The Experts below are selected from a list of 279 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Richard A Bauman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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substitution and caloric regulation in a Closed Economy
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1996Co-Authors: Richard A Bauman, Thomas G Raslear, Steven R Hursh, David Shurtleff, Laurence SimmonsAbstract:Three experiments were conducted to study the effect of an imperfect substitute for food on demand for food in a Closed Economy. In Experiments 1 and 2, rats pressed a lever for their entire daily food ration, and a fixed ratio of presses was required for each food pellet. In both experiments, the fixed ratio was held constant during a daily session but was increased between sessions. The fixed ratio was increased over a series of daily sessions once in the absence of concurrently available sucrose and again when sucrose pellets were freely available. For both series, increases in the fixed ratio reduced food intake, but body weight was reduced only in the no-sucrose condition. In the sucrose condition, body weight and total caloric intake (sucrose plus food) were relatively unaffected by increases in the fixed ratio. At all fixed ratios, food intake was proportionally reduced by the intake of sucrose. In Experiment 3, monkeys obtained food or saccharin by pressing keys; the fixed ratio of presses per food pellet was increased once when tap water was each monkey's only source of fluid, again when each monkey's water was sweetened with saccharin, and a third time when each monkey had concurrent access to the saccharin solution and plain water. Increases in the fixed ratio, but not the intake of the saccharin solution, reduced each monkey's food intake. Because neither rats' sucrose nor monkeys' saccharin intakes affected the slope of the respective demand curves for food, monkeys and rats increased their daily output of presses and thereby defended their daily intake of those complementary elements of food. However, sucrose reduced rats' food intake. The relative constancy of body weight and total caloric intake in the sucrose condition is consistent with the possibility that rats tended to regulate caloric intake.
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time cost of alternation reduced demand for food in a Closed Economy
Physiology & Behavior, 1995Co-Authors: Richard A Bauman, Jean G KantAbstract:A principal purpose of the present study was to characterize rats' demand for food by increasing the required delay between the alternation of leverpresses. While living in cages that were exposed to a 12:12 light:dark cycle, rats were required to alternate leverpresses for their entire daily food ration. After a press on one lever resulted in the delivery of a food pellet, a red cuelight was illuminated for a fixed duration that equaled the imposed delay between successive leverpresses. After the imposed delay elapsed and the cuelight was turned off, a press on the alternate lever resulted in the delivery of another food pellet. Increases in the imposed delay from 0.01 s to 16 s reduced mean percent correct (alternation) and mean food intake, although both were reduced more rapidly and to a greater extent in the light than in the dark photoperiod. This interaction resulted from a reduction of meal size in the light and a compensatory increase in meal size in the dark as the imposed delay increased. Rats also defended their daily intake in the dark against increasingly larger imposed delays by spending increasingly larger amounts of time alternating and by increasing total (correct + incorrect) presses. These results suggest that photoperiod is a determinant of the motivational value of food as a reinforcer for instrumental behavior in a Closed Economy.
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the effects of wheel running a light dark cycle and the instrumental cost of food on the intake of food in a Closed Economy
Physiology & Behavior, 1992Co-Authors: Richard A BaumanAbstract:Abstract The effects of wheel running on the food intake of rats, and on the extent to which rats defend their daily food intake against increases in the instrumental cost of food, were studied in a Closed Economy. Rats lived in cages that were attached to running wheels. Within each cage, water was freely available and lever pressing was required for access to food; a fixed number of presses was required for the delivery of a single food pellet. All cages were located in an environmental chamber where a 12-h light/dark cycle was continuously maintained. During stage I, the entrance to each running wheel was blocked and two series (series 1 and 2) of progressively increasing fixed ratios (FRs) of presses per pellet were imposed. Each FR was used for a single day. During stage II, the entrance to each wheel was unblocked and wheel running and food intake were allowed to stabilize. During stage III, the running wheels remained available and the FR was again increased (series 3). In stage I, increases in the FR reduced food intake proportionally more rapidly during the light than during the dark, and this reduction in the light was greater during series 1 than series 2. During stage II, food intake was transiently reduced during the first week of access to running wheels, but recovered by the end of the second week. During stage III, increases in the FR again reduced food intake proportionally more rapidly during the light than during the dark. Wheel running did not affect the extent to which food intake was reduced within light and dark periods. However, as food intake was reduced by increasingly larger FRs, wheel running increased during the light but was unaffected during the dark. This selective increase in wheel running was attributed to the proportionally greater reduction of food intake and, by implication, body weight in the light.
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The effects of wheel running, a light/dark cycle, and the instrumental cost of food on the intake of food in a Closed Economy
Physiology & Behavior, 1992Co-Authors: Richard A BaumanAbstract:Abstract The effects of wheel running on the food intake of rats, and on the extent to which rats defend their daily food intake against increases in the instrumental cost of food, were studied in a Closed Economy. Rats lived in cages that were attached to running wheels. Within each cage, water was freely available and lever pressing was required for access to food; a fixed number of presses was required for the delivery of a single food pellet. All cages were located in an environmental chamber where a 12-h light/dark cycle was continuously maintained. During stage I, the entrance to each running wheel was blocked and two series (series 1 and 2) of progressively increasing fixed ratios (FRs) of presses per pellet were imposed. Each FR was used for a single day. During stage II, the entrance to each wheel was unblocked and wheel running and food intake were allowed to stabilize. During stage III, the running wheels remained available and the FR was again increased (series 3). In stage I, increases in the FR reduced food intake proportionally more rapidly during the light than during the dark, and this reduction in the light was greater during series 1 than series 2. During stage II, food intake was transiently reduced during the first week of access to running wheels, but recovered by the end of the second week. During stage III, increases in the FR again reduced food intake proportionally more rapidly during the light than during the dark. Wheel running did not affect the extent to which food intake was reduced within light and dark periods. However, as food intake was reduced by increasingly larger FRs, wheel running increased during the light but was unaffected during the dark. This selective increase in wheel running was attributed to the proportionally greater reduction of food intake and, by implication, body weight in the light.
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an experimental analysis of the cost of food in a Closed Economy
Journal of the Experimental Analysis of Behavior, 1991Co-Authors: Richard A BaumanAbstract:Rats lived in individual chambers in which the only food available was delivered for lever pressing. During Stage I, a fixed number of presses was required for each food pellet. As this fixed ratio of presses per food pellet was increased daily, a rat's daily intake of food was reduced. During Stage II, the cost of a food pellet was increased by replacing each fixed ratio with its interval equivalent. Each interval was a rat's mean time between the first press of a ratio and the delivery of a pellet during Stage I. During Stage II, only two presses were every required for a food pellet: The first press initiated a delay and the second activated the pellet dispenser after that delay elapsed. Food intakes for the series of fixed ratios and a rat's series of delay equivalents were very similar when plotted as a function of delay, but not when plotted as a function of presses per pellet. Consequently, the fixed ratio reduced food intake because larger ratios increased delay to food from the first press of a ratio. Observations and an analysis of interresponse times further revealed that as the fixed ratio increased, and local as well as overall rate of food intake decreased, lever pressing became more stereotyped. Because this increased stereotypy resulted in greatly increased rates of lever pressing, delay to food was minimized, and perhaps more importantly, so too was the reduction of a rat's baseline daily intake.
Katarina Makovinyiova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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on the existence and stability of business cycles in a dynamic model of a Closed Economy
Nonlinear Analysis-real World Applications, 2011Co-Authors: Katarina MakovinyiovaAbstract:Abstract In this paper we analyze a macroeconomic model derived from Schinasi’s model of a Closed Economy. Rigorous analysis of the existence and stability of the equilibrium is carried out. We present a formula for the calculation of the focus constant in the bifurcation equation of the model. Thereafter we prove the existence and stability of business cycles by application of the Hopf bifurcation theorem. Finally, we give an example of a model with a stable business cycle and its graphical illustrations.
Chiwa Yuen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the new keynesian phillips curve Closed Economy versus open Economy
Economics Letters, 2002Co-Authors: Assaf Razin, Chiwa YuenAbstract:The paper extends Woodford's (2000) analysis of the Closed Economy Phillips curve to an open Economy with both commodity trade and capital mobility. We show that consumption smoothing, which comes with the opening of the capital market, raises the degree of strategic complementarity among monopolistically competitive suppliers, thus rendering prices more sticky and magnifying output responses to nominal GDP shocks.
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the new keynesian phillips curve Closed Economy vs open Economy
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001Co-Authors: Assaf Razin, Chiwa YuenAbstract:The paper extends Woodford's (2000) analysis of the Closed Economy Phillips curve to an open Economy with both commodity trade and capital mobility. We show that consumption smoothing, which comes with the opening of the capital market, raises the degree of strategic complementarity among monopolistically competitive suppliers, thus rendering prices more sticky and magnifying output responses to nominal GDP shocks.
Assaf Razin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the new keynesian phillips curve Closed Economy versus open Economy
Economics Letters, 2002Co-Authors: Assaf Razin, Chiwa YuenAbstract:The paper extends Woodford's (2000) analysis of the Closed Economy Phillips curve to an open Economy with both commodity trade and capital mobility. We show that consumption smoothing, which comes with the opening of the capital market, raises the degree of strategic complementarity among monopolistically competitive suppliers, thus rendering prices more sticky and magnifying output responses to nominal GDP shocks.
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the new keynesian phillips curve Closed Economy vs open Economy
National Bureau of Economic Research, 2001Co-Authors: Assaf Razin, Chiwa YuenAbstract:The paper extends Woodford's (2000) analysis of the Closed Economy Phillips curve to an open Economy with both commodity trade and capital mobility. We show that consumption smoothing, which comes with the opening of the capital market, raises the degree of strategic complementarity among monopolistically competitive suppliers, thus rendering prices more sticky and magnifying output responses to nominal GDP shocks.
Francis Vitek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Measuring the Stance of Monetary Policy in a Closed Economy: A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Approach
2006Co-Authors: Francis VitekAbstract:This paper develops and estimates a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a Closed Economy which provides a quantitative description of the monetary transmission mechanism, yields a mutually consistent set of indicators of inflationary pressure together with confidence intervals, and facilitates the generation of relatively accurate forecasts. The model features short run nominal price and wage rigidities generated by monopolistic competition and staggered reoptimization in output and labour markets. The resultant inertia in inflation and persistence in output is enhanced with other features such as habit persistence in consumption and labour supply, adjustment costs in housing and capital investment, and variable capital utilization. Cyclical components are modeled by linearizing equilibrium conditions around a stationary deterministic steady state equilibrium which abstracts from long run balanced growth, while trend components are modeled as random walks while ensuring the existence of a well defined balanced growth path. Parameters and unobserved components are jointly estimated with a novel Bayesian full information maximum likelihood procedure, conditional on prior information concerning the values of parameters and trend components.
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Monetary Policy Analysis in a Closed Economy: A Dynamic Stochastic General Equilibrium Approach
2006Co-Authors: Francis VitekAbstract:This paper develops and estimates a dynamic stochastic general equilibrium model of a Closed Economy which approximately accounts for the empirical evidence concerning the monetary transmission mechanism, as summarized by impulse response functions derived from an estimated structural vector autoregressive model, while dominating that structural vector autoregressive model in terms of predictive accuracy. The model features short run nominal price and wage rigidities generated by monopolistic competition and staggered reoptimization in output and labour markets. The resultant inertia in inflation and persistence in output is enhanced with other features such as habit persistence in consumption, adjustment costs in investment, and variable capital utilization. Cyclical components are modeled by linearizing equilibrium conditions around a stationary deterministic steady state equilibrium, while trend components are modeled as random walks while ensuring the existence of a well defined balanced growth path. Parameters and trend components are jointly estimated with a novel Bayesian full information maximum likelihood procedure.