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James J. Hack - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • ccsm cam3 climate simulation sensitivity to changes in horizontal resolution
    Journal of Climate, 2006
    Co-Authors: James J. Hack, Julie M. Caron, Gokhan Danabasoglu, Keith W. Oleson, Cecilia M. Bitz, John E. Truesdale
    Abstract:

    Abstract The latest version of the Community Climate System Model (CCSM) Community Atmosphere Model version 3 (CAM3) has been released to allow for numerical integration at a variety of horizontal resolutions. One goal of the CAM3 design was to provide comparable large-scale simulation fidelity over a range of horizontal resolutions through modifications to adjustable coefficients in the parameterized treatment of Clouds and precipitation. Coefficients are modified to provide similar Cloud Radiative Forcing characteristics for each resolution. Simulations with the CAM3 show robust systematic improvements with higher horizontal resolution for a variety of features, most notably associated with the large-scale dynamical circulation. This paper will focus on simulation differences between the two principal configurations of the CAM3, which differ by a factor of 2 in their horizontal resolution.

  • the formulation and atmospheric simulation of the community atmosphere model cam3
    2005
    Co-Authors: William D Collins, Bruce P Briegleb, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Philip J Rasch, James J. Hack, Cecilia M. Bitz, James R Mccaa, Minghua Zhang
    Abstract:

    A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to the climate community. CAM3 is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes the Community Land Model (CLM3), an optional slab-ocean model, and a thermodynamic sea-ice model. The dynamics and physics in CAM3 have been changed substantially compared to implementations in previous versions. CAM3 includes options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite volume formulations of the dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either finite-volume or Eulerian dynamics through an explicit set of adjustable parameters governing the model time step, Cloud parameterizations, and condensation processes. The model includes major modifications to the parameterizations of moist processes, radiation processes, and aerosols. These changes have improved several aspects of the simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land-surface temperatures, surface insolation, and clearsky surface radiation in polar regions. The variation of Cloud Radiative Forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, several systematic biases reduce the fidelity of the simulations. These biases include underestimation of tropical variability, errors in tropical oceanic surface fluxes, underestimation of implied ocean heat transport in the southern hemisphere, excessive surface stress in the storm tracks, and offsets in the 500mb height field and the Aleutian low.

  • the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm3
    Journal of Climate, 1998
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Gordon B Bonan, James J. Hack, Philip J Rasch
    Abstract:

    The latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) is described. The changes in both physical and dynamical formulation from CCM2 to CCM3 are presented. The major differences in CCM3 compared to CCM2 include changes to the parameterization of Cloud properties, clear sky longwave radiation, deep convection, boundary layer processes, and land surface processes. A brief description of each of these parameterization changes is provided. These modifications to model physics have led to dramatic improvements in the simulated climate of the CCM. In particular, the top of atmosphere Cloud Radiative Forcing is now in good agreement with observations, the Northern Hemisphere winter dynamical simulation has significantly improved, biases in surface land temperatures and precipitation have been substantially reduced, and the implied ocean heat transport is in very good agreement with recent observational estimates. The improvement in implied ocean heat transport is among the more important attributes of the CCM3 since it is used as the atmospheric component of the NCAR Climate System Model. Future improvements to the CCM3 are also discussed.

  • Climate sensitivity of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2) to horizontal resolution
    Climate Dynamics, 1995
    Co-Authors: David L Williamson, J T Kiehl, James J. Hack
    Abstract:

    The dependence on horizontal resolution of the climate simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2) is explored. Simulations employing R15, T21, T31, T42, T63, and T106 horizontal spectral truncations are compared. Parameters associated with the diagnostic Cloud scheme are modified for each resolution to provide similar global average Cloud Radiative Forcing at each resolution. Overall, as with earlier studies, there are large differences between the low resolution R15 and T21 simulations and the medium resolution T42 simulation. Many climate statistics show a monotonic signal with increasing resolution, with the largest variation occurring from low to medium resolution. Although the monotonic signal is often from the low resolution simulations toward atmospheric analyses, in some cases it continues beyond the analyses at the highest resolution. Where convergence occurs, it is not always to the atmospheric analyses, and the highest resolution simulations are not the best by all measures. Although many climate statistics converge, the processes that maintain the climate do not, especially when considered on a regional basis. The implication is that the finer scales are required to capture the nonlinear processes that force the medium scales. Overall, it appears that, at a minimum, T42 resolution is required, but higher resolution would be better. Applications at T42 should take into consideration how model errors indicated by these resolution signals might affect any findings.

  • the simulated earth radiation budget of the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm2 and comparisons with the earth radiation budget experiment erbe
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 1994
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, James J. Hack, Bruce P Briegleb
    Abstract:

    This study documents the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). The validation of the simulated Earth radiation budget is carried out through comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data. The study also documents the new Cloud parameterization employed by CCM2. In general, the radiation budget of CCM2 is in better agreement with the ERBE data than previous versions of the CCM. In particular, the latitudinal structure of Cloud Radiative Forcing is much improved over CCM1. The phase of the simulated seasonal cycle in top of atmosphere radiation quantities is well represented. In the tropics the magnitude is in good agreement with the observations from ERBE. In the northern hemisphere summer the model Radiative properties contain a bias. In the shortwave spectral region the Clouds reflect an insufficient amount of solar radiation, while in the longwave, too much radiation is emitted to space. These biases are associated with deficiencies in the Cloud optical properties, namely, Cloud liquid water path and Cloud effective radius specification.

J T Kiehl - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • response of the ncar climate system model to increased co2 and the role of physical processes
    Journal of Climate, 2000
    Co-Authors: Gerald A Meehl, Byron A Boville, J T Kiehl, William D Collins, T M L Wigley, Julie M Arblaster
    Abstract:

    The global warming resulting from increased CO2 is addressed in the context of two regional processes that contribute to climate change in coupled climate models, the ''El Nino-like'' response (slackening of the equatorial Pacific SST gradient) and sea-ice response at high latitudes. The National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Climate System Model (CSM) response is compared with results from a coupled model that produces comparatively greater global warming, the NCAR U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) global coupled model. In an experiment where atmospheric CO2 is increased 1% yr21 compound, globally averaged surface air temperature increase near the time of CO2 doubling for the CSM is 1.438C (3.508C for the DOE model). Analysis of a simple coupled model shows the CSM equilibrium sensitivity to doubled CO2 is comparable to that from the slab ocean version (about 2.18C). One process that contributes to global warming (estimated to be about 5% in one slab ocean model), as well as to significant Pacific region climate effects, is the El Nino-like response. It is a notable feature in the DOE model and some other global coupled models but does not occur in the CSM. The authors show that Cloud responses are a major determining factor. With increased CO2, there are negative net Cloud-Forcing differences in the western equatorial Pacific in the CSM and DOE models, but large positive differences in the DOE model and negative differences in the CSM in the eastern equatorial Pacific. This produces asymmetric Cloud Radiative Forcing contributing to an El Nino-like response in the DOE model and not in the CSM. To remove the amplifying effects of ocean dynamics and to identify possible parameter-dependent processes that could contribute to such Cloud Forcing changes, the authors analyze slab ocean versions of the coupled models in comparison with a slab ocean configuration of the atmospheric model in the CSM (Community Climate Model Version 3 (CCM3)) that includes prognostic Cloud liquid water. The latter shows a change in sign (from negative to positive) of the net Cloud Forcing in the eastern equatorial Pacific with doubled CO2, similar to the DOE model, in comparison with the CCM3 version with diagnostic Cloud liquid water. Atmospheric Model Intercomparison Project (prescribed SST) experiments show that all three atmospheric models (DOE, CCM3 with diagnostic Cloud liquid water, and CCM3 with prognostic Cloud liquid water) perform poorly relative to observations in terms of Cloud Radiative Forcing, though CCM3 with prognostic Cloud liquid water is slightly superior to the others. Another process that contributes to climate response to increasing CO 2 is sea-ice changes, which are estimated to enhance global warming by roughly 20% in the CSM and 37% in the DOE model. Sea-ice retreat with increasing CO2 in the CSM is less than in the DOE model in spite of identical sea-ice formulations. Results from the North Atlantic and Greenland-Iceland-Norwegian (GIN) Sea region show that the surface energy budget response is con- trolled primarily by surface albedo (related to ice area changes) and Cloud changes. However, a more important factor is the poleward ocean heat transport associated with changes in meridional overturning in the GIN Sea. With increased CO2, the transport of warmer water from the south into this region in the DOE model is greater in comparison with that of the CSM. This leads to a larger ice reduction in the DOE model, thus also contributing to the enhanced contribution from ice albedo feedback in the DOE model in comparison with the CSM.

  • the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm3
    Journal of Climate, 1998
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Gordon B Bonan, James J. Hack, Philip J Rasch
    Abstract:

    The latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) is described. The changes in both physical and dynamical formulation from CCM2 to CCM3 are presented. The major differences in CCM3 compared to CCM2 include changes to the parameterization of Cloud properties, clear sky longwave radiation, deep convection, boundary layer processes, and land surface processes. A brief description of each of these parameterization changes is provided. These modifications to model physics have led to dramatic improvements in the simulated climate of the CCM. In particular, the top of atmosphere Cloud Radiative Forcing is now in good agreement with observations, the Northern Hemisphere winter dynamical simulation has significantly improved, biases in surface land temperatures and precipitation have been substantially reduced, and the implied ocean heat transport is in very good agreement with recent observational estimates. The improvement in implied ocean heat transport is among the more important attributes of the CCM3 since it is used as the atmospheric component of the NCAR Climate System Model. Future improvements to the CCM3 are also discussed.

  • Climate sensitivity of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2) to horizontal resolution
    Climate Dynamics, 1995
    Co-Authors: David L Williamson, J T Kiehl, James J. Hack
    Abstract:

    The dependence on horizontal resolution of the climate simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2) is explored. Simulations employing R15, T21, T31, T42, T63, and T106 horizontal spectral truncations are compared. Parameters associated with the diagnostic Cloud scheme are modified for each resolution to provide similar global average Cloud Radiative Forcing at each resolution. Overall, as with earlier studies, there are large differences between the low resolution R15 and T21 simulations and the medium resolution T42 simulation. Many climate statistics show a monotonic signal with increasing resolution, with the largest variation occurring from low to medium resolution. Although the monotonic signal is often from the low resolution simulations toward atmospheric analyses, in some cases it continues beyond the analyses at the highest resolution. Where convergence occurs, it is not always to the atmospheric analyses, and the highest resolution simulations are not the best by all measures. Although many climate statistics converge, the processes that maintain the climate do not, especially when considered on a regional basis. The implication is that the finer scales are required to capture the nonlinear processes that force the medium scales. Overall, it appears that, at a minimum, T42 resolution is required, but higher resolution would be better. Applications at T42 should take into consideration how model errors indicated by these resolution signals might affect any findings.

  • the simulated earth radiation budget of the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm2 and comparisons with the earth radiation budget experiment erbe
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 1994
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, James J. Hack, Bruce P Briegleb
    Abstract:

    This study documents the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). The validation of the simulated Earth radiation budget is carried out through comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data. The study also documents the new Cloud parameterization employed by CCM2. In general, the radiation budget of CCM2 is in better agreement with the ERBE data than previous versions of the CCM. In particular, the latitudinal structure of Cloud Radiative Forcing is much improved over CCM1. The phase of the simulated seasonal cycle in top of atmosphere radiation quantities is well represented. In the tropics the magnitude is in good agreement with the observations from ERBE. In the northern hemisphere summer the model Radiative properties contain a bias. In the shortwave spectral region the Clouds reflect an insufficient amount of solar radiation, while in the longwave, too much radiation is emitted to space. These biases are associated with deficiencies in the Cloud optical properties, namely, Cloud liquid water path and Cloud effective radius specification.

Bruce P Briegleb - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the formulation and atmospheric simulation of the community atmosphere model cam3
    2005
    Co-Authors: William D Collins, Bruce P Briegleb, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Philip J Rasch, James J. Hack, Cecilia M. Bitz, James R Mccaa, Minghua Zhang
    Abstract:

    A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to the climate community. CAM3 is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes the Community Land Model (CLM3), an optional slab-ocean model, and a thermodynamic sea-ice model. The dynamics and physics in CAM3 have been changed substantially compared to implementations in previous versions. CAM3 includes options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite volume formulations of the dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either finite-volume or Eulerian dynamics through an explicit set of adjustable parameters governing the model time step, Cloud parameterizations, and condensation processes. The model includes major modifications to the parameterizations of moist processes, radiation processes, and aerosols. These changes have improved several aspects of the simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land-surface temperatures, surface insolation, and clearsky surface radiation in polar regions. The variation of Cloud Radiative Forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, several systematic biases reduce the fidelity of the simulations. These biases include underestimation of tropical variability, errors in tropical oceanic surface fluxes, underestimation of implied ocean heat transport in the southern hemisphere, excessive surface stress in the storm tracks, and offsets in the 500mb height field and the Aleutian low.

  • the simulated earth radiation budget of the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm2 and comparisons with the earth radiation budget experiment erbe
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 1994
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, James J. Hack, Bruce P Briegleb
    Abstract:

    This study documents the Earth radiation budget as simulated by the latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research community climate model (CCM2). The validation of the simulated Earth radiation budget is carried out through comparison with Earth Radiation Budget Experiment (ERBE) data. The study also documents the new Cloud parameterization employed by CCM2. In general, the radiation budget of CCM2 is in better agreement with the ERBE data than previous versions of the CCM. In particular, the latitudinal structure of Cloud Radiative Forcing is much improved over CCM1. The phase of the simulated seasonal cycle in top of atmosphere radiation quantities is well represented. In the tropics the magnitude is in good agreement with the observations from ERBE. In the northern hemisphere summer the model Radiative properties contain a bias. In the shortwave spectral region the Clouds reflect an insufficient amount of solar radiation, while in the longwave, too much radiation is emitted to space. These biases are associated with deficiencies in the Cloud optical properties, namely, Cloud liquid water path and Cloud effective radius specification.

David L Williamson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the formulation and atmospheric simulation of the community atmosphere model cam3
    2005
    Co-Authors: William D Collins, Bruce P Briegleb, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Philip J Rasch, James J. Hack, Cecilia M. Bitz, James R Mccaa, Minghua Zhang
    Abstract:

    A new version of the Community Atmosphere Model (CAM) has been developed and released to the climate community. CAM3 is an atmospheric general circulation model that includes the Community Land Model (CLM3), an optional slab-ocean model, and a thermodynamic sea-ice model. The dynamics and physics in CAM3 have been changed substantially compared to implementations in previous versions. CAM3 includes options for Eulerian spectral, semi-Lagrangian, and finite volume formulations of the dynamical equations. It supports coupled simulations using either finite-volume or Eulerian dynamics through an explicit set of adjustable parameters governing the model time step, Cloud parameterizations, and condensation processes. The model includes major modifications to the parameterizations of moist processes, radiation processes, and aerosols. These changes have improved several aspects of the simulated climate, including more realistic tropical tropopause temperatures, boreal winter land-surface temperatures, surface insolation, and clearsky surface radiation in polar regions. The variation of Cloud Radiative Forcing during ENSO events exhibits much better agreement with satellite observations. Despite these improvements, several systematic biases reduce the fidelity of the simulations. These biases include underestimation of tropical variability, errors in tropical oceanic surface fluxes, underestimation of implied ocean heat transport in the southern hemisphere, excessive surface stress in the storm tracks, and offsets in the 500mb height field and the Aleutian low.

  • the national center for atmospheric research community climate model ccm3
    Journal of Climate, 1998
    Co-Authors: J T Kiehl, Byron A Boville, David L Williamson, Gordon B Bonan, James J. Hack, Philip J Rasch
    Abstract:

    The latest version of the National Center for Atmospheric Research (NCAR) Community Climate Model (CCM3) is described. The changes in both physical and dynamical formulation from CCM2 to CCM3 are presented. The major differences in CCM3 compared to CCM2 include changes to the parameterization of Cloud properties, clear sky longwave radiation, deep convection, boundary layer processes, and land surface processes. A brief description of each of these parameterization changes is provided. These modifications to model physics have led to dramatic improvements in the simulated climate of the CCM. In particular, the top of atmosphere Cloud Radiative Forcing is now in good agreement with observations, the Northern Hemisphere winter dynamical simulation has significantly improved, biases in surface land temperatures and precipitation have been substantially reduced, and the implied ocean heat transport is in very good agreement with recent observational estimates. The improvement in implied ocean heat transport is among the more important attributes of the CCM3 since it is used as the atmospheric component of the NCAR Climate System Model. Future improvements to the CCM3 are also discussed.

  • Climate sensitivity of the NCAR Community Climate Model (CCM2) to horizontal resolution
    Climate Dynamics, 1995
    Co-Authors: David L Williamson, J T Kiehl, James J. Hack
    Abstract:

    The dependence on horizontal resolution of the climate simulated by the National Center for Atmospheric Research Community Climate Model (CCM2) is explored. Simulations employing R15, T21, T31, T42, T63, and T106 horizontal spectral truncations are compared. Parameters associated with the diagnostic Cloud scheme are modified for each resolution to provide similar global average Cloud Radiative Forcing at each resolution. Overall, as with earlier studies, there are large differences between the low resolution R15 and T21 simulations and the medium resolution T42 simulation. Many climate statistics show a monotonic signal with increasing resolution, with the largest variation occurring from low to medium resolution. Although the monotonic signal is often from the low resolution simulations toward atmospheric analyses, in some cases it continues beyond the analyses at the highest resolution. Where convergence occurs, it is not always to the atmospheric analyses, and the highest resolution simulations are not the best by all measures. Although many climate statistics converge, the processes that maintain the climate do not, especially when considered on a regional basis. The implication is that the finer scales are required to capture the nonlinear processes that force the medium scales. Overall, it appears that, at a minimum, T42 resolution is required, but higher resolution would be better. Applications at T42 should take into consideration how model errors indicated by these resolution signals might affect any findings.

Gerald G Mace - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cloud Radiative Forcing at the atmospheric radiation measurement program climate research facility 2 vertical redistribution of radiant energy by Clouds
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Gerald G Mace, Sally Benson, Seiji Kato
    Abstract:

    Documentation of the effects of Clouds on the radiant energy balance of the surface and atmosphere represents a shortcoming in the set of observations that are needed to ascertain the validity of climate model simulations. While Clouds are known to cool the climate system from top of atmosphere (TOA) radiation budget studies, the redistribution of energy between the surface and atmosphere and within the atmosphere by Clouds has not been examined in detail with observations. Using data collected at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement Program (ARM) Southern Great Plains (SGP) site, we use measurements of Cloud occurrence and structure together with a scheme to characterize the Cloud microphysical and Radiative properties to estimate the uncertainty in our ability to calculate the Radiative Forcing and effect of Clouds at the top of atmosphere, the surface and within the atmosphere. We find that overcast Clouds during 2000 tended to have a small net influence on the atmosphere (6 W m -2 ± 3 W m -2 of heating) with net TOA and surface cooling (25 W m -2 ± 3 W m -2 and 32 ± 3 W m -2 , respectively). These statistics mask a significant redistribution of radiant energy within the atmosphere by Clouds where low overcast Clouds resulted in strong atmospheric cooling (37 W m -2 ± 9 W m -2 ), and thin high Clouds resulted in warming (21 W m -2 ± 6 W m -2 ) suggesting that accurate prediction of the phasing of these Cloud types within meteorological features is important for capturing the essential feedbacks by Clouds to the general circulation.

  • Cloud Radiative Forcing at the atmospheric radiation measurement program climate research facility 1 technique validation and comparison to satellite derived diagnostic quantities
    Journal of Geophysical Research, 2006
    Co-Authors: Gerald G Mace, Cynthia H. Twohy, Patrick Minnis, Sally Benson, Seiji Kato, Xiquan Dong, Karen L Sonntag, Michael R Poellot, Charles N. Long
    Abstract:

    [1] It has been hypothesized that continuous ground-based remote sensing measurements from collocated active and passive remote sensors combined with regular soundings of the atmospheric thermodynamic structure can be combined to describe the effects of Clouds on the clear sky radiation fluxes. We critically test that hypothesis in this paper and a companion paper (part 2). Using data collected at the Southern Great Plains (SGP) Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) site sponsored by the U.S. Department of Energy, we explore an analysis methodology that results in the characterization of the physical state of the atmospheric profile at time resolutions of 5 min and vertical resolutions of 90 m. The description includes thermodynamics and water vapor profile information derived by merging radiosonde soundings with ground-based data and continues through specification of the Cloud layer occurrence and microphysical and Radiative properties derived from retrieval algorithms and parameterizations. The description of the atmospheric physical state includes a calculation of the clear and Cloudy sky solar and infrared flux profiles. Validation of the methodology is provided by comparing the calculated fluxes with top of atmosphere (TOA) and surface flux measurements and by comparing the total column optical depths to independently derived estimates. We find over a 1-year period of comparison in overcast uniform skies that the calculations are strongly correlated to measurements with biases in the flux quantities at the surface and TOA of less than 6% and median fractional errors ranging from 12% to as low as 2%. In the optical depth comparison for uniform overcast skies during the year 2000 where the optical depth varies over more than 3 orders of magnitude we find a mean positive bias of less than 1% and a 0.6 correlation coefficient. In addition to a case study where we examine the Cloud Radiative effects at the TOA, surface and atmosphere by a middle latitude cyclone, we examine the Cloud top pressure and optical depth retrievals of ISCCP and LBTM over a period of 1 year. Using overcast periods from the year 2000, we find that the satellite algorithms tend to compare well with data overall but there is a tendency to bias Cloud tops into the middle troposphere and underestimate optical depth in high optical depth events.

  • arctic stratus Cloud properties and Radiative Forcing derived from ground based data collected at barrow alaska
    Journal of Climate, 2003
    Co-Authors: Xiquan Dong, Gerald G Mace
    Abstract:

    Abstract A record of single-layer and overcast low-level Arctic stratus Cloud properties has been generated using data collected from May to September 2000 at the Atmospheric Radiation Measurement (ARM) North Slope of Alaska (NSA) (71.3°N, 156.6°W) site near Barrow, Alaska. The record includes liquid-phase and liquid dominant mixed-phase Arctic stratus macrophysical, microphysical, and Radiative properties, as well as surface radiation budget and Cloud Radiative Forcing. The macrophysical properties consist of Cloud fractions, Cloud-base/top heights and temperatures, and Cloud thickness derived from a ground-based radar and lidar pair, and rawinsonde sounding. The microphysical properties include Cloud liquid water path and content, and Cloud-droplet effective radius and number concentration obtained from microwave radiometer brightness temperature measurements, and the new Cloud parameterization. The Radiative properties contain Cloud optical depth, effective solar transmission, and surface/Cloud/top-of-...