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Marc J Lanovaz - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brief Report: Mobile Technology to Support Parents in Reducing Stereotypy
Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2020Co-Authors: Lydia Trudel, Marc J Lanovaz, Isabelle PréfontaineAbstract:Although behavioral interventions have been known to effectively reduce Stereotypy in children with ASD, these types of interventions are not accessible to all families. In response to this issue, we evaluated the effects of the iSTIM, an iOS application designed to support parents in the reduction of Stereotypy in their child with ASD. We used a series of AB designs to determine the effectiveness of the iSTIM on Stereotypy using parents as behavior change agents. The use of iSTIM by the parents led to a reduction in Stereotypy for six of seven participants. Our results suggest that the use of technology may be a cost effective and easily accessible method for parents to reduce Stereotypy in their child with ASD.
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Prevalence of Stereotypy in Individuals with Developmental Disabilities: a Systematic Review
Review Journal of Autism and Developmental Disorders, 2016Co-Authors: Sabine S. Chebli, Valérie Martin, Marc J LanovazAbstract:Although many researchers have examined the prevalence of Stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities, the results of previous studies have not been aggregated and analyzed methodically. Thus, we conducted a systematic review of studies reporting the prevalence of Stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities. Our results indicated that the average prevalence of Stereotypy across studies was 61 % and that individuals with autism spectrum disorders had the highest reported prevalence (i.e., 88 %) across specific diagnoses. Children and adults generally had similar overall prevalence measures, but the specific forms varied with age and diagnosis. Studies using the Repetitive Behavior Scale-Revised and the Autism Diagnostic Schedule-Revised generally reported higher estimates of prevalence of specific forms of Stereotypy when compared to the Behavior Problem Inventory. However, the latter seemed more sensitive than the Aberrant Behavior Checklist for overall prevalence. Studies with a low risk of bias found a lower prevalence of Stereotypy than those with a high risk of bias. Our systematic review underlines the importance of continuing research efforts to improve the assessment and treatment of Stereotypy in individuals with developmental disabilities.
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Introduction to the Special Issue Assessment and Treatment of Stereotypy
Behavior modification, 2014Co-Authors: John T. Rapp, Marc J LanovazAbstract:Stereotypy is often characterized as repetitious, invariant behavior that generates its own reinforcing consequence. Stereotypy represents a unique treatment challenge, because the consequences produced by Stereotypy cannot be directly controlled by the practitioner. Likewise, practitioners have relatively few options for identifying the function of repetitive behavior. Recently, several researchers have been conducting empirical studies to address these issues. This article introduces a special issue presenting some of these recent developments in the assessment and treatment of Stereotypy and related behavior.
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ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF VOCAL Stereotypy ASSOCIATED WITH TELEVISION: A PILOT STUDY
Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2013Co-Authors: Marc J Lanovaz, John T. Rapp, Stéphanie FergusonAbstract:A 6-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with autism participated in a pilot study that showed that (a) television was associated with increased vocal Stereotypy and (b) sitting was associated with lower levels of vocal Stereotypy. Subsequently, we reduced vocal Stereotypy while the television was on by reinforcing sitting on a variable-interval schedule. Results suggest that conditional percentages may be useful for the identification of alternative behaviors as part of treatments for Stereotypy.
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Effects of reducing Stereotypy on other behaviors: A systematic review
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2013Co-Authors: Marc J Lanovaz, Kirsty M. Robertson, Kara Soerono, Nicholas WatkinsAbstract:Abstract Researchers have shown that high levels of Stereotypy in individuals diagnosed with autism spectrum disorders were correlated with more significant impairments in social and adaptive functioning. Reducing Stereotypy may thus potentially occasion an increase in appropriate social and adaptive behaviors. Hence, the purpose of this systematic review was to examine the effects of reducing Stereotypy on engagement in other behaviors. Following a thorough literature search, we identified 60 studies that both reduced engagement in Stereotypy and measured engagement in at least one other behavior. We divided the studies into six broad categories: noncontingent reinforcement, differential reinforcement, punishment-based interventions, multiple contingencies, physical exercise, and other antecedent-based interventions. The results of our analyses suggest that reducing Stereotypy produces reallocation toward other behaviors, albeit not necessarily appropriate. As such, clinicians and researchers targeting Stereotypy should plan to strengthen an appropriate alternative behavior while targeting all response forms of Stereotypy for reduction. Moreover, our review suggests that measuring untargeted behaviors when implementing interventions designed to reduce Stereotypy may be essential in clinical and research settings.
John T. Rapp - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Decreasing Stereotypy Using NCR and DRO With Functionally Matched Stimulation: Effects on Targeted and Non-Targeted Stereotypy
Behavior modification, 2016Co-Authors: John T. Rapp, Jennifer L. Cook, Catherine Mchugh, Kathryn R. MannAbstract:We conducted a series of studies on multiple forms of repetitive behavior displayed by four children with autism spectrum disorder. Study 1 showed that each participant's highest probability repetitive behavior persisted in the absence of social consequences, thereby meeting the functional definition of Stereotypy. Study 2 showed that preferred, structurally matched stimulation decreased each participant's targeted (highest probability) Stereotypy, as well as their non-targeted (lower probability) Stereotypy. Study 3 showed that for three participants, non-contingent access to preferred stimulation decreased immediate and, to some extent, subsequent engagement in targeted and non-targeted Stereotypy. For the fourth participant, non-contingent access to preferred stimulation decreased immediate engagement in the targeted Stereotypy, but increased subsequent engagement in non-targeted Stereotypy; this subsequent increase was attenuated by reducing the duration of access to the preferred stimulus. Study 4 showed that a trial-based differential reinforcement of other behavior (DRO) procedure systematically increased the period of time for which the targeted Stereotypy was not displayed for three of three participants. In addition, results showed that the participants' non-targeted Stereotypy either decreased or was unchanged when DRO was provided for the targeted Stereotypy.
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Introduction to the Special Issue Assessment and Treatment of Stereotypy
Behavior modification, 2014Co-Authors: John T. Rapp, Marc J LanovazAbstract:Stereotypy is often characterized as repetitious, invariant behavior that generates its own reinforcing consequence. Stereotypy represents a unique treatment challenge, because the consequences produced by Stereotypy cannot be directly controlled by the practitioner. Likewise, practitioners have relatively few options for identifying the function of repetitive behavior. Recently, several researchers have been conducting empirical studies to address these issues. This article introduces a special issue presenting some of these recent developments in the assessment and treatment of Stereotypy and related behavior.
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EFFECTS OF VERBAL REPRIMANDS ON TARGETED AND UNTARGETED Stereotypy
Behavioral Interventions, 2014Co-Authors: Jennifer L. Cook, John T. Rapp, Lindsey A. Gomes, Tammy J. Frazer, Tracie L. LindbladAbstract:Results of brief functional analyses indicated that motor and vocal Stereotypy persisted in the absence of social consequences for five participants diagnosed with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Subsequently, effects of a stimulus control procedure involving contingent reprimands for each participant’s higher probability (targeted) Stereotypy were evaluated. Results indicated that contingent verbal reprimands (i) decreased the targeted Stereotypy for all five participants, (ii) decreased the untargeted Stereotypy for two of five participants, and (iii) increased the untargeted Stereotypy for one of five participants. Although response suppression was not achieved for any participant, three participants maintained low levels of the target Stereotypy with one or two reprimands during 5-min sessions. Furthermore, two of those participants maintained near-zero levels of motor and vocal Stereotypy during 10-min sessions. These findings suggest that signaled verbal reprimands may be a practical intervention for reducing Stereotypy in some children with ASD. Some limitations of the findings and areas of future research are briefly discussed. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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ASSESSMENT AND TREATMENT OF VOCAL Stereotypy ASSOCIATED WITH TELEVISION: A PILOT STUDY
Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2013Co-Authors: Marc J Lanovaz, John T. Rapp, Stéphanie FergusonAbstract:A 6-year-old boy who had been diagnosed with autism participated in a pilot study that showed that (a) television was associated with increased vocal Stereotypy and (b) sitting was associated with lower levels of vocal Stereotypy. Subsequently, we reduced vocal Stereotypy while the television was on by reinforcing sitting on a variable-interval schedule. Results suggest that conditional percentages may be useful for the identification of alternative behaviors as part of treatments for Stereotypy.
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Immediate and subsequent effects of matched and unmatched stimuli on targeted vocal Stereotypy and untargeted motor Stereotypy.
Behavior modification, 2012Co-Authors: John T. Rapp, Greg J. Swanson, Stephanie M. Sheridan, Kimberly A. Enloe, Diana Maltese, Lisa A. Sennott, Lauren Shrader, Regina A. Carroll, Sarah M. Richling, Ethan S. LongAbstract:The authors evaluated the effects of matched and unmatched stimuli on immediate and subsequent engagement in targeted vocal Stereotypy (Experiment 1) and untargeted motor Stereotypy (Experiment 2). Results of Experiment 1 showed that (a) matched stimulation decreased immediate engagement in vocal Stereotypy for 8 of 11 participants and increased subsequent engagement in vocal Stereotypy for only 1 of the 8 participants and (b) unmatched stimulation decreased immediate engagement in vocal Stereotypy for only 1 of 10 participants and did not increase subsequent engagement in vocal Stereotypy for this participant. Results of Experiment 2 showed that for 8 of 14 participants, untargeted Stereotypy increased when the matched or unmatched stimulus was present, after it was removed, or both. The authors briefly discuss the potential clinical implications of using matched stimulation to decrease vocal Stereotypy and limitations of the findings.
Ingrid E. Sladeczek - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vocal Stereotypy in Children with Autism: Structural Characteristics, Variability, and Effects of Auditory Stimulation.
Research in Autism Spectrum Disorders, 2011Co-Authors: Marc J Lanovaz, Ingrid E. SladeczekAbstract:Abstract Two experiments were conducted to examine (a) the relationship between the structural characteristics (i.e., bout duration, inter-response time [IRT], pitch, and energy) and overall duration of vocal Stereotypy, and (b) the effects of auditory stimulation on the duration and temporal structure of the behavior. In the first experiment, we measured the structural characteristics of vocal Stereotypy in five children with autism during five 30-min free-operant sessions. The results suggested that the structure of vocal Stereotypy varied considerably within and across participants. Furthermore, the overall duration of vocal Stereotypy was positively correlated with bout duration and negatively correlated with IRT. In the second experiment, reversal designs were used to examine the effects of noncontingent access to auditory stimulation (i.e., music) on the vocal Stereotypy of three participants. Music decreased engagement in vocal Stereotypy for two of the participants. The reductions were mostly associated with a considerable increase in IRT. The implications of the results are discussed in terms of measuring the structural characteristics of vocal Stereotypy to identify more effective matched stimuli and using music to facilitate the implementation of other interventions.
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EFFECTS OF MUSIC ON VOCAL Stereotypy IN CHILDREN WITH AUTISM
Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2011Co-Authors: Marc J Lanovaz, Ingrid E. Sladeczek, John T. RappAbstract:We examined the effects of manipulating the intensity (i.e., volume) of music on engagement in vocal Stereotypy in 2 children with autism. Noncontingent access to music decreased immediate engagement in vocal Stereotypy for each participant, but it produced only marginal effects on subsequent engagement in the behavior (i.e., after withdrawal). Manipulating the intensity of music did not produce differential effects on immediate engagement in vocal Stereotypy. The implications of the results and applications for future research are discussed.
Timothy R. Vollmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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data analysis of response interruption and redirection as a treatment for vocal Stereotypy
Journal of Applied Behavior Analysis, 2015Co-Authors: Kara L Wunderlich, Timothy R. VollmerAbstract:Vocal Stereotypy, or repetitive, noncontextual vocalizations, is a problematic form of behavior exhibited by many individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). Recent research has evaluated the efficacy of response interruption and redirection (RIRD) in the reduction of vocal Stereotypy. Research has indicated that RIRD often results in reductions in the level of vocal Stereotypy; however, many previous studies have only presented data on vocal Stereotypy that occurred outside RIRD implementation. The current study replicated the procedures of previous studies that have evaluated the efficacy of RIRD and compared 2 data-presentation methods: inclusion of only data collected outside RIRD implementation and inclusion of all vocal Stereotypy data from the entirety of each session. Subjects were 7 children who had been diagnosed with ASD. Results indicated that RIRD appeared to be effective when we evaluated the level of vocal Stereotypy outside RIRD implementation, but either no reductions or more modest reductions in the level of vocal Stereotypy during the entirety of sessions were obtained for all subjects. Results suggest that data-analysis methods used in previous research may overestimate the efficacy of RIRD.
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An Analysis of Vocal Stereotypy and Therapist Fading.
Journal of applied behavior analysis, 2008Co-Authors: Elizabeth S. Athens, Timothy R. Vollmer, Kimberly N. Sloman, Claire St. Peter PipkinAbstract:A functional analysis for a boy with Down syndrome and autism suggested that vocal Stereotypy was maintained by automatic reinforcement. The analysis also showed that instructions and noncontingent attention suppressed vocal Stereotypy. A treatment package consisting of noncontingent attention, contingent demands, and response cost effectively reduced vocal Stereotypy. The treatment package remained effective even when noncontingent attention was removed, making the procedure easier to implement. Also, the presence of the therapist in the room with the participant was faded systematically. After completion of fading, vocal Stereotypy remained low during conditions similar to the no-consequence phase of the functional analysis.
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Stereotypy I: A review of behavioral assessment and treatment
Research in developmental disabilities, 2005Co-Authors: John T. Rapp, Timothy R. VollmerAbstract:In this paper, we review definitional issues related to Stereotypy, behavioral interpretations of Stereotypy, procedures for determining operant function(s) of Stereotypy, and behavioral interventions for Stereotypy. In general, a preponderance of the assessment literature suggests that most forms of Stereotypy are maintained by automatic reinforcement. Review of the treatment literature suggests that antecedent (e.g., environmental enrichment) and consequent (e.g., differential reinforcement of alternative behavior) interventions produce at least short-term reductions in Stereotypy. Suggestions for further assessment and treatment of Stereotypy are provided.
James W Bodfish - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a cohesive framework for motor Stereotypy in typical and atypical development the role of sensorimotor integration
Frontiers in Integrative Neuroscience, 2017Co-Authors: Robin L Shafer, James W Bodfish, Mark H Lewis, Karl M NewellAbstract:Stereotyped motor behavior manifests as rhythmic, repetitive movements. It is common in several neurologic and psychiatric disorders where it is considered maladaptive. However, it also occurs early in typical development where it serves an adaptive function in the development of complex, controlled motor behavior. Currently, no framework accounts for both adaptive and maladaptive forms of motor Stereotypy. We propose a conceptual model that implicates sensorimotor mechanisms in the phenomenology of adaptive and maladaptive Stereotypy. The extensive structural and functional connectivity between sensory and motor neural circuits, evidencing the importance of sensory integration in the production of controlled movement. In support of our model, motor Stereotypy in normative development occurs when the sensory and motor brain regions are immature and the infant has limited sensory and motor experience. With maturation and experience, complex movements develop and replace simple, stereotyped movements. This developmental increase in motor complexity depends on the availability of sensory feedback indicating that the integration of sensory information with ongoing movement allows individuals to adaptively cater their movements to the environmental context. In atypical development, altered neural function of sensorimotor circuitry may limit an individual’s ability to integrate sensory feedback to adapt movements to appropriately respond to environmental conditions. Consequently, the motor repertoire would remain relatively simple, resulting in the persistence of motor Stereotypy. A framework that considers motor Stereotypy as a manifestation of low motor complexity resulting from poor sensorimotor integration has many implications for research, identification, and treatment of motor Stereotypy in a variety of developmental disorders.
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compulsions in adults with mental retardation prevalence phenomenology and comorbidity with Stereotypy and self injury
American Journal on Mental Retardation, 1995Co-Authors: James W Bodfish, Timothy W Crawford, Susan B Powell, Dawn E Parker, Robert N Golden, Mark H LewisAbstract:A variety of conceptual similarities between compulsions seen in individuals with obsessive compulsive disorder and Stereotypy and self-injury seen in individuals with mental retardation led us to investigate the prevalence, phenomenology, and comorbidity of compulsions in adults with severe or profound mental retardation. We developed simple assessment screening instruments for Stereotypy and self-injury and used Gedye's Compulsive Behavior Checklist and found acceptable levels of reliability, stability, and validity for each instrument. Prevalences were as follows: Stereotypy: 60.9%; self-injury: 46.6%; and compulsion: 40%. The occurrence of compulsions was significantly positively associated with the occurrence of Stereotypy, self-injury, and Stereotypy plus self-injury.
