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Peggy P K Mok - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does vowel inventory density affect vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation?
Language and speech, 2013Co-Authors: Peggy P K MokAbstract:This study tests the output constraints hypothesis that languages with a crowded phonemic vowel space would allow less vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation than languages with a sparser vowel space to avoid perceptual confusion. Mandarin has fewer vowel phonemes than Cantonese, but their allophonic vowel spaces are similarly crowded. The hypothesis predicts that Mandarin would allow more Coarticulation than Cantonese. Eight native speakers of Cantonese and of Beijing Mandarin were recorded saying the target sequences /pV1 1pV2pV3/ (V = /i a u/) in carrier phrases. F1 and F2 frequencies were measured at vowel edge and midpoint, and were normalized for analyses. The results show that Cantonese and Mandarin do not differ in degree of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in either F1 or F2. In addition, unstressed vowels exhibit more Coarticulation than stressed vowels. Carryover Coarticulation exceeds anticipatory Coarticulation in both F1 and F2. Unstressed vowels in the carryover position are the most susceptible to Coarticulation. The results show that vowel inventory does not predict vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation. Fundamental assumptions of the output constraints hypothesis are evaluated to explain its failure in predicting language-specific patterns of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation. The importance of syntagmatic relationships in Coarticulation is also discussed.
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Effects of vowel duration and vowel quality on vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation.
Language and speech, 2011Co-Authors: Peggy P K MokAbstract:This work investigates how vowel duration and vowel quality affect degrees of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation. The effects of these two factors on vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation have previously received little study. Phonological durational differences due to vowel length distinction were examined in Thai. It was hypothesized that shorter vowel duration could result in more vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation, and further that the vowel /a/ would allow more vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation than /i/ or /u/ cross-linguistically. Thus, the susceptibility of different vowel qualities to vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation was examined using Thai data. Results show that shorter vowel duration did not affect vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation; and the lower the vowel, the more susceptible it is to Coarticulation. Possible factors contributing to such patterns are discussed.
Carol A. Fowler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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compensation for Coarticulation disentangling auditory and gestural theories of perception of coarticulatory effects in speech
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Human Perception and Performance, 2010Co-Authors: Navin Viswanathan, James S Magnuson, Carol A. FowlerAbstract:According to one approach to speech perception, listeners perceive speech by applying general pattern matching mechanisms to the acoustic signal (e.g., Diehl, Lotto, & Holt, 2004). An alternative is that listeners perceive the phonetic gestures that structured the acoustic signal (e.g., Fowler, 1986). The two accounts have offered different explanations for the phenomenon of compensation for Coarticulation (CfC). An example of CfC is that if a speaker produces a gesture with a front place of articulation, it may be pulled slightly backwards if it follows a back place of articulation, and listeners’ category boundaries shift (compensate) accordingly. The gestural account appeals to direct attunement to Coarticulation to explain CfC, whereas the auditory account explains it by spectral contrast. In previous studies, spectral contrast and gestural consequences of Coarticulation have been correlated, such that both accounts made identical predictions. We identify a liquid context in Tamil that disentangles contrast and Coarticulation, such that the two accounts make different predictions. In a standard CfC task in Experiment 1, gestural Coarticulation rather than spectral contrast determined the direction of CfC. Experiments 2, 3, and 4 demonstrated that tone analogues of the speech precursors failed to produce the same effects observed in Experiment 1, suggesting that simple spectral contrast cannot account for the findings of Experiment 1.
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Coarticulation Resistance of American English Consonants and its Effects on Transconsonantal Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation
Language and Speech, 2000Co-Authors: Carol A. Fowler, Lawrence BrancazioAbstract:We explored the variation in the resistance that lingual and non lingual consonants exhibit to Coarticulation by following vowels in the schwa+CV disyllables of two native speakers of English. Generally, lingual consonants other than /g/ were more resistant tho Coarticulation than thhe liabial consonants /b/ and /v/. Coarticulation resistance in the consonant also affected articulatory evidence for trans consonantal vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation, but did not show consistent acoustic effects. As for effects of Coarticulation resistance in thhe following vowel, articulatory and acoustic effects were quite liarge at consonantre lease but much weaker farther into the following stressed vowel. Correlations between Coarticulation resistance effects at consonantrelease and liocus equation slopes were highly significant, consistent with the view that variation in Coarticulation resistance explains differences among consonants in liocus equation slopes.
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Coordination and Coarticulation in Speech Production
Language and Speech, 1993Co-Authors: Carol A. Fowler, Elliot SaltzmanAbstract:In this article, we consider the concepts of coordination and Coarticulation in speech production in the context of a task-dynamic model. Coordination reflects the transient establishment of constrained relationships among articulators that jointly produce linguistically significant actions of the vocal tract – that is phonetic gestures – in a flexible, context-sensitive manner. We ascribe the need for these constraints in part to the requirement of coarticulatory overlap in speech production. Coarticulation reflects temporally staggered activation of coordinative constraints for different phonetic gestures. We suggest that the anticipatory coarticulatory field for a gesture is more limited than look-ahead models have suggested, consistent with the idea that anticipatory Coarticulation is the onset of activation of coordinative constraints for a forthcoming gesture. Finally, we ascribe much of the context-sensitivity in the anticipatory or carryover fields of a gesture (variation due to “Coarticulation re...
Peggy Mok - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Does Vowel Inventory Density Affect Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation?
Language and Speech, 2012Co-Authors: Peggy MokAbstract:This study tests the output constraints hypothesis that languages with a crowded phonemic vowel space would allow less vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation than languages with a sparser vowel space to avoid perceptual confusion. Mandarin has fewer vowel phonemes than Cantonese, but their allophonic vowel spaces are similarly crowded. The hypothesis predicts that Mandarin would allow more Coarticulation than Cantonese. Eight native speakers of Cantonese and of Beijing Mandarin were recorded saying the target sequences /pV11pV2pV3/ (V = /i a u/) in carrier phrases. F1 and F2 frequencies were measured at vowel edge and midpoint, and were normalized for analyses. The results show that Cantonese and Mandarin do not differ in degree of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in either F1 or F2. In addition, unstressed vowels exhibit more Coarticulation than stressed vowels. Carryover Coarticulation exceeds anticipatory Coarticulation in both F1 and F2. Unstressed vowels in the carryover position are the most susceptible to coar...
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Syllabifications of the /st/ cluster and vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in English
2008Co-Authors: Peggy Mok, Sarah HawkinsAbstract:This paper investigates how different syllable boundaries involving the /st/ cluster in English affect vowelto-vowel (v-to-v) Coarticulation. Although several models of Coarticulation offer accounts of vowels and consonants in different syllable positions (e.g. Articulatory Phonology (Browman & Goldstein, 1988; 2000) and ‘carrier’ models of Coarticulation (e.g. Ohman, 1966)), the effects of syllable structure on v-to-v Coarticulation remain poorly understood. Most studies on v-to-v Coarticulation only deal with one syllable type, namely open syllables (though see Modarresi, Sussman, Lindblom & Burlingame, 2004). However, notwithstanding the lack of a clear definition of a phonetic syllable, many studies show that syllable onset and coda are different acoustically, articulatorily, typologically and perceptually. Acoustic studies indicate that onset consonants are longer and exhibit stronger cohesion with tautosyllabic vowels than do coda consonants (e.g. Byrd, 1996; Sussman, Bessell, Dalston & Majors, 1997). Articulatory studies show that syllable onset and coda consonants coordinate differently with the vowels, and that gestures for onset consonants are stronger and more distinct than those for coda consonants (e.g. Browman & Goldstein, 1988; Krakow, 1999). Onset consonants are more frequent in the world’s languages, and are more distinguishable than coda consonants in noise (Redford & Diehl, 1999). All this suggests that syllable onset and coda consonants have different coordination with the vowel, which might therefore be expected to affect v-to-v Coarticulation. The /st/ cluster in English can be syllabified in three ways: onset /#st/, heterosyllabic /s#t/ and coda /st#/ (where # denotes a syllable boundary). It was hypothesized that the onset /#st/ should allow the least v-to-v Coarticulation because onsets are stronger and more stable, followed by the heterosyllabic /s#t/ and the coda /st#/ because coda consonants are the most variable. The /st/ cluster was chosen for investigation because it is homorganic, thus reducing conflicting influences of intervocalic consonants on formant transitions.
Elliot Saltzman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the Coarticulation invariance scale mutual information as a measure of Coarticulation resistance motor synergy and articulatory invariance
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2013Co-Authors: Khalil Iskarous, Christine Mooshammer, Phil Hoole, Daniel Recasens, Christine H. Shadle, Elliot Saltzman, Douglas H. WhalenAbstract:Coarticulation and invariance are two topics at the center of theorizing about speech production and speech perception. In this paper, a quantitative scale is proposed that places Coarticulation and invariance at the two ends of the scale. This scale is based on physical information flow in the articulatory signal, and uses Information Theory, especially the concept of mutual information, to quantify these central concepts of speech research. Mutual Information measures the amount of physical information shared across phonological units. In the proposed quantitative scale, Coarticulation corresponds to greater and invariance to lesser information sharing. The measurement scale is tested by data from three languages: German, Catalan, and English. The relation between the proposed scale and several existing theories of Coarticulation is discussed, and implications for existing theories of speech production and perception are presented.
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The Coarticulation/invariance scale: mutual information as a measure of Coarticulation resistance, motor synergy, and articulatory invariance.
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2013Co-Authors: Khalil Iskarous, Christine Mooshammer, Phil Hoole, Daniel Recasens, Christine H. Shadle, Elliot Saltzman, Douglas H. WhalenAbstract:Coarticulation and invariance are two topics at the center of theorizing about speech production and speech perception. In this paper, a quantitative scale is proposed that places Coarticulation and invariance at the two ends of the scale. This scale is based on physical information flow in the articulatory signal, and uses Information Theory, especially the concept of mutual information, to quantify these central concepts of speech research. Mutual Information measures the amount of physical information shared across phonological units. In the proposed quantitative scale, Coarticulation corresponds to greater and invariance to lesser information sharing. The measurement scale is tested by data from three languages: German, Catalan, and English. The relation between the proposed scale and several existing theories of Coarticulation is discussed, and implications for existing theories of speech production and perception are presented.
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Coordination and Coarticulation in Speech Production
Language and Speech, 1993Co-Authors: Carol A. Fowler, Elliot SaltzmanAbstract:In this article, we consider the concepts of coordination and Coarticulation in speech production in the context of a task-dynamic model. Coordination reflects the transient establishment of constrained relationships among articulators that jointly produce linguistically significant actions of the vocal tract – that is phonetic gestures – in a flexible, context-sensitive manner. We ascribe the need for these constraints in part to the requirement of coarticulatory overlap in speech production. Coarticulation reflects temporally staggered activation of coordinative constraints for different phonetic gestures. We suggest that the anticipatory coarticulatory field for a gesture is more limited than look-ahead models have suggested, consistent with the idea that anticipatory Coarticulation is the onset of activation of coordinative constraints for a forthcoming gesture. Finally, we ascribe much of the context-sensitivity in the anticipatory or carryover fields of a gesture (variation due to “Coarticulation re...
Olga Dmitrieva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Vowel-to-Vowel Coarticulation in Spanish Nonwords.
Phonetica, 2019Co-Authors: Jenna T. Conklin, Olga DmitrievaAbstract:The present study examined vowel-to-vowel (VV) Coarticulation in backness affecting mid vowels /e/ and /o/ in 36 Spanish nonwords produced by 20 native speakers of Spanish, aged 19-50 years (mean = 30.7; SD = 8.2). Examination of second formant frequency showed substantial carryover Coarticulation throughout the data set, while anticipatory Coarticulation was minimal and of shorter duration. Furthermore, the effect of stress on vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation was investigated and found to vary by direction. In the anticipatory direction, small coarticulatory changes were relatively stable regardless of stress, particularly for target /e/, while in the carryover direction, a hierarchy of stress emerged wherein the greatest Coarticulation occurred between stressed triggers and unstressed targets, less Coarticulation was observed between unstressed triggers and unstressed targets, and the least Coarticulation occurred between unstressed triggers with stressed targets. The results of the study augment and refine previously available knowledge about vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Spanish and expand cross-linguistic understanding of the effect of stress on the magnitude and direction of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation.
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Effect of stress, harmonic status, and lexical status on Hungarian vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2019Co-Authors: Jenna Conklin, Olga DmitrievaAbstract:The present study examines vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Hungarian with particular emphasis on the effects of word stress and lexical status (real words versus nonce words) on the direction and degree of vowel Coarticulation. Previous investigations indicate that lexical stress exerts a powerful influence on vowel Coarticulation. Specifically, stressed vowels are thought to resist Coarticulation (see, e.g., Beddor et al., 2002; Majors, 2006). It is not clear, however, whether this effect is universal across languages, nor if it can be suppressed by the presence of more influential factors. In addition, it is not known whether vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation always affects real and nonce words in a similar fashion, though some previous research indicates that speakers differ in their coarticulatory handling of nonce words (Scarborough, 2012). Finally, previous research suggests that the presence of vowel harmony in a language may place restrictions on the direction of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation (Beddor and Yavuz, 1995). Hungarian has a vowel harmony system that includes several neutral vowels, which do not participate in harmony. This study reports the results of an acoustic analysis of Coarticulation in stressed and unstressed vowels (both neutral and harmonizing) in real and nonce words produced by native speakers of Hungarian.The present study examines vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Hungarian with particular emphasis on the effects of word stress and lexical status (real words versus nonce words) on the direction and degree of vowel Coarticulation. Previous investigations indicate that lexical stress exerts a powerful influence on vowel Coarticulation. Specifically, stressed vowels are thought to resist Coarticulation (see, e.g., Beddor et al., 2002; Majors, 2006). It is not clear, however, whether this effect is universal across languages, nor if it can be suppressed by the presence of more influential factors. In addition, it is not known whether vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation always affects real and nonce words in a similar fashion, though some previous research indicates that speakers differ in their coarticulatory handling of nonce words (Scarborough, 2012). Finally, previous research suggests that the presence of vowel harmony in a language may place restrictions on the direction of vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation (Beddor...
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acoustics of tatar vowels articulation and vowel to vowel Coarticulation
Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2018Co-Authors: Jenna Conklin, Olga DmitrievaAbstract:Volga Tatar is a Turkic language spoken by 5 million people in Central Russia for which instrumental acoustic descriptions are lacking. This study uses formant analysis of acoustic recordings from 27 native speakers of Volga Tatar to describe the vowels of Tatar and evaluate the accuracy of previous impressionistic phonetic descriptions. In addition to describing the acoustic vowel space of Tatar, the study uses carefully chosen target words to evaluate vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in height and backness among the Tatar vowels /i, ae, ɑ/. Examining vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Tatar is of particular theoretical interest due to the presence of vowel harmony in the language. While the majority of native Tatar words are subject to backness, and possibly rounding, harmony, a large class of disharmonic lexical items, mostly from borrowings, provides insight into the coexistence of long-distance phonological vowel assimilation (vowel harmony) and long-distance phonetic vowel assimilation (Coarticulation) in the same language. Previous research (Banerjee, Dutta, & S., 2017; Beddor & Yavuz, 1995) suggests that vowel harmony may suppress Coarticulation proceeding in the same direction. However, the current results indicate that direction of Coarticulation in Tatar is mediated primarily by other factors, such as target and trigger vowel identity.Volga Tatar is a Turkic language spoken by 5 million people in Central Russia for which instrumental acoustic descriptions are lacking. This study uses formant analysis of acoustic recordings from 27 native speakers of Volga Tatar to describe the vowels of Tatar and evaluate the accuracy of previous impressionistic phonetic descriptions. In addition to describing the acoustic vowel space of Tatar, the study uses carefully chosen target words to evaluate vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in height and backness among the Tatar vowels /i, ae, ɑ/. Examining vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Tatar is of particular theoretical interest due to the presence of vowel harmony in the language. While the majority of native Tatar words are subject to backness, and possibly rounding, harmony, a large class of disharmonic lexical items, mostly from borrowings, provides insight into the coexistence of long-distance phonological vowel assimilation (vowel harmony) and long-distance phonetic vowel assimilation (Coarticulation) in...
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Vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Spanish non-words: Effects of stress and consonantal context
The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America, 2017Co-Authors: Jenna T. Conklin, Olga DmitrievaAbstract:In spoken language, gestural overlap in speech production regularly leads to Coarticulation between neighboring segments, resulting in assimilation measurable by changes in the acoustic parameters. Vowels in adjacent syllables can coarticulate in a phenomenon called vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation, which is subject to variation based on environmental factors such as surrounding consonantal context and the placement of stress. This study investigates vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation in Spanish in order to better understand the effect of stress and consonantal context on Coarticulation. Formant analysis of vowels produced by 20 native speakers of Spanish was used to determine the presence and direction of Coarticulation in trisyllabic nonce words with varying stress (/CVCVCV/ words, vowels /e, o/ as targets and /e, i, o, u/ as triggers, /k/ and /p/ contexts). Results showed that both anticipatory and carryover vowel-to-vowel Coarticulation was present at vowel edges in all contexts, but only carryover coarticula...
