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Eduardo Peixoto Fernandes Da ,silva - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Transcodificador de vídeo wyner-ziv/h.263 para comunicação entre dispositivos móveis
2009Co-Authors: Eduardo Peixoto Fernandes Da ,silvaAbstract:Em comunicações de vídeo entre dispositivosmóveis, tanto o terminal transmissor quanto o terminal receptor podem não ter os recursos computacionais necessários para realizar tarefas complexas de compressão e descompressão de vídeo. Codificadores de vídeo tradicionais apresentam maior complexidade na operação de codificação do que na operação de decodificação. No entanto, a codificação Wyner-Ziv permite que se construa um codificador de vídeo onde a codificação é menos complexa, ao custo de um decodificador mais complexo. Neste trabalho é proposto um sistema de comunicação de vídeo onde o transmissor utiliza um codificador Wyner-Ziv (de complexidade reversa), enquanto o receptor utiliza um decodificador tradicional, de forma que a complexidade seja minimizada em ambos os terminais. Para que este sistema funcione, é necessário inserir um transcodificador na rede para converter a sequência de vídeo. É apresentado um transcodificador eficiente, que recebe uma sequência codificada com um codificadorWyner-Ziv simples e transcodifica para o padrão H.263. A abordagem utilizada diminui a complexidade do sistema ao re-utilizar a estimação de movimento realizada na decodificação Wyner-Ziv, entre outras coisas. Foi implementado um codificador Wyner-Ziv no domínio dos pixels para o desenvolvimento do transcodificador. Além de reutilizar os vetores demovimento calculados na decodificação Wyner-Ziv, o transcodificador também apresenta várias opções, podendo alterar o GOP da sequência transcodificada e refinar os vetores de movimento. Foram realizados testes extensivos para avaliar o transcodificador proposto e seus modos opcionais, utilizando sequências de vídeo populares como Foreman, Salesman, CarPhone e Coastguard. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIn mobile to mobile video communications, both the transmitting and receiving ends may not have the necessary computing power to perform complex video compression and decompression tasks. Traditional video codecs tipycally have highly complex encoders and less complex decoders. However, Wyner-Ziv coding allows for a low complexity encoder at the price of a more complex decoder. It is proposed a video communication system where the transmitter uses a Wyner-Ziv (reverse complexity) encoder, while the receiver uses a traditional decoder, hence minimizing complexity at both ends. For that to work it becomes necessary to insert a transcoder in the network to convert the video stream. It is presented an efficient transcoder from a simple Wyner-Ziv approach to the H.263 standard. This approach saves a large amount of computation by reusing the motion estimation performed at the Wyner-Ziv decoder stage, among other things. A pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv codec was implemented for the transcoder. Along with reusing the motion estimation done in the Wyner-Ziv decoding process, the transcoder also allows one to change the GOP length of the transcoded sequence and to refine the motions vectors. Extensive tests were carried to evaluate the proposed transcoder performance using popular video sequences such as Foreman, Salesman, Carphone and Coastguard
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Transcodificador de vídeo wyner-ziv/h.263 para comunicação entre dispositivos móveis
2008Co-Authors: Eduardo Peixoto Fernandes Da ,silvaAbstract:Dissertação (mestrado)—Universidade de Brasília, Faculdade de Tecnologia, Departamento de Engenharia Elétrica, 2008.Em comunicações de vídeo entre dispositivosmóveis, tanto o terminal transmissor quanto o terminal receptor podem não ter os recursos computacionais necessários para realizar tarefas complexas de compressão e descompressão de vídeo. Codificadores de vídeo tradicionais apresentam maior complexidade na operação de codificação do que na operação de decodificação. No entanto, a codificação Wyner-Ziv permite que se construa um codificador de vídeo onde a codificação é menos complexa, ao custo de um decodificador mais complexo. Neste trabalho é proposto um sistema de comunicação de vídeo onde o transmissor utiliza um codificador Wyner-Ziv (de complexidade reversa), enquanto o receptor utiliza um decodificador tradicional, de forma que a complexidade seja minimizada em ambos os terminais. Para que este sistema funcione, é necessário inserir um transcodificador na rede para converter a sequência de vídeo. É apresentado um transcodificador eficiente, que recebe uma sequência codificada com um codificadorWyner-Ziv simples e transcodifica para o padrão H.263. A abordagem utilizada diminui a complexidade do sistema ao re-utilizar a estimação de movimento realizada na decodificação Wyner-Ziv, entre outras coisas. Foi implementado um codificador Wyner-Ziv no domínio dos pixels para o desenvolvimento do transcodificador. Além de reutilizar os vetores demovimento calculados na decodificação Wyner-Ziv, o transcodificador também apresenta várias opções, podendo alterar o GOP da sequência transcodificada e refinar os vetores de movimento. Foram realizados testes extensivos para avaliar o transcodificador proposto e seus modos opcionais, utilizando sequências de vídeo populares como Foreman, Salesman, CarPhone e Coastguard. _______________________________________________________________________________________ ABSTRACTIn mobile to mobile video communications, both the transmitting and receiving ends may not have the necessary computing power to perform complex video compression and decompression tasks. Traditional video codecs tipycally have highly complex encoders and less complex decoders. However, Wyner-Ziv coding allows for a low complexity encoder at the price of a more complex decoder. It is proposed a video communication system where the transmitter uses a Wyner-Ziv (reverse complexity) encoder, while the receiver uses a traditional decoder, hence minimizing complexity at both ends. For that to work it becomes necessary to insert a transcoder in the network to convert the video stream. It is presented an efficient transcoder from a simple Wyner-Ziv approach to the H.263 standard. This approach saves a large amount of computation by reusing the motion estimation performed at the Wyner-Ziv decoder stage, among other things. A pixel-domain Wyner-Ziv codec was implemented for the transcoder. Along with reusing the motion estimation done in the Wyner-Ziv decoding process, the transcoder also allows one to change the GOP length of the transcoded sequence and to refine the motions vectors. Extensive tests were carried to evaluate the proposed transcoder performance using popular video sequences such as Foreman, Salesman, Carphone and Coastguard
Vorapoj Patanavijit - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An alternative robust optical flow on Dynamic Smoothness Weight (α) of Horn-Schunk Algorithm using median filter with sub-pixel displacement
2013Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:Traditionally, the smoothness weight (α) of Horn-Schunk optical flow algorithm (HS) is an important parameter of the optical flow and directly impacts to the performance of the HS algorithm. This paper presents an alternative robust optical flow on dynamic smoothness weight (α) of Horn-Schunk algorithm using median filter with sub-pixel displacement (RDHS). We also present an investigation analysis of sub-pixel optical flow on original Horn-Schunk algorithm over various smoothness weights or Dynamic Smoothness Weight of Horn-Schunk Algorithm (DHS) to investigate the value of the smoothness weight that return the best in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) on each frame of video sequence for comparison. We investigate the performance over the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) at several noise power levels (such as AWGN at 25 dB (low noise), AWGN at 20 dB, and AWGN at 15 dB (high noise) respectively). These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have difference foreground and background movement characteristic in which PSNR is concentrated as the performance indicator. We also investigate the relationship of the movement characteristic in the sequence and noise level with the best smoothness weight.
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investigation of performance trade off in high reliability and robust gradient orientation on differential sub pixel displacement optical flow algorithms over non gaussian noisy model
2012Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Paitoon Porntrakoon, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents a performance analysis of 3 classical optical flow algorithms (Spatial Correlation-Based Optical Flow (SCOF), Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) and Lucas-Kanade algorithm (LK)) under the noisy conditions. Moreover the Confidence Based Optical Flow Algorithm for High Reliability (CHR) and Robust Motion Estimation Methods Using Gradient Orientation Information (RGOI) are applied on these 3 algorithms over different characteristic of standard sequences with several Non-Gaussian noises such as Poisson Noise (PN), Salt&Pepper Noise (SPN), and Speckle Noise (SN). For HS algorithm, we also investigate the performance on the best average of smoothness weight (β) which is an important factor for the quality of outcome. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic in a level of 0.5 sub-pixel displacements. Each standard sequence has 6 sets of sequence included an original (no noise), PN, SPN density (d) = 0.005, SPN d = 0.025, SN variance (v) = 0.01, and SN v = 0.05 respectively which concentrated on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as the performance indicator in our experiment.
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empirical study on performance comparisons of block based motion estimation on multi sub pixel displacement with multiples block size
2012Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents the impact of sub-pixel displacement and block/windows size on the motion estimation performance (3 different levels (1, 0.5, and 0.25) for sub-pixel displacement (SPD) and 2 different block/windows size (8x8/16x16 and 16x16/32x32)). Our empirical study concentrates on full search (FS), a novel four-step search algorithm (NFSS), a block-based gradient descent search algorithm (BBGDS), a new diamond search algorithm (DS) and hexagon search algorithm (HS). Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is referenced as the indicator on our performance comparison results. These experiment results are comprehensively tested and conclude on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic.
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performance analysis on weighting factor a on spatial temporal gradient technique and high confidence reliability with sub pixel displacement
2011Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:Traditionally, the weighting factor (α) is one of the most importance parameter of the optical flow based on the temporal gradient technique and directly impacts to the optical flow performance. This paper presents a performance analysis of sub-pixel optical flow on Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) [1] under the kernel model of Barron, Fleet, and Beauchemin (BFB) [2] over various weighting factor (α) concerning with the feedback in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) for the best performance on each frame of video sequence for comparison. We also investigate over confidence based optical flow algorithm for high reliability (CBOF) [3] under the best forward and backward optical flow in PSRN of each reconstructed frame and relationship with the different on master images sequences for evaluation. Experimental results of the maximum and minimum of the best average in PSNR for each reconstructed video sequence are demonstrated for performance evaluation [4]. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have difference foreground and background movement characteristic.
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Experimental performance analysis of High Confidence Reliability based on differential optical flow algorithms over AWGN sequences with sub-pixel displacement
2011Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents a performance analysis of 3 popular optical flow algorithms (2D optical flow block-based full search algorithm (BOF), Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) and Lucas-Kanade algorithm (LK)) under the noise conditions. And the confidence based optical flow algorithm for high reliability (CBOF) is applied on these 3 algorithms over different characteristic of standard sequences with several dB of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). For algorithm of HS and LK, we also applied the kernel model of Barron, Fleet, and Beauchemin (BFB) on these algorithms in our experiment. Especially in HS algorithm, we also investigate the performance on the best average smoothness weight (α) which is prior evaluated by Darun K. and Vorapoj P.. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic in a level of 0.5 sub-pixel displacement. Each standard sequence has 4 sets of sequence included an original (no noise), AWGN 25 dB (low noise), AWGN 20 dB, and AWGN 15 dB (high noise) respectively which concentrated on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as the performance indicator in our experiment.
Darun Kesrarat - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An alternative robust optical flow on Dynamic Smoothness Weight (α) of Horn-Schunk Algorithm using median filter with sub-pixel displacement
2013Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:Traditionally, the smoothness weight (α) of Horn-Schunk optical flow algorithm (HS) is an important parameter of the optical flow and directly impacts to the performance of the HS algorithm. This paper presents an alternative robust optical flow on dynamic smoothness weight (α) of Horn-Schunk algorithm using median filter with sub-pixel displacement (RDHS). We also present an investigation analysis of sub-pixel optical flow on original Horn-Schunk algorithm over various smoothness weights or Dynamic Smoothness Weight of Horn-Schunk Algorithm (DHS) to investigate the value of the smoothness weight that return the best in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) on each frame of video sequence for comparison. We investigate the performance over the Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN) at several noise power levels (such as AWGN at 25 dB (low noise), AWGN at 20 dB, and AWGN at 15 dB (high noise) respectively). These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have difference foreground and background movement characteristic in which PSNR is concentrated as the performance indicator. We also investigate the relationship of the movement characteristic in the sequence and noise level with the best smoothness weight.
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investigation of performance trade off in high reliability and robust gradient orientation on differential sub pixel displacement optical flow algorithms over non gaussian noisy model
2012Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Paitoon Porntrakoon, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents a performance analysis of 3 classical optical flow algorithms (Spatial Correlation-Based Optical Flow (SCOF), Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) and Lucas-Kanade algorithm (LK)) under the noisy conditions. Moreover the Confidence Based Optical Flow Algorithm for High Reliability (CHR) and Robust Motion Estimation Methods Using Gradient Orientation Information (RGOI) are applied on these 3 algorithms over different characteristic of standard sequences with several Non-Gaussian noises such as Poisson Noise (PN), Salt&Pepper Noise (SPN), and Speckle Noise (SN). For HS algorithm, we also investigate the performance on the best average of smoothness weight (β) which is an important factor for the quality of outcome. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic in a level of 0.5 sub-pixel displacements. Each standard sequence has 6 sets of sequence included an original (no noise), PN, SPN density (d) = 0.005, SPN d = 0.025, SN variance (v) = 0.01, and SN v = 0.05 respectively which concentrated on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as the performance indicator in our experiment.
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empirical study on performance comparisons of block based motion estimation on multi sub pixel displacement with multiples block size
2012Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents the impact of sub-pixel displacement and block/windows size on the motion estimation performance (3 different levels (1, 0.5, and 0.25) for sub-pixel displacement (SPD) and 2 different block/windows size (8x8/16x16 and 16x16/32x32)). Our empirical study concentrates on full search (FS), a novel four-step search algorithm (NFSS), a block-based gradient descent search algorithm (BBGDS), a new diamond search algorithm (DS) and hexagon search algorithm (HS). Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) is referenced as the indicator on our performance comparison results. These experiment results are comprehensively tested and conclude on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic.
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performance analysis on weighting factor a on spatial temporal gradient technique and high confidence reliability with sub pixel displacement
2011Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:Traditionally, the weighting factor (α) is one of the most importance parameter of the optical flow based on the temporal gradient technique and directly impacts to the optical flow performance. This paper presents a performance analysis of sub-pixel optical flow on Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) [1] under the kernel model of Barron, Fleet, and Beauchemin (BFB) [2] over various weighting factor (α) concerning with the feedback in Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) for the best performance on each frame of video sequence for comparison. We also investigate over confidence based optical flow algorithm for high reliability (CBOF) [3] under the best forward and backward optical flow in PSRN of each reconstructed frame and relationship with the different on master images sequences for evaluation. Experimental results of the maximum and minimum of the best average in PSNR for each reconstructed video sequence are demonstrated for performance evaluation [4]. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have difference foreground and background movement characteristic.
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Experimental performance analysis of High Confidence Reliability based on differential optical flow algorithms over AWGN sequences with sub-pixel displacement
2011Co-Authors: Darun Kesrarat, Vorapoj PatanavijitAbstract:This paper presents a performance analysis of 3 popular optical flow algorithms (2D optical flow block-based full search algorithm (BOF), Horn-Schunk algorithm (HS) and Lucas-Kanade algorithm (LK)) under the noise conditions. And the confidence based optical flow algorithm for high reliability (CBOF) is applied on these 3 algorithms over different characteristic of standard sequences with several dB of Additive White Gaussian Noise (AWGN). For algorithm of HS and LK, we also applied the kernel model of Barron, Fleet, and Beauchemin (BFB) on these algorithms in our experiment. Especially in HS algorithm, we also investigate the performance on the best average smoothness weight (α) which is prior evaluated by Darun K. and Vorapoj P.. These experiment results are comprehensively tested on several standard sequences such as AKIYO, Coastguard, CONTAINER, and FOREMAN that have different foreground and background movement characteristic in a level of 0.5 sub-pixel displacement. Each standard sequence has 4 sets of sequence included an original (no noise), AWGN 25 dB (low noise), AWGN 20 dB, and AWGN 15 dB (high noise) respectively which concentrated on Peak Signal to Noise Ratio (PSNR) as the performance indicator in our experiment.
Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant Group Menu
2014Co-Authors: Jack\u27s Coastguard RestaurantAbstract:Eating fish, so fresh that it almost swims up onto your plate! (Mairéad Robinson, Senior Times) Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant Kerry is located just 5 minutes from the towns of Killorglin & Glenbeigh in the fishing village of Cromane, on the Ring of Kerry route. Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant offers a unique dining experience in one of the most popular seafood restaurants in Kerry where you can relax, take in the scenery and enjoy superb cuisine. We pride ourselves in using only the best & freshest locally sourced ingredients to produce the finest menu in a coastal setting. Although seafood is our speciality, our talented restaurant team can whip up alternatives such as Kerry Lamb, Fillet of Beef or Duck. Alongside a fine dining restaurant, the traditional Station Bar has a strong local trade. Supporting local organisations and events, it is firmly lodged within the Kerry community. (taken from Jack\u27s Coastguard website)https://arrow.tudublin.ie/menus21c/1079/thumbnail.jp
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Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant Sunday Lunch
2014Co-Authors: Jack\u27s Coastguard RestaurantAbstract:Eating fish, so fresh that it almost swims up onto your plate! (Mairéad Robinson, Senior Times) Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant Kerry is located just 5 minutes from the towns of Killorglin & Glenbeigh in the fishing village of Cromane, on the Ring of Kerry route. Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant offers a unique dining experience in one of the most popular seafood restaurants in Kerry where you can relax, take in the scenery and enjoy superb cuisine. We pride ourselves in using only the best & freshest locally sourced ingredients to produce the finest menu in a coastal setting. Although seafood is our speciality, our talented restaurant team can whip up alternatives such as Kerry Lamb, Fillet of Beef or Duck. Alongside a fine dining restaurant, the traditional Station Bar has a strong local trade. Supporting local organisations and events, it is firmly lodged within the Kerry community. (taken from Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant website)https://arrow.tudublin.ie/menus21c/1080/thumbnail.jp
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Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant A La Carte Menu
2014Co-Authors: Jack\u27s Coastguard RestaurantAbstract:Eating fish, so fresh that it almost swims up onto your plate! (Mairéad Robinson, Senior Times) Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant Kerry is located just 5 minutes from the towns of Killorglin & Glenbeigh in the fishing village of Cromane, on the Ring of Kerry route. Jacks\u27 Coastguard Restaurant offers a unique dining experience in one of the most popular seafood restaurants in Kerry where you can relax, take in the scenery and enjoy superb cuisine. We pride ourselves in using only the best & freshest locally sourced ingredients to produce the finest menu in a coastal setting. Although seafood is our speciality, our talented restaurant team can whip up alternatives such as Kerry Lamb, Fillet of Beef or Duck. Alongside a fine dining restaurant, the traditional Station Bar has a strong local trade. Supporting local organisations and events, it is firmly lodged within the Kerry community. (take from Jack\u27s Coastguard Restaurant website)https://arrow.tudublin.ie/menus21c/1081/thumbnail.jp
Andrew Paul Smith - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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combined effects of work related stress in her majesty s Coastguard hmcg
2012Co-Authors: Susan E Kingdom, Andrew Paul SmithAbstract:Background. Having initially reported on the overall level of stress in Her Majesty’s Coastguard (HMCG), in a second study we found that a combined (negative) effects approach to stress was better able to identify the associated psychosocial risk factors than by using the well-documented Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) or Job Demand-Control Support (JDCS) models alone. Using the same combined effects method, this study now examines the negative health and wellbeing outcomes associated with the level of high stress found in this occupational group. Material and methods. Participants included 282 Coastguards. A range of known stress outcomes were measured including: mental and physical health, accidents, risk taking, effects of memory, lifestyle, and job satisfaction. Results. Significant associations were found with: anxiety, depression, number of sick days, perception that illness was caused or made worse by work, number of symptoms, medicines taken, insomnia, ability to maintain a desired body weight or take planned exercise and find time to relax and wind down, time spent on hobbies or interests, the impact of job on family life/family life on job, and job satisfaction. Conclusions. Sixteen negative outcomes were significantly associated with the combined effects approach, compared with 15 using ERI or 10 using JDCS alone. Results clearly demonstrated the harmful effects of stress in maritime related roles, other than those of seafarers and suggest that further research in this area would be useful. Further studies on the more flexible stress model, which allows for the examination of both established and new combinations of risk factors and associated outcomes, would also be beneficial.
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work related stress in her majesty s Coastguard
2011Co-Authors: Susan E Kingdom, Andrew Paul SmithAbstract:Background. As a previously unresearched occupational group, the overall aim of this research was to establish the prevalence of stress and associated outcomes in Her Majesty’s Coastguard (HMCG). Material and methods. Data were collected from 282 Coastguards by paper questionnaire and compared with general UK working population data from the Bristol Stress and Health at Work Study (SHAW) and the Psychosocial Working Conditions Survey (PWC), 2009. Results. The level of high stress reported in HMCG (11%) was significantly lower than the comparison data (17%). The level of depression found was significantly higher. Conclusions. HMCG had lower levels of stress than the general UK working population, due, in part to high levels of social support. Data suggests HMCG worthy of study for both negative effects of stress and stress reduction elsewhere.
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psychosocial risk factors for work related stress in her majesty s Coastguard
2011Co-Authors: Susan E Kingdom, Andrew Paul SmithAbstract:Background. To determine the extent to which work-related stress in Her Majesty’s Coastguard (HMCG) could be accounted for by the Effort-Reward Imbalance (ERI) and Job Demand-Control- -Support (JDCS) stress models. Material and methods. Participants included a total of 282 Coastguards. Data on risk factors were collected via questionnaire, within the wider context of the UK HSE Management Standards framework for stress reduction. Analyses included an examination of each model and its association with stress and mental health outcomes, as well as their impact in combination with the range of other risk factors measured. Results. Significant predictors of stress included ERI, organisation change, and exposure to physical agents (noise). Anxiety was predicted by ERI, noise, and bullying, and depression by ERI, bullying, noise, training, and role conflict/ambiguity. Conclusions. For this occupational group, the main source of high stress, anxiety, and depression was ERI. These results raise implications for the use and interpretation of data when using these models, as well as for HSE Management Standards, which are biased towards JDCS. Results from this and other studies also suggest further research is required into the benefits of a more flexible model or framework, which can examine both established and new combinations of risk factors.