The Experts below are selected from a list of 9315 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Gernot Klepper - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The future of the European Emission Trading System and the Clean Development Mechanism in a post-Kyoto world
Energy Economics, 2011Co-Authors: Gernot KlepperAbstract:This paper discusses Developments in the markets for CO2 emissions rights since the Kyoto Protocol was signed. The different emissions trading schemes, dominated by the Emission Trading System of the European Union and the Clean Development Mechanism, are surveyed. These schemes will need to be incorporated into any post-Kyoto multilateral agreement. Drawing on a simple model, the paper analyzes the incentives that developing and developed countries face for continuing or transforming the Clean Development Mechanism in the light of future agreements for a worldwide emissions control program.
Peter Newell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Governance and technology transfer in the Clean Development Mechanism in India
Global Environmental Change, 2013Co-Authors: Jon Phillips, Kasturi Das, Peter NewellAbstract:Abstract Despite significant technological advances in emerging economies, the further Development of Clean energy technologies in developing countries remains crucial to reducing the greenhouse gas emissions associated with economic Development. In this paper we address two significant gaps in the growing body of literature that has assessed the role of the Clean Development Mechanism in promoting the transfer of Clean technologies to developing countries. First, we present a qualitative analysis of the governance of the Clean Development Mechanism in India. This provides a basis for understanding the extent to which and the ways in which governance may impact upon the likelihood that projects promote technology transfer. Second, we provide a novel quantification of the level and nature of technology transfer that has occurred in Indian Clean Development Mechanism projects, based on insights from literature on technological capability building. We find that the Clean Development Mechanism in India has produced a negligible number of projects that promote technology transfer if technology transfer is understood as a process of learning about technology. Together these qualitative and quantitative analyses show how politics and governance have contributed to the current form of the Clean Development Mechanism market in India, in which processes of building indigenous technological capabilities have been neglected.
Donald F. Larson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): An Early History of Unanticipated Outcomes - The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) : an early history of unanticipated outcomes
World Scientific Series on the Economics of Climate Change, 2012Co-Authors: Ariel Dinar, Donald F. Larson, M. RahmanAbstract:Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, countries took up the difficult task of finding a common approach that would slow down the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and delay changes to the planet's climate. A widespread concern among many of the participants in the newly formed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was that the emission reductions needed to significantly affect climate change would cost so much that it could jeopardize the chances of a coordinated international solution. To address this concern, several flexible Mechanisms were designed, including the CDM. While many applaud the CDM, others are concerned with its performance and achievements, and whether or not it will be continued beyond 2012. Critics argue, among other things, that it has not delivered on the sustainable Development objective for which it was established and that projects are unevenly distributed, both geographically and sectorally. Much analysis is available on CDM, but very little comprehensive analysis, addressing various aspects of CDM is available. With a major decision for its continuation, a multi-dimensional analysis would be needed. This book is about the economic assessment of certain (not certain) CDM performances, and its future sustainability and trajectory. Contents: Clean Development Mechanism: Past, Present, and Future An Updated Review of Carbon Markets, Institutions, Policies, and Research The Activities Implemented Jointly Pilots: A Foundation for Clean Development Mechanism? The Cost of Mitigation Under the Clean Development Mechanism Diffusion of Kyoto's Clean Development Mechanism Why Adoption of the Clean Development Mechanism Differs Across Countries? Clean Development Mechanism as a Cooperation Mechanism Why So Few Agricultural Projects in the Clean Development Mechanism? Conclusion Readership: Graduates in economics, engineering, water law, international relations and practitioners in water resource management, international water law and water policies. Key Features: Comprehensive analysis and global assessment of the CDM Assessment of future sustainability of the CDM
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The Cost Structure of the Clean Development Mechanism - The cost structure of the Clean Development Mechanism
Policy Research Working Papers, 2012Co-Authors: M. Rahman, Donald F. Larson, Ariel DinarAbstract:This paper examines the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost functions are estimated using alternative functional forms. The results show that, in general, the distribution of projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather, investment choices appear to be influenced by location and project type considerations in a way that is consistent with variable transaction costs and investor preferences among hosts and classes of projects. This implies that comparative advantage based on the marginal cost of abatement is only one of several factors driving Clean Development Mechanism investments. This is significant since much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas mitigation policies relies on presumptions about relative abatement costs. The authors also find that Clean Development Mechanism projects generally exhibit constant or increasing returns to scale. In contrast, they find variations among classes of projects concerning economies of time.
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Agriculture and the Clean Development Mechanism - Agriculture and the Clean Development Mechanism
Policy Research Working Papers, 2011Co-Authors: Donald F. Larson, Ariel Dinar, J. Aapris FrisbieAbstract:Many experts believe that low-cost mitigation opportunities in agriculture are abundant and comparable in scale to those found in the energy sector. They are mostly located in developing countries and have to do with how land is used. By investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), countries can tap these opportunities to meet their own Kyoto Protocol obligations. The CDM has been successful in financing some types of agricultural projects, including projects that capture methane or use agricultural by-products as an energy source. But agricultural land-use projects are scarce under the CDM. This represents a missed opportunity to promote sustainable rural Development since land-use projects that sequester carbon in soils can help reverse declining soil fertility, a root cause of stagnant agricultural productivity. This paper reviews the process leading to current CDM implementation rules and describes how the rules, in combination with challenging features of land-use projects, raise transaction costs and lower demand for land-use credits. Procedures by which developed countries assess their own mitigation performance are discussed as a way of redressing current constraints on CDM investments. Nevertheless, even with improvements to the CDM, an under-investment in agricultural land-use projects is likely, since there are hurdles to capturing associated ancillary benefits privately. Alternative approaches outside the CDM are discussed, including those that build on recent decisions taken by governments in Copenhagen and Cancun.
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Will The Clean Development Mechanism Mobilize Anticipated Levels Of Mitigation ? - Will the Clean Development Mechanism mobilize anticipated levels of mitigation
Policy Research Working Papers, 2010Co-Authors: M. Rahman, Ariel Dinar, Donald F. LarsonAbstract:Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries can only tap mitigation opportunities in developing countries by investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Yet Clean Development Mechanism investments have so far failed to reach many of the high-potential sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This raises doubts about whether the Clean Development Mechanism can generate an adequate supply of credits from the limited areas where it has proved successful. This paper examines the current trajectory of mitigation projects entering the Clean Development Mechanism pipeline and projects it forward under the assumption that the diffusion of the Clean Development Mechanism will follow a path similar to other innovations. Projections are then compared with pre-Clean Development Mechanism predictions of the Mechanisms potential market size to discern whether limits on the types of projects entering the pipeline have limited the expected supply of certified emission reductions. Parameter tests suggest that this is not the case and that currently identified Clean Development Mechanism investments will generate offsets in excess of early model predictions. In particular, under favorable circumstances, the Mechanism is on track to deliver an average annual flow of roughly 700 million certified emission reductions by the close of 2012 and nearly to 1,100 million certified emission reductions by 2020.
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will the Clean Development Mechanism mobilize anticipated levels of mitigation
2010Co-Authors: Shaikh M Rahman, Ariel Dinar, Donald F. LarsonAbstract:Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries can only tap mitigation opportunities in developing countries by investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Yet Clean Development Mechanism investments have so far failed to reach many of the high-potential sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This raises doubts about whether the Clean Development Mechanism can generate an adequate supply of credits from the limited areas where it has proved successful. This paper examines the current trajectory of mitigation projects entering the Clean Development Mechanism pipeline and projects it forward under the assumption that the diffusion of the Clean Development Mechanism will follow a path similar to other innovations. Projections are then compared with pre-Clean Development Mechanism predictions of the Mechanisms potential market size to discern whether limits on the types of projects entering the pipeline have limited the expected supply of certified emission reductions. Parameter tests suggest that this is not the case and that currently identified Clean Development Mechanism investments will generate offsets in excess of early model predictions. In particular, under favorable circumstances, the Mechanism is on track to deliver an average annual flow of roughly 700 million certified emission reductions by the close of 2012 and nearly to 1,100 million certified emission reductions by 2020.
Katrin Millock - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Clean Development Mechanism
Encyclopedia of Energy Natural Resource and Environmental Economics, 2013Co-Authors: Katrin MillockAbstract:The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of three flexible Mechanisms included in the Kyoto Protocol. It enables Annex I countries to finance emission reductions in developing (non-Annex I) countries and use the credits thus obtained to meet their emission reduction commitments under the Kyoto Protocol. The CDM has two objectives: to reduce the costs of compliance of the Annex I countries' emission reduction commitments, and to assist developing countries in achieving sustainable Development and in contributing to the ultimate objective of the United Nations Framework Convention for Climate Change (UNFCCC). The major part of emission reductions under the CDM (certified emission reductions - CERs) comes from renewable energy investments, reduction of nonCO2 greenhouse gases (hydrofluorocarbons, perfluorocarbons, and nitrous oxide), and energy-efficiency projects. Over two-third of projects and emission reductions occur in China and India. The uneven geographical distribution of projects and the lack of consistent control of projects' contribution to sustainable Development make some contend that the CDM has not fulfilled its initial objectives. On the other hand, it has brought forth a substantial amount of CERs, and it is the only Kyoto Mechanism to bring developing countries into the efforts of the UNFCCC, notably through unilateral projects developed solely by the developing host country.
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Technology transfers in the Clean Development Mechanism: an incentives issue
Environment and Development Economics, 2002Co-Authors: Katrin MillockAbstract:The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offers abatement cost savings under the Kyoto Protocol by allowing credits for emission reductions obtained in signatory developing countries. The paper argues that technology transfers can improve incentives for cost-effective emission reductions under bilateral CDM contracts when there is asymmetric information between the investor and the host party.JEL classification: Q20; D82
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Technology transfers in the Clean Development Mechanism: an incentives issue
2002Co-Authors: Katrin MillockAbstract:The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) offers abatement cost savings under the Kyoto Protocol by allowing credits for emission reductions obtained in signatory developing countries. The paper argues that technology transfers can improve incentives for cost-effective emission reductions under bilateral CDM contracts when there is asymmetric information between the investor and the host party.
Ariel Dinar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM): An Early History of Unanticipated Outcomes - The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) : an early history of unanticipated outcomes
World Scientific Series on the Economics of Climate Change, 2012Co-Authors: Ariel Dinar, Donald F. Larson, M. RahmanAbstract:Following the Earth Summit in Rio de Janeiro in 1992, countries took up the difficult task of finding a common approach that would slow down the build-up of greenhouse gas emissions in the atmosphere and delay changes to the planet's climate. A widespread concern among many of the participants in the newly formed United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change was that the emission reductions needed to significantly affect climate change would cost so much that it could jeopardize the chances of a coordinated international solution. To address this concern, several flexible Mechanisms were designed, including the CDM. While many applaud the CDM, others are concerned with its performance and achievements, and whether or not it will be continued beyond 2012. Critics argue, among other things, that it has not delivered on the sustainable Development objective for which it was established and that projects are unevenly distributed, both geographically and sectorally. Much analysis is available on CDM, but very little comprehensive analysis, addressing various aspects of CDM is available. With a major decision for its continuation, a multi-dimensional analysis would be needed. This book is about the economic assessment of certain (not certain) CDM performances, and its future sustainability and trajectory. Contents: Clean Development Mechanism: Past, Present, and Future An Updated Review of Carbon Markets, Institutions, Policies, and Research The Activities Implemented Jointly Pilots: A Foundation for Clean Development Mechanism? The Cost of Mitigation Under the Clean Development Mechanism Diffusion of Kyoto's Clean Development Mechanism Why Adoption of the Clean Development Mechanism Differs Across Countries? Clean Development Mechanism as a Cooperation Mechanism Why So Few Agricultural Projects in the Clean Development Mechanism? Conclusion Readership: Graduates in economics, engineering, water law, international relations and practitioners in water resource management, international water law and water policies. Key Features: Comprehensive analysis and global assessment of the CDM Assessment of future sustainability of the CDM
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The Cost Structure of the Clean Development Mechanism - The cost structure of the Clean Development Mechanism
Policy Research Working Papers, 2012Co-Authors: M. Rahman, Donald F. Larson, Ariel DinarAbstract:This paper examines the cost of producing emission reduction credits under the Clean Development Mechanism. Using project-specific data, cost functions are estimated using alternative functional forms. The results show that, in general, the distribution of projects in the pipeline does not correspond exclusively to the cost of generating anticipated credits. Rather, investment choices appear to be influenced by location and project type considerations in a way that is consistent with variable transaction costs and investor preferences among hosts and classes of projects. This implies that comparative advantage based on the marginal cost of abatement is only one of several factors driving Clean Development Mechanism investments. This is significant since much of the conceptual and applied numerical literature concerning greenhouse gas mitigation policies relies on presumptions about relative abatement costs. The authors also find that Clean Development Mechanism projects generally exhibit constant or increasing returns to scale. In contrast, they find variations among classes of projects concerning economies of time.
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Agriculture and the Clean Development Mechanism - Agriculture and the Clean Development Mechanism
Policy Research Working Papers, 2011Co-Authors: Donald F. Larson, Ariel Dinar, J. Aapris FrisbieAbstract:Many experts believe that low-cost mitigation opportunities in agriculture are abundant and comparable in scale to those found in the energy sector. They are mostly located in developing countries and have to do with how land is used. By investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM), countries can tap these opportunities to meet their own Kyoto Protocol obligations. The CDM has been successful in financing some types of agricultural projects, including projects that capture methane or use agricultural by-products as an energy source. But agricultural land-use projects are scarce under the CDM. This represents a missed opportunity to promote sustainable rural Development since land-use projects that sequester carbon in soils can help reverse declining soil fertility, a root cause of stagnant agricultural productivity. This paper reviews the process leading to current CDM implementation rules and describes how the rules, in combination with challenging features of land-use projects, raise transaction costs and lower demand for land-use credits. Procedures by which developed countries assess their own mitigation performance are discussed as a way of redressing current constraints on CDM investments. Nevertheless, even with improvements to the CDM, an under-investment in agricultural land-use projects is likely, since there are hurdles to capturing associated ancillary benefits privately. Alternative approaches outside the CDM are discussed, including those that build on recent decisions taken by governments in Copenhagen and Cancun.
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Will The Clean Development Mechanism Mobilize Anticipated Levels Of Mitigation ? - Will the Clean Development Mechanism mobilize anticipated levels of mitigation
Policy Research Working Papers, 2010Co-Authors: M. Rahman, Ariel Dinar, Donald F. LarsonAbstract:Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries can only tap mitigation opportunities in developing countries by investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Yet Clean Development Mechanism investments have so far failed to reach many of the high-potential sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This raises doubts about whether the Clean Development Mechanism can generate an adequate supply of credits from the limited areas where it has proved successful. This paper examines the current trajectory of mitigation projects entering the Clean Development Mechanism pipeline and projects it forward under the assumption that the diffusion of the Clean Development Mechanism will follow a path similar to other innovations. Projections are then compared with pre-Clean Development Mechanism predictions of the Mechanisms potential market size to discern whether limits on the types of projects entering the pipeline have limited the expected supply of certified emission reductions. Parameter tests suggest that this is not the case and that currently identified Clean Development Mechanism investments will generate offsets in excess of early model predictions. In particular, under favorable circumstances, the Mechanism is on track to deliver an average annual flow of roughly 700 million certified emission reductions by the close of 2012 and nearly to 1,100 million certified emission reductions by 2020.
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will the Clean Development Mechanism mobilize anticipated levels of mitigation
2010Co-Authors: Shaikh M Rahman, Ariel Dinar, Donald F. LarsonAbstract:Under the Kyoto Protocol, developed countries can only tap mitigation opportunities in developing countries by investing in projects under the Clean Development Mechanism. Yet Clean Development Mechanism investments have so far failed to reach many of the high-potential sectors identified by the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change. This raises doubts about whether the Clean Development Mechanism can generate an adequate supply of credits from the limited areas where it has proved successful. This paper examines the current trajectory of mitigation projects entering the Clean Development Mechanism pipeline and projects it forward under the assumption that the diffusion of the Clean Development Mechanism will follow a path similar to other innovations. Projections are then compared with pre-Clean Development Mechanism predictions of the Mechanisms potential market size to discern whether limits on the types of projects entering the pipeline have limited the expected supply of certified emission reductions. Parameter tests suggest that this is not the case and that currently identified Clean Development Mechanism investments will generate offsets in excess of early model predictions. In particular, under favorable circumstances, the Mechanism is on track to deliver an average annual flow of roughly 700 million certified emission reductions by the close of 2012 and nearly to 1,100 million certified emission reductions by 2020.