors: Yan Li, Yangling Mu, Fred H. GageAbstract:The hippocampal formation is widely studied in part because of its distinct and highly laminar organization as well as its demonstrated fundamental role in learning and memory. The dentate gyrus of the hippocampal formation is one of two recognized brain regions that continually generate new neurons in adulthood. In this chapter, we review the basic structure of hippocampal cellular components and Circuitry, the properties of stem cells and their progeny in the dentate gyrus, and the known mechanisms and timing of their maturation and integration into the adult Circuitry. We also address the functional implication of neurogenesis in the adult hippocampus.
Daniel A Colón-ramos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Neural Circuitry
Current topics in developmental biology, 2009Co-Authors: Daniel A Colón-ramosAbstract:The nervous system consists of hundreds of billions of neurons interconnected into the functional neural networks that underlie behaviors. The capacity of a neuron to innervate and function within a network is mediated via specialized cell junctions known as synapses. Synapses are macromolecular structures that regulate intercellular communication in the nervous system, and are the main gatekeepers of information flow within neural networks. Where and when synapses form determines the connectivity and functionality of neural networks. Therefore, our knowledge of how synapse formation is regulated is critical to our understanding of the nervous system and how it goes awry in neurological disorders. Synapse formation involves pairing of the pre- and postsynaptic partners at a specific neurospatial coordinate. The specificity of synapse formation requires the precise execution of multiple developmental events, including cell fate specification, cell migration, axon guidance, dendritic growth, synaptic target selection, and synaptogenesis (Juttner and Rathjen in Cell. Mol. Life Sci. 62:2811, 2005; Salie et al., in Neuron 45:189, 2005; Waites et al., in Annu. Rev. Neurosci. 28:251, 2005). Remarkably, during the development of the vertebrate nervous system, these developmental processes occur almost simultaneously in billions of neurons, resulting in the formation of trillions of synapses. How this remarkable specificity is orchestrated during development is one of the outstanding questions in the field of neurobiology, and the focus of discussion of this chapter. We center the discussion of this chapter on the early developmental events that orchestrate the process of synaptogenesis prior to activity-dependent mechanisms. We have therefore limited the discussion of important activity-dependent synaptogenic events, which are discussed in other chapters of this book. Moreover, our discussion is biased toward lessons we have learned from invertebrate systems, in particular from C. elegans and Drosophila. We did so to complement the discussions from other chapters in this book, which focus on the important findings that have recently emerged from the vertebrate literature. The chapter begins with a brief history of the field of synaptic biology. This serves as a backdrop to introduce some of the historically outstanding questions of synaptic development that have eluded us during the past century, and which are the focus of this review. We then discuss some general features of synaptic structure as it relates to its function. In particular, we will highlight evolutionarily conserved traits shared by all synaptic structures, and how these features have helped optimize these ancient cellular junctions for interneural communication. We then discuss the regulatory signals that orchestrate the precise assembly of these conserved macromolecular structures. This discussion will be framed in the context of the neurodevelopmental process. Specifically, much of our discussion will focus on how the seemingly disparate developmental processes are intimately linked at a molecular level, and how this relationship might be crucial in the developmental orchestration of circuit assembly. We hope that the discussion of the multifunctional cues that direct circuit development provides a conceptual framework into understanding how, with a limited set of signaling molecules, precise neural wiring can be coordinated between synaptic partners.
Kevin J. Tracey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Neural Circuitry and immunity
Immunologic Research, 2015Co-Authors: Valentin A. Pavlov, Kevin J. TraceyAbstract:Research during the last decade has significantly advanced our understanding of the molecular mechanisms at the interface between the nervous system and the immune system. Insight into bidirectional neuro-immune communication has characterized the nervous system as an important partner of the immune system in the regulation of inflammation. Neuronal pathways, including the vagus nerve-based inflammatory reflex, are physiological regulators of immune function and inflammation. In parallel, neuronal function is altered in conditions characterized by immune dysregulation and inflammation. Here, we review these regulatory mechanisms and describe the neural Circuitry modulating immunity. Understanding these mechanisms reveals possibilities to use targeted neuromodulation as a therapeutic approach for inflammatory and autoimmune disorders. These findings and current clinical exploration of neuromodulation in the treatment of inflammatory diseases define the emerging field of Bioelectronic Medicine.
Franc C. L. Donkers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Neural Circuitry of Autism
Neurotoxicity Research, 2011Co-Authors: Aysenil Belger, Kimberly L. H. Carpenter, Gunes H. Yucel, Katherine M. Cleary, Franc C. L. DonkersAbstract:Autism is a complex neurodevelopmental disorder, characterized by deficits in social emotional, and language domains, as well as repetitive restrictive behaviors. The vast heterogeneity of the clinical and behavioral symptoms has made it rather difficult to delineate the neural Circuitry affiliated with these domains of dysfunction. The current review aims at broadly outlining the latest research into the neurobiology and neural Circuitry underlying the core domains of deficits in autism. We further discuss new avenues of research that can further our understanding of the dimensions of this complex disorder.
