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Susanna C. Larsson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coffee Consumption and gout: a Mendelian randomisation study
Annals of the rheumatic diseases, 2018Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Mattias CarlströmAbstract:Observational studies have found that Coffee Consumption is inversely associated with risk of incident gout but inconsistently with serum uric acid concentrations.1–3 The causality of the associations is, however, uncertain since observational studies are susceptible to confounding and reverse causation bias. Genetic variants with an explicit impact on a modifiable exposure, such as a biomarker or habitual behaviour like Coffee Consumption, can be used as instrumental variables (proxies) for the exposure to improve causal inference.4 This method, known as Mendelian randomisation, builds on Mendel’s second law and the fact that genetic variants are randomly assorted during meiosis. Therefore, results from Mendelian randomisation studies are less prone to bias due to confounding and reverse causality. We used the Mendelian randomisation approach to examine whether Coffee Consumption is associated with gout and whether the association may be mediated by serum uric acid concentrations. A genome-wide association study from the Coffee and Caffeine Genetics Consortium identified 10 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs), at eight loci, associated with Coffee …
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Coffee Consumption and risk of aortic valve stenosis: A prospective study.
Nutrition metabolism and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2018Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Alicja Wolk, Niclas Håkansson, Magnus BäckAbstract:Abstract Background and aims Coffee contains many biologically active compounds with potential adverse or beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Whether Coffee Consumption is associated with the risk of aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the association between Coffee Consumption and AVS incidence. Methods and results This prospective study included 71 178 men and women who provided information on their Coffee Consumption through a questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of AVS were identified through linkage with the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death Registers. During a mean follow-up of 15.2 years, 1295 participants (777 men and 518 women) were diagnosed with AVS. Coffee Consumption was positively associated with risk of AVS in a dose–response manner after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, and other risk factors (P-trend = 0.005). The multivariable hazard ratios were was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.04–1.19) per 2 cups/day increase of Coffee Consumption and 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.10–2.48) when comparing the highest (≥6 cups/day) with the lowest ( Conclusions This study provides novel evidence that high Coffee Consumption is associated with an increased risk of AVS.
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Coffee Consumption and risk of stroke a dose response meta analysis of prospective studies
American Journal of Epidemiology, 2011Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Nicola OrsiniAbstract:Coffee Consumption has been inconsistently associated with risk of stroke. The authors conducted a meta-analysis of prospective studies to quantitatively assess the association between Coffee Consumption and stroke risk. Pertinent studies were identified by searching PubMed and Embase from January 1966 through May 2011 and by reviewing the reference lists of retrieved articles. Prospective studies in which investigators reported relative risks of stroke for 3 or more categories of Coffee Consumption were eligible. Results from individual studies were pooled using a random-effects model. Eleven prospective studies, with 10,003 cases of stroke and 479,689 participants, met the inclusion criteria. There was some evidence of a nonlinear association between Coffee Consumption and risk of stroke (P for nonlinearity = 0.005). Compared with no Coffee Consumption, the relative risks of stroke were 0.86 (95% confidence interval (95% CI): 0.78, 0.94) for 2 cups of Coffee per day, 0.83 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.92) for 3-4 cups/day, 0.87 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.97) for 6 cups/day, and 0.93 (95% CI: 0.79, 1.08) for 8 cups/day. There was marginal between-study heterogeneity among study-specific trends (I₂ = 12% and I₂ = 20% for the first and second spline transformations, respectively). Findings from this meta-analysis indicate that moderate Coffee Consumption may be weakly inversely associated with risk of stroke.
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Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Stroke, 2011Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Jarmo Virtamo, Alicja WolkAbstract:Background and Purpose—Coffee Consumption has been inconsistently associated with stroke incidence and mortality in previous studies. We investigated the association between Coffee Consumption and stroke incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Methods—We prospectively followed of 34 670 women without a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1997. Coffee Consumption was assessed in 1997 using a self-administered questionnaire. Incident stroke cases were ascertained from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry. Results—During a mean follow-up of 10.4 years, we ascertained 1680 stroke events, including 1310 cerebral infarctions, 154 intracerebral hemorrhages, 79 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 137 unspecified strokes. After adjustment for other risk factors, Coffee Consumption was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of total stroke, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage but not intracerebral hemorrhage. The multivariable relative risks of total stroke acro...
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Coffee Consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women.
International journal of cancer, 2006Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja WolkAbstract:Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between Coffee Consumption and risk of stomach cancer, and the findings have been inconsistent. We prospectively investigated the association of long-term Coffee Consumption with risk of stomach cancer in a population-based cohort study of 61,433 Swedish women. Information on Coffee Consumption was collected with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and updated in 1997. During a mean follow-up of 15.7 years from 1987 through June 2005, 160 incident cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed. Coffee Consumption was positively associated with the risk of stomach cancer. Compared to women who consumed 1 or fewer cups of Coffee per day, the multivariate hazard ratios were 1.49 (95% = 0.97-2.27) for women who drank 2-3 cups per day and 1.86 (95% CI = 1.07-3.25) for those who drank 4 or more cups per day (p for trend = 0.01). An increase of 1 cup of Coffee per day was associated with a statistically significant 22% increased risk of stomach cancer (hazard ratio = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.42). These prospective data suggest that Coffee Consumption may increase the risk of stomach cancer in a dose-response manner. This finding needs to be confirmed in other prospective studies.
Rob M. Van Dam - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coffee Consumption and cardiovascular health: getting to the heart of the matter.
Current cardiology reports, 2013Co-Authors: Salome A. Rebello, Rob M. Van DamAbstract:As Coffee-Consumption is a widespread tradition, its possible impact on health has been of considerable interest. This review examines the effects of Coffee on cardiovascular risk, outlines underlying biological mechanisms, and discusses implications for public health. In the past, Coffee was often viewed as a cardiovascular risk-factor. However, in meta-analyses of recent well-controlled prospective epidemiologic studies, Coffee-Consumption was not associated with risk of coronary heart disease and weakly associated with a lower risk of stroke and heart failure. Also, available evidence largely suggests that Coffee-Consumption is not associated with a higher risk of fatal cardiovascular events. In randomized trials Coffee-Consumption resulted in small increases in blood pressure. Unfiltered Coffee increased circulating LDL cholesterol and triglycerides concentrations, but filtered Coffee had no substantial effects on blood lipids. In summary, for most healthy people, moderate Coffee Consumption is unlikely to adversely affect cardiovascular health. Future work should prioritize understanding the effects of Coffee in at-risk populations.
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Coffee Consumption and risk of stroke in women
Circulation, 2009Co-Authors: Esther Lopezgarcia, Giancarlo Logroscino, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Fernando Rodriguezartalejo, Rob M. Van DamAbstract:Background— Data on the association between Coffee Consumption and risk of stroke are sparse. We assessed the association between Coffee Consumption and the risk of stroke over 24 years of follow-up in women. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 83 076 women in the Nurses’ Health Study without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, or cancer at baseline. Coffee Consumption was assessed first in 1980 and then repeatedly every 2 to 4 years, with follow-up through 2004. We documented 2280 strokes, of which 426 were hemorrhagic, 1224 were ischemic, and 630 were undetermined. In multivariable Cox regression models with adjustment for age, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, aspirin use, and dietary factors, the relative risks (RRs) of stroke across categories of Coffee Consumption (<1 cup per month, 1 per month to 4 per week, 5 to 7 per week, 2 to 3 per day, and ≥4 per day) were 1, 0.98 (...
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Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Circulation, 2009Co-Authors: Esther Lopez-garcia, Fernando Rodríguez-artalejo, Kathryn M. Rexrode, Giancarlo Logroscino, Rob M. Van DamAbstract:Background— Data on the association between Coffee Consumption and risk of stroke are sparse. We assessed the association between Coffee Consumption and the risk of stroke over 24 years of follow-up in women. Methods and Results— We analyzed data from a prospective cohort of 83 076 women in the Nurses’ Health Study without history of stroke, coronary heart disease, diabetes, or cancer at baseline. Coffee Consumption was assessed first in 1980 and then repeatedly every 2 to 4 years, with follow-up through 2004. We documented 2280 strokes, of which 426 were hemorrhagic, 1224 were ischemic, and 630 were undetermined. In multivariable Cox regression models with adjustment for age, smoking status, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, menopausal status, hormone replacement therapy, aspirin use, and dietary factors, the relative risks (RRs) of stroke across categories of Coffee Consumption (
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The Relationship of Coffee Consumption with Mortality
Annals of internal medicine, 2008Co-Authors: Esther Lopez-garcia, Rob M. Van Dam, Fernando Rodríguez-artalejoAbstract:Studies have examined the association between Coffee Consumption and a variety of specific diseases, but the relationship between Coffee Consumption and all-cause mortality remains unclear. This st...
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Coffee Consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review.
JAMA, 2005Co-Authors: Rob M. Van DamAbstract:ContextEmerging epidemiological evidence suggests that higher Coffee Consumption may reduce the risk of type 2 diabetes.ObjectiveTo examine the association between habitual Coffee Consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes and related outcomes.Data Sources and Study SelectionWe searched MEDLINE through January 2005 and examined the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Because this review focuses on studies of habitual Coffee Consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, we excluded studies of type 1 diabetes, animal studies, and studies of short-term exposure to Coffee or caffeine, leaving 15 epidemiological studies (cohort or cross-sectional).Data ExtractionInformation on study design, participant characteristics, measurement of Coffee Consumption and outcomes, adjustment for potential confounders, and estimates of associations was abstracted independently by 2 investigators.Data SynthesisWe identified 9 cohort studies of Coffee Consumption and risk of type 2 diabetes, including 193 473 participants and 8394 incident cases of type 2 diabetes, and calculated summary relative risks (RRs) using a random-effects model. The RR of type 2 diabetes was 0.65 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.54-0.78) for the highest (≥6 or ≥7 cups per day) and 0.72 (95% CI, 0.62-0.83) for the second highest (4-6 cups per day) category of Coffee Consumption compared with the lowest Consumption category (0 or ≤2 cups per day). These associations did not differ substantially by sex, obesity, or region (United States and Europe). In the cross-sectional studies conducted in northern Europe, southern Europe, and Japan, higher Coffee Consumption was consistently associated with a lower prevalence of newly detected hyperglycemia, particularly postprandial hyperglycemia.ConclusionsThis systematic review supports the hypothesis that habitual Coffee Consumption is associated with a substantially lower risk of type 2 diabetes. Longer-term intervention studies of Coffee Consumption and glucose metabolism are warranted to examine the mechanisms underlying the relationship between Coffee Consumption and type 2 diabetes.
Alicja Wolk - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coffee Consumption and risk of aortic valve stenosis: A prospective study.
Nutrition metabolism and cardiovascular diseases : NMCD, 2018Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Alicja Wolk, Niclas Håkansson, Magnus BäckAbstract:Abstract Background and aims Coffee contains many biologically active compounds with potential adverse or beneficial effects on the cardiovascular system. Whether Coffee Consumption is associated with the risk of aortic valve stenosis (AVS) is unknown. The purpose of this study was therefore to examine the association between Coffee Consumption and AVS incidence. Methods and results This prospective study included 71 178 men and women who provided information on their Coffee Consumption through a questionnaire at baseline. Incident cases of AVS were identified through linkage with the Swedish National Patient and Cause of Death Registers. During a mean follow-up of 15.2 years, 1295 participants (777 men and 518 women) were diagnosed with AVS. Coffee Consumption was positively associated with risk of AVS in a dose–response manner after adjustment for age, sex, smoking, and other risk factors (P-trend = 0.005). The multivariable hazard ratios were was 1.11 (95% confidence interval 1.04–1.19) per 2 cups/day increase of Coffee Consumption and 1.65 (95% confidence interval 1.10–2.48) when comparing the highest (≥6 cups/day) with the lowest ( Conclusions This study provides novel evidence that high Coffee Consumption is associated with an increased risk of AVS.
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Coffee Consumption and Risk of Stroke in Women
Stroke, 2011Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Jarmo Virtamo, Alicja WolkAbstract:Background and Purpose—Coffee Consumption has been inconsistently associated with stroke incidence and mortality in previous studies. We investigated the association between Coffee Consumption and stroke incidence in the Swedish Mammography Cohort. Methods—We prospectively followed of 34 670 women without a history of cardiovascular disease or cancer at baseline in 1997. Coffee Consumption was assessed in 1997 using a self-administered questionnaire. Incident stroke cases were ascertained from the Swedish Hospital Discharge Registry. Results—During a mean follow-up of 10.4 years, we ascertained 1680 stroke events, including 1310 cerebral infarctions, 154 intracerebral hemorrhages, 79 subarachnoid hemorrhages, and 137 unspecified strokes. After adjustment for other risk factors, Coffee Consumption was associated with a statistically significant lower risk of total stroke, cerebral infarction, and subarachnoid hemorrhage but not intracerebral hemorrhage. The multivariable relative risks of total stroke acro...
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Coffee Consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women.
International journal of cancer, 2006Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja WolkAbstract:Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between Coffee Consumption and risk of stomach cancer, and the findings have been inconsistent. We prospectively investigated the association of long-term Coffee Consumption with risk of stomach cancer in a population-based cohort study of 61,433 Swedish women. Information on Coffee Consumption was collected with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and updated in 1997. During a mean follow-up of 15.7 years from 1987 through June 2005, 160 incident cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed. Coffee Consumption was positively associated with the risk of stomach cancer. Compared to women who consumed 1 or fewer cups of Coffee per day, the multivariate hazard ratios were 1.49 (95% = 0.97-2.27) for women who drank 2-3 cups per day and 1.86 (95% CI = 1.07-3.25) for those who drank 4 or more cups per day (p for trend = 0.01). An increase of 1 cup of Coffee per day was associated with a statistically significant 22% increased risk of stomach cancer (hazard ratio = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.42). These prospective data suggest that Coffee Consumption may increase the risk of stomach cancer in a dose-response manner. This finding needs to be confirmed in other prospective studies.
Edward Giovannucci - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coffee Consumption is positively associated with longer leukocyte telomere length in the nurses health study
Journal of Nutrition, 2016Co-Authors: Jason J Liu, Edward Giovannucci, Marta Crousbou, Immaculata De VivoAbstract:BACKGROUND Coffee is an important source of antioxidants, and Consumption of this beverage is associated with many health conditions and a lower mortality risk. However, no study, to our knowledge, has examined whether varying Coffee or caffeine Consumption levels are associated with telomere length, a biomarker of aging whose shortening can be accelerated by oxidative stress. OBJECTIVE We performed a large comprehensive study on how Coffee Consumption is associated with telomere length. METHODS We used data from the Nurses' Health Study (NHS), a prospective cohort study of female nurses that began in 1976. We examined the cross-sectional association between Coffee Consumption and telomere length in 4780 women from the NHS. Coffee Consumption information was obtained from validated food-frequency questionnaires, and relative telomere length was measured in peripheral blood leukocytes by the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction. Unconditional logistic regression was used to obtain ORs when the telomere length outcome was dichotomized at the median. Linear regression was used for tests of trend with Coffee Consumption and telomere length as continuous variables. RESULTS Higher total Coffee Consumption was significantly associated with longer telomeres after potential confounding adjustment. Compared with non-Coffee drinkers, multivariable ORs for those drinking 2 to <3 and ≥3 cups of Coffee/d were, respectively, 1.29 (95% CI: 0.99, 1.68) and 1.36 (95% CI: 1.04, 1.78) (P-trend = 0.02). We found a significant linear association between caffeine Consumption from all dietary sources and telomere length (P-trend = 0.02) after adjusting for potential confounders, but not after additionally adjusting for total Coffee Consumption (P-trend = 0.37). CONCLUSIONS We found that higher Coffee Consumption is associated with longer telomeres among female nurses. Future studies are needed to better understand the influence of Coffee Consumption on telomeres, which may uncover new knowledge of how Coffee Consumption affects health and longevity.
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Coffee Consumption and total mortality a meta analysis of twenty prospective cohort studies
British Journal of Nutrition, 2014Co-Authors: Edward GiovannucciAbstract:Coffee Consumption has been shown to be associated with various health outcomes, but no comprehensive review and meta-analysis of the association between Coffee Consumption and total mortality has been conducted. To quantitatively assess this association, we conducted a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies. Eligible studies were identified by searching the PubMed and EMBASE databases for all articles published through June 2013 and reviewing the reference lists of the retrieved articles. Pooled relative risks (RR) with 95% CI were calculated using a random-effects model. We identified twenty studies of Coffee Consumption and total mortality, including 129,538 cases of deaths among the 973,904 participants. The RR of total mortality for the high v. low category of Coffee Consumption was 0.86 (95% CI 0.80, 0.92). The pooled RR for studies using ≥ 2-4 cups/d as a cut-off for the high category was similar to that for studies using ≥ 5-9 cups/d as the cut-off. By geographical region, the inverse association tended to be stronger for the eight studies conducted in Europe (RR 0.78, 95% CI 0.70, 0.88) and three studies carried out in Japan (RR 0.82, 95% CI 0.73, 0.92) than for the nine studies conducted in the USA (RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.84, 1.00). The inverse association was similar for men (RR 0.81, 95% CI 0.73, 0.90) and women (RR 0.84, 95% CI 0.79, 0.89). A weak, but significant, inverse association was found with moderate Coffee Consumption (1-2 cups/d; RR 0.92, 95% CI 0.87, 0.98). High decaffeinated Coffee Consumption was also found to be associated with a lower risk of death, but the data are limited. Our findings indicate that Coffee Consumption is associated with a reduced risk of total mortality.
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Coffee Consumption and stomach cancer risk in a cohort of Swedish women.
International journal of cancer, 2006Co-Authors: Susanna C. Larsson, Edward Giovannucci, Alicja WolkAbstract:Few prospective studies have examined the relationship between Coffee Consumption and risk of stomach cancer, and the findings have been inconsistent. We prospectively investigated the association of long-term Coffee Consumption with risk of stomach cancer in a population-based cohort study of 61,433 Swedish women. Information on Coffee Consumption was collected with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline (1987-1990) and updated in 1997. During a mean follow-up of 15.7 years from 1987 through June 2005, 160 incident cases of stomach cancer were diagnosed. Coffee Consumption was positively associated with the risk of stomach cancer. Compared to women who consumed 1 or fewer cups of Coffee per day, the multivariate hazard ratios were 1.49 (95% = 0.97-2.27) for women who drank 2-3 cups per day and 1.86 (95% CI = 1.07-3.25) for those who drank 4 or more cups per day (p for trend = 0.01). An increase of 1 cup of Coffee per day was associated with a statistically significant 22% increased risk of stomach cancer (hazard ratio = 1.22; 95% CI = 1.05-1.42). These prospective data suggest that Coffee Consumption may increase the risk of stomach cancer in a dose-response manner. This finding needs to be confirmed in other prospective studies.
J. Tuomilehto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Coffee Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: S Bidel, P Jousilahti, R Antikainen, E Pukkala, T Hakulinen, J. TuomilehtoAbstract:Background/Objectives: The possible association between Coffee Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer has been extensively studied in the many populations. The aim of this study is to examine this relationship among Finns, who are the heaviest Coffee consumers in the world. Subjects/Methods: A total of 60 041 Finnish men and women who were 26–74 years of age and without history of any cancer at baseline were included in the present analyses. Their Coffee Consumption and other study characteristics were determined at baseline, and they were prospectively followed up for onset of colon and rectal cancer, emigration, death or until 30 June 2006. Results: During a mean follow-up period of 18 years, 538 cases of colorectal cancer (304 cases of colon cancer and 234 cases of rectal cancer) were diagnosed. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of colorectal cancer incidence for ⩾10 cups of Coffee per day compared with non-drinkers was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.47–2.03) for men ( P for trend=0.86), 1.24 (95% CI, 0.49–3.14) for women ( p for trend=0.83) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.58–1.83) for men and women combined ( P for trend=0.61). Conclusions: In this study, we found no association between Coffee Consumption and the risk of colorectal, colon and rectal cancer.
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Coffee Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer.
European journal of clinical nutrition, 2010Co-Authors: Siamak Bidel, P Jousilahti, R Antikainen, E Pukkala, T Hakulinen, J. TuomilehtoAbstract:The possible association between Coffee Consumption and risk of colorectal cancer has been extensively studied in the many populations. The aim of this study is to examine this relationship among Finns, who are the heaviest Coffee consumers in the world. A total of 60 041 Finnish men and women who were 26–74 years of age and without history of any cancer at baseline were included in the present analyses. Their Coffee Consumption and other study characteristics were determined at baseline, and they were prospectively followed up for onset of colon and rectal cancer, emigration, death or until 30 June 2006. During a mean follow-up period of 18 years, 538 cases of colorectal cancer (304 cases of colon cancer and 234 cases of rectal cancer) were diagnosed. The multivariate-adjusted hazard ratio of colorectal cancer incidence for ⩾10 cups of Coffee per day compared with non-drinkers was 0.98 (95% CI, 0.47–2.03) for men (P for trend=0.86), 1.24 (95% CI, 0.49–3.14) for women (p for trend=0.83) and 1.03 (95% CI, 0.58–1.83) for men and women combined (P for trend=0.61). In this study, we found no association between Coffee Consumption and the risk of colorectal, colon and rectal cancer.
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Coffee Consumption, serum gamma-glutamyltransferase and risk of type II diabetes
European journal of clinical nutrition, 2007Co-Authors: Siamak Bidel, Jaakko Kaprio, Karri Silventoinen, Duk Hee Lee, J. TuomilehtoAbstract:To study the joint association of Coffee Consumption and serum γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT) levels on the risk of developing type II diabetes. A total of 21 826 Finnish men and women who were 35–74 years of age and without any history of diabetes at baseline (years 1982, 1987, 1992 and 1997) were included in the present analyses. They were prospectively followed up for onset of type II diabetes (n=862 cases), death or until the end of the year 2002. Coffee Consumption, serum GGT and other study parameters were determined at baseline using standardized measurements. Analyses were stratified by the serum GGT level classified into two classes using the 75th sex-specific percentiles as the cut point. Coffee Consumption was significantly and inversely associated with incident diabetes among both men and women. Serum GGT modified the association between Coffee Consumption and incident diabetes. Subjects in the high category of Coffee Consumption with the GGT level ⩾75th percentile showed a significant inverse association for women, and for both sexes combined. The association was not significant in subjects with the GGT level ⩽75th percentile. There was a significant interaction effect of GGT and Coffee Consumption on risk of type II diabetes in data of women (P=0.05) and in both sexes combined (P=0.02). Habitual Coffee Consumption is associated with lower incidence of type II diabetes particularly in those with higher baseline serum GGT levels.