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S Dawling - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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physiologic effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by intravenous administration of a Climazolam ketamine combination in ponies premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1996Co-Authors: R Bettschartwolfensberger, P M Taylor, J W Sear, M Bloomfield, K Rentsch, S DawlingAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the physiologic and pharmacokinetic effects of a technique of total intravenous anesthesia in ponies. ANIMALS: 6 healthy ponies. PROCEDURE: Ponies were premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and xylazine (1.0 mg/kg, IV). Two minutes later, anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV) followed by Climazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained for 120 minutes by an infusion of Climazolam (0.4 mg/kg/h) and ketamine (6.0 mg/kg/h). Oxygen (5 L/min) was supplemented. 20 minutes after the infusion was stopped sarmazenil (0.04 mg/kg, IV) was administered. Cardiovascular and respiratory function measurements were taken before and after premedication, and during anesthesia. Plasma cortsol, ACTH, and catecholamine concentrations were used to assess adrenal and pituitary gland function Ketamine and Climazolam kinetics were calculated, on the basis of plasma drug concentrations. RESULTS: There were no significant changes from pre-xylazine values in heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, or arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH. Plasma cortisol concentration decreased during anesthesia, but plasma ACTH and catecholamine concentrations did not change. Recovery was fairly smooth, but some excitement and ataxia were noted in 2 ponies. CONCLUSION: Ketamine-climazolan infusion appeared suitable for maintenance of anesthesia in ponies, although recovery was not ideal in 2 of 6 ponies.
B Kaegi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anesthesia by injection of xylazine ketamine and the benzodiazepine derivative Climazolam and the use of the benzodiazepine antagonist ro 15 3505
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde, 1990Co-Authors: B KaegiAbstract:: 25 horses which entered the clinic for minor surgery, received ketamine (2.2 mg/kg i.v.) for induction of anesthesia after previous sedation with xylazine (1.1 mg/kg i.v.). As soon as the horses were in the lateral recumbency, the benzodiazepine derivate Climazolam was administered at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg i.v. (10 horses) or 0.2 mg/kg i.v. (15 horses). The anesthesia was maintained with repeated injections of ketamine (1.1 mg/kg i.v. every 9-12 minutes). At the end of the surgery, 20 minutes after the last ketamine injection, Ro 15-3505, a benzodiazepine antagonist, was injected at a dose of 0.01 mg/kg i.v. or 0.02 mg/kg i.v. Climazolam successfully suppressed the adverse reactions of ketamine, such as poor muscle relaxation, hyperacusis and convulsions. The benzodiazepine antagonist Ro 15-3505 allowed good control of the duration of anesthesia and--in most cases--a smooth, predictable recovery period was the result.
Martin Ganter - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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auswirkung von ketamin und dessen kombinationen mit xylazin und Climazolam auf kreislauf und atmung beim schwein
Journal of Veterinary Medicine Series A-physiology Pathology Clinical Medicine, 1991Co-Authors: Martin Ganter, Marion KanngiesserAbstract:Summary Cardiopulmonary Responses to Ketamine-HCl and its Combinations with Xylazine and with Climazolam in Swine The cardiopulmonary effects of 15 mg ketamine/kg b. wt. and 15 mg ketamine/kg in combination with 1 mg Climazolam/kg b.wt. or in combination with 18.5 mg Xylazin/kg b. wt. were tested after intramuscular injection in 17 pigs. Blood pressure, heart rate, respiration rate, arterial pH, pO2, pCO2, lactate in venous blood and body temperature were evaluated over a period of 2 hours. The activities of CK and ASAT in blood plasma were measured until 24 hours after the injections. There was little influence on heart rate and blood pressure after ketamine alone and also after one of the two combinations. Ketamine produced a tachypnoe which was seen to a smaller extent also following injection of combinations of the drugs. This tachypnoe produced a slight respiratory alcalosis. The metabolic acidosis, indicated by increasing lactate levels, occurring initially and during the recovery period was largely compensated by the respiratory alcalosis. The increased levels of CK and ASAT are explained by the destruction of muscle tissue at the locus of the injection. Zusammenfassung An insgesamt 17 Schweinen wurden die Auswirkungen von 15 mg Ketamin/kg KGW sowie von 15 mg Ketamin/kg KGW kombiniert mit 1 mg Climazolam/kg KGW oder mit 18,5 mg Xylazin/kg KGW nach intramuskularer Injektion auf Kreislauf und Atmung uberpruft. Hierzu wurden uber eine Dauer von 2 Stunden Herzfrequenz, Blutdruck, Atemfrequenz, pH, pO2, pCO2, Plasmalaktatgehalt und die rektale Korpertemperatur kontrolliert. Daruber hinaus wurden die Enzymaktivitaten von CK und ASAT uber einen Zeitraum von 24 Stunden nach der Injektion ermittelt. Die Auswirkungen auf die Herzfrequenz und den Blutdruck sind sowohl nach Ketamin allein als auch nach Anwendung der beiden Kombinationen geringfugig. Dagegen fuhrt Ketamin und in geringerem Mase auch die Wirkung der beiden Kombinationen zu einer Tachypnoe, aus der eine leichte respiratorische Alkalose resultiert. Diese uberdeckt die initial und wahrend der Aufwachphase auftretende geringgradige metabolische Azidose weitgehend. Das Ansteigen der Enzyme CK und ASAT last sich durch die lokale Zerstorung von Muskelfasern als Folge der Injektion erklaren.
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The development of a residue-poor anesthesia in swine
Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift, 1990Co-Authors: Martin Ganter, K. Ruppert, M. KanngiesserAbstract:: The intention of this study was to develop an intramuscular injectable anesthesia for swine. Therefore the clinical signs of several sedative or anesthetic drugs and their combinations were tested. The combinations of the phencyclidines ketamine and tiletamine with different benzodiazepines were most effective. The phencyclidines induced a rapid immobilisation of sufficient length. The benzodiazepines produced muscle relaxation, prolonged the immobilisation and suppressed the side effects of the phencyclidines like excitation. The analgetic action of the combinations were insufficient. Trials to improve analgesia by supplementation with opiates were only in the combination ketamine/Climazolam/levomethadone successful. In other combinations opiates caused postanesthetic excitations with hyperthermia. The trials to improve the analgetic effect by combining tiletamine/zolazepam with imidazolidine-derivatives were only partly successful. But the tiletamine/zolazepam/imidazolidines-combinations caused severe hypothermia and other side effects. Because of postanesthetic excitations, the combination of ketamine with xylazine can not be recommended as a good anesthesia for swine. The action of ketamine with azaperone or different phenothiazine-derivatives was insufficient.
R Bettschartwolfensberger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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physiologic effects of anesthesia induced and maintained by intravenous administration of a Climazolam ketamine combination in ponies premedicated with acepromazine and xylazine
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 1996Co-Authors: R Bettschartwolfensberger, P M Taylor, J W Sear, M Bloomfield, K Rentsch, S DawlingAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To examine the physiologic and pharmacokinetic effects of a technique of total intravenous anesthesia in ponies. ANIMALS: 6 healthy ponies. PROCEDURE: Ponies were premedicated with acepromazine (0.03 mg/kg of body weight, IV) and xylazine (1.0 mg/kg, IV). Two minutes later, anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2.0 mg/kg, IV) followed by Climazolam (0.2 mg/kg, IV). Anesthesia was maintained for 120 minutes by an infusion of Climazolam (0.4 mg/kg/h) and ketamine (6.0 mg/kg/h). Oxygen (5 L/min) was supplemented. 20 minutes after the infusion was stopped sarmazenil (0.04 mg/kg, IV) was administered. Cardiovascular and respiratory function measurements were taken before and after premedication, and during anesthesia. Plasma cortsol, ACTH, and catecholamine concentrations were used to assess adrenal and pituitary gland function Ketamine and Climazolam kinetics were calculated, on the basis of plasma drug concentrations. RESULTS: There were no significant changes from pre-xylazine values in heart rate, respiratory rate, arterial blood pressure, cardiac index, systemic vascular resistance, or arterial PO2, PCO2, and pH. Plasma cortisol concentration decreased during anesthesia, but plasma ACTH and catecholamine concentrations did not change. Recovery was fairly smooth, but some excitement and ataxia were noted in 2 ponies. CONCLUSION: Ketamine-climazolan infusion appeared suitable for maintenance of anesthesia in ponies, although recovery was not ideal in 2 of 6 ponies.
Urs Schatzmann - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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anaesthesia for castration of piglets comparison between intranasal and intramuscular application of ketamine Climazolam and azaperone
Schweizer Archiv Fur Tierheilkunde, 2007Co-Authors: S M Axiak, N Jaggin, S Wenger, M Doherr, Urs SchatzmannAbstract:The aim of this study was to compare the effect of an anaesthetic combination given either intramuscularly (IM) or intranasally (IN) for castration of piglets. Forty piglets aged 4 to 7 days were randomly assigned to receive a mixture of ketamine 15 mg kg-1, Climazolam 1.5 mg kg-1 and azaperone 1.0 mg kg-1, IN or IM, 10 minutes prior to castration. Physiological parameters were measured. Castration was videotaped for evaluation by 3 independent observers using a scoring system. Reaction and vocalization to the skin incision and cutting of spermatic cord was evaluated and scored (0 = no reaction, 16 = strong reaction). The IN group had a significantly higher (P < 0.01) castration score, compared to the IM group. There was an association between castration score and room temperature in the IN group (with temperatures below 18 "C associated with a higher castration scores (P < 0.001). Heart rate was significantly higher 10 minutes after castration in the IN group (P < 0.05). Respiratory rate was significantly higher in the IM group at time points -5, -1, 10, 20 and 30 (P < 0.05).The IN group was walking significantly (P < 0.0001) faster than the IM group. In conclusion, this combination provides effective anaesthesia for routine castration of newborn piglets when administered IM. IN administration provided shorter recovery times but had significantly higher castration scores.
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Effects of an alveolar recruitment maneuver on cardiovascular and respiratory parameters during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies
American Journal of Veterinary Research, 2006Co-Authors: Daniela Wettstein, Yves Moens, Nicola Jaeggin-schmucker, Stephan H. Bohm, Hans Ulrich Rothen, Martina Mosing, Sabine Beate Rita Kästner, Urs SchatzmannAbstract:OBJECTIVE: To evaluate pulmonary and cardiovascular effects of a recruitment maneuver (RM) combined with positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) during total intravenous anesthesia in ponies. ANIMALS: 6 healthy adult Shetland ponies. PROCEDURE: After premedication with detomidine (10 microg/kg, IV), anesthesia was induced with Climazolam (0.06 mg/kg, IV) and ketamine (2.2 mg/kg, IV) and maintained with a constant rate infusion of detomidine (0.024 mg/kg/h), Climazolam (0.036 mg/kg/h), and ketamine (2.4 mg/kg/h). The RM was preceded by an incremental PEEP titration and followed by a decremental PEEP titration, both at a constant airway pressure difference (deltaP) of 20 cm H2O. The RM consisted of a stepwise increase in deltaP by 25, 30, and 35 cm H2O obtained by increasing peak inspiratory pressure (PIP) to 45, 50, and 55 cm H2O, while maintaining PEEP at 20 cm H2O. Hemodynamic and pulmonary variables were analyzed at every step of the PEEP titration-RM. RESULTS: During the PEEP titration-RM, there was a significant increase in PaO 2 (+12%), dynamic compliance (+ 62%), and heart rate (+17%) and a decrease in shunt (-19%) and mean arterial blood pressure (-21%) was recorded. Cardiac output remained stable. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Although baseline oxygenation was high, Pa(O2) and dynamic compliance further increased during the RM. Despite the use of high PIP and PEEP and a high tidal volume, limited cardiovascular compromise was detected. A PEEP titration-RM may be used to improve oxygenation in anesthetized ponies. During stable hemodynamic conditions, PEEP titration-RM can be performed with acceptable adverse cardiovascular effects.