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Emily A Holmes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • does napping enhance the effects of Cognitive Bias Modification appraisal training an experimental study
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Marcella L. Woud, Simon E Blackwell, Emily A Holmes, Jan Christopher Cwik, Birgit Kleim, Dirk Adolph, Hui Zhang, Jurgen Margraf
    Abstract:

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterised by dysfunctional appraisals of the trauma and its consequences including one's own symptoms. Experimental studies have shown that Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal (CBM-App) training can reduce dysfunctional interpretations and analog trauma symptoms. One important question is how to enhance the effects of CBM-App. Following work suggesting that sleep has beneficial effects on consolidation processes and can thus improve learning, the present study investigated whether a brief period of sleep (i.e., a nap) enhances the effects of CBM-App. All participants watched a stressful movie as an analogue trauma induction. After that, participants received either positive or negative CBM-App training. Within each training, half of the participants then had a 90-minute nap or watched a neutral movie. Results showed that the CBM training induced training-congruent appraisals. Sleep did not enhance this effect. Participants who slept, however, experienced fewer intrusive memories of the analogue trauma, but this effect was independent of the CBM condition. These results provide valuable information about the effects of sleep during a 90-minute nap period on encoding of analogue trauma and emotional learning in the context of appraisal, and highlight the importance of sleep as a focus for continued research.

  • confusing procedures with process when appraising the impact of Cognitive Bias Modification on emotional vulnerability
    British Journal of Psychiatry, 2017
    Co-Authors: Ben Grafton, Colin Macleod, Emily A Holmes, Daniel Rudaizky, Elske Salemink, Lies Notebaert
    Abstract:

    If meta-analysis is to provide valuable answers, then it is critical to ensure clarity about the questions being asked. Here, we distinguish two important questions concerning Cognitive Bias Modification research that are not differentiated in the meta-analysis recently published by Cristea et al (2015) in this journal: (1) do the varying procedures that investigators have employed with the intention of modifying Cognitive Bias, on average, significantly impact emotional vulnerability?; and (2) does the process of successfully modifying Cognitive Bias, on average, significantly impact emotional vulnerability? We reanalyse the data from Cristea et al to address this latter question. Our new analyses demonstrate that successfully modifying Cognitive Bias does significantly alter emotional vulnerability. We revisit Cristea et al 9s conclusions in light of these findings.

  • positive imagery Cognitive Bias Modification cbm and internet based Cognitive behavioral therapy icbt a randomized controlled trial
    Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015
    Co-Authors: Alishia D. Williams, Gavin Andrews, Kathleen Omoore, Simon E Blackwell, Jessica Smith, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    Background Accruing evidence suggests that positive imagery-based Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) could have potential as a standalone targeted intervention for depressive symptoms or as an adjunct to existing treatments. We sought to establish the benefit of this form of CBM when delivered prior to Internet Cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression

  • Cognitive Bias Modification to Prevent Depression in Mid to Late Life: the Cope Trial
    European Psychiatry, 2015
    Co-Authors: Osvaldo P. Almeida, Colin Macleod, Ben Grafton, Andrew H. Ford, David Glance, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    Introduction Effective preventive strategies could reduce disability and the long term social and health complications associated with depression, but options are limited. Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) is a novel, simple, and safe intervention that corrects the attentional and interpretive Biases associated with depression. Objectives To determine if CBM decreases the one-year onset of major depression in adults at risk. Methods This randomised controlled trial will recruit adults with subsyndromal depression living in Australia (parallel design, 1:1 allocation ratio). The intervention will be delivered via the internet over 52 weeks. The primary outcome of interest is the onset of a major depression according to DSM-IV-TR criteria. Secondary outcomes of interest include change in the severity of depressive (Patient Health Questionnaire, PHQ-9) and changes in attention and interpretive Biases. Outcomes will be collected 3, 6, 9 and 12 months after randomisation. Results Preliminary data on a subsample of 20 participants showed that the mean±SE PHQ-9 score of controls was 7.5±0.9 at study entry and 7.1±1.5 at week 6 (paired t-test=0.29, p=0.779), whereas the mean±SE score of active CBM participants was 7.4±1.0 and 4.4±1.1, respectively (paired t=6.00, p Conclusions By March 2015, 6-months preliminary data will be available on 165 participants.

  • travellers tales in Cognitive Bias Modification research a commentary on the special issue
    Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Bundy Mackintosh, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    This brief commentary reflects on the current Special Issue on “Cognitive Bias Modification Techniques: Current findings and future challenges”. We consider past perspectives, present findings and future applications of “Cognitive Bias Modification” (CBM) training procedures. In an interview with Marcella L. Woud, Bundy Mackintosh responds with her thoughts as an experienced ‘traveler’, given her pioneering work at the early stages of CBM research. Elaine Fox provides an overview of developments since the last special issue on CBM that she helped to co-edit in 2009, and Emily A. Holmes reflects on what might need to be done in order to translate the results of CBM research into therapeutic practice. All three conclude that, much as we might wish for a CBM ‘tardis’ time travel machine, there is much basic and translational science work to be done before the fruits of CBM research will be seen in the clinic. Systematic, thorough, and collaborative efforts will be needed, and we urge researchers to pay more attention to developing appropriate methodologies to enable the ‘transfer’ of training to clinical symptoms. Given the colossal clinical need to innovate and develop the content and delivery of mental health treatments, CBM research needs to keep travelling slowly, surely, and further. It is important to note that given low intensity of delivery, even studies with small effect sizes may be beneficial at a public health level. We should keep going, but retain strong roots in experimental psychopathology to maintain the quality and understanding of how Cognitive factors are central to mental health and to the effectiveness of therapeutic interventions.

Alishia D. Williams - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • positive imagery Cognitive Bias Modification cbm and internet based Cognitive behavioral therapy icbt a randomized controlled trial
    Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015
    Co-Authors: Alishia D. Williams, Gavin Andrews, Kathleen Omoore, Simon E Blackwell, Jessica Smith, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    Background Accruing evidence suggests that positive imagery-based Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) could have potential as a standalone targeted intervention for depressive symptoms or as an adjunct to existing treatments. We sought to establish the benefit of this form of CBM when delivered prior to Internet Cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression

  • Using Cognitive Bias Modification to Deflate Responsibility in Compulsive Checkers
    Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jessica R. Grisham, Alishia D. Williams, Lauren Becker, Alexis E. Whitton, Steve R. Makkar
    Abstract:

    Cognitive-behavioural models of compulsive checking posit a dominant role for beliefs regarding one’s responsibility to prevent harm. In the current study we employed a computerised Cognitive Bias Modification of interpretation (CBM-I) paradigm to target and modify responsibility Biases in a sample of undergraduate students with high levels of checking symptoms ( N  = 100). Participants were randomly assigned to either a positive (decrease responsibility Bias) or negative (increase responsibility Bias) CBM-I training condition. Relative to participants in the negative training condition, participants in the positive training condition demonstrated reduced responsibility Bias in a subsequent interpretive Bias test. Positive training also resulted in more adaptive physiological responding during a responsibility stressor task. There were no differential effects of CBM-I training, however, on observed or self-reported checking or self-reported responsibility beliefs. In light of these mixed findings, we outline future avenues for improving the efficacy of CBM-I training targeting responsibility Biases.

  • Internet-based Cognitive Bias Modification for obsessive compulsive disorder: study protocol for a randomized controlled trial.
    Trials, 2014
    Co-Authors: Alishia D. Williams, Rosanna Pajak, Kathleen O’moore, Gavin Andrews, Jessica R. Grisham
    Abstract:

    Background Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) interventions have demonstrated efficacy in augmenting core Biases implicated in psychopathology. The current randomized controlled trial (RCT) will evaluate the efficacy of an internet-delivered positive imagery Cognitive Bias Modification intervention for obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD) when compared to a control condition.

  • Cognitive Bias Modification cbm of obsessive compulsive beliefs
    BMC Psychiatry, 2013
    Co-Authors: Alishia D. Williams, Jessica R. Grisham
    Abstract:

    Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) protocols have been developed to help establish the causal role of Biased Cognitive processing in maintaining psychopathology and have demonstrated therapeutic benefits in a range of disorders. The current study evaluated a Cognitive Bias Modification training paradigm designed to target interpretation Biases (CBM-I) associated with obsessive compulsive disorder (OCD). We evaluated the impact of CBM-I on measures of interpretation Bias, distress, and on responses to three OC stressor tasks designed to tap the core belief domains of Importance of Thoughts/Control, Perfectionism/Intolerance of Uncertainty, and Contamination/Estimation of Threat in a selected sample of community members reporting obsessive compulsive (OC) symptoms (N = 89). Participants randomly assigned to the Positive condition evidenced a change in interpretation Bias towards more positive and less negative OC-relevant interpretations following CBM-I compared to participants assigned to the Control condition. Importantly, a positivity Bias was not observed for foil scenarios unrelated to the core OC belief domains. Further, participants in the Positive condition reported less distress and urge to neutralize following an OC stressor task designed to tap Importance of Thoughts/Control. No significant difference emerged on the indices of behavioural response to the OC stressor tasks. Severity of OC symptoms did not moderate the effects of positive CBM-I training. CBM-I appears effective in selectively targeting OC beliefs. Results need to be replicated in clinical samples in order for potential therapeutic benefit to be demonstrated.

Reinout W Wiers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Cognitive Bias Modification of alcohol approach tendencies: a Rasch model-based evaluation of a longitudinal study
    2020
    Co-Authors: Marilisa Boffo, Thomas Pronk, Stefania Mannarini, Reinout W Wiers
    Abstract:

    The present study explores the applicability of the Many-Facet Rasch Measurement model to an Approach Avoidance Task assessing automatic approach tendencies toward alcohol. The MFRM was applied to 54 alcohol - dependent outpatients who completed a combined Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) training, targeting alcohol approach and attentional Bias. Main objectives were to examine a) occurrence of change; effect of b) experimental conditions and c) gender; d) measurement status of the measure. Main results included a) no main effect of time, which only modulates effects of experimental condition on approach/avoid tendencies; b) double CBM, and to a lower degree double placebo, outper-formed the other conditions, while approach Bias placebo/attentional CBM had a negative effect; c) no gender differences; d) the measure taps into general and drink-specific approach/avoid tendencies, is sta-ble in time, and is slightly sensitive to stimuli context. Methodological and clinical implications of study results are further discussed.

  • Cognitive Behavioural Therapy and Cognitive Bias Modification in Internet-Based Interventions for Mood, Anxiety and Substance Use Disorders
    e-Mental Health, 2020
    Co-Authors: Matthijs Blankers, Elske Salemink, Reinout W Wiers
    Abstract:

    In this chapter, the theoretical background of (computerized) Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT/c-CBT) is presented, along with Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM), a novel set of interventions in which Cognitive processes involved in a disorder are directly targeted. Next, the effectiveness of computerized CBT and CBM for common mental health disorders (depression, anxiety disorders and substance use disorders) is evaluated based on recent meta-analyses. Based on the reviewed literature, there is a reasonably strong evidence base for the effectiveness of computerized CBT interventions for depression, anxiety and substance use disorders. The evidence base for stand-alone CBM interventions is not very strong as research findings are heterogeneous – some studies report positive findings whereas others do not. The evidence base for CBM as an adjunct to computerized CBT interventions is accumulating with positive findings regarding the effectiveness. Therefore, it is concluded that based on the currently available evidence, CBM could be a useful add-on to computerized CBT in the clinical treatment of common mental health disorders.

  • Cognitive Bias Modification in the treatment of addiction
    2020
    Co-Authors: Reinout W Wiers, Oulmann Zerhouni, Marilisa Boffo
    Abstract:

    Abstract This chapter reviews Cognitive Bias Modification studies in addiction, with a discussion of ways forward. First, it is crucial to distinguish between proof-of-principle studies aimed at revealing mechanisms, typically performed in student volunteers not aiming for behavior change, and randomized controlled trials in which the goal is behavior change, performed either as add-on to clinical treatment or as stand-alone intervention. We discuss studies in clinical samples and ways forward. For approach Bias Modification, rather consistent add-on effects have been found regarding treatment outcome. For attentional Bias Modification, results have been more mixed, but there are promising results. Possible ways forward include adding neural enhancement methods and developing more personally relevant varieties of training, which better align with Cognitive and motivating interventions.

  • Can Cognitive Bias Modification Simultaneously Target Two Behaviors? Approach Bias Retraining for Alcohol and Condom Use:
    Clinical psychological science, 2019
    Co-Authors: Austin M. Hahn, Reinout W Wiers, Raluca M. Simons, Jeffrey S. Simons, Logan E. Welker
    Abstract:

    This study tested the effectiveness of a Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) intervention to simultaneously reduce approach Biases toward alcohol and increase approach Biases toward condoms among hig...

  • imaging the neural effects of Cognitive Bias Modification training
    NeuroImage, 2017
    Co-Authors: Corinde E Wiers, Reinout W Wiers
    Abstract:

    Abstract Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) was first developed as an experimental tool to examine the causal role of Cognitive Biases, and later developed into complementary interventions in experimental psychopathology research. CBM involves the “re-training” of implicit Biases by means of multiple trials of computerized tasks, and has been demonstrated to change anxious, depressive and drug-seeking behavior, including clinically relevant effects. Recently, the field has progressed by combining CBM with neuroimaging techniques, which provides insight into neural mechanisms underlying how CBM affects implicit Biases in anxiety, depression, and addiction, and potentially other pathologies. This narrative literature review summarizes the state of the art of studies on the neural effects of CBM and provides directions for future research in the field. A total of 13 published studies were found and discussed: n = 9 in anxiety, n = 2 in depressive behavior, and n = 2 in addiction.

Gavin Andrews - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Simon E Blackwell - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • does napping enhance the effects of Cognitive Bias Modification appraisal training an experimental study
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Marcella L. Woud, Simon E Blackwell, Emily A Holmes, Jan Christopher Cwik, Birgit Kleim, Dirk Adolph, Hui Zhang, Jurgen Margraf
    Abstract:

    Posttraumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD) is characterised by dysfunctional appraisals of the trauma and its consequences including one's own symptoms. Experimental studies have shown that Cognitive Bias Modification-Appraisal (CBM-App) training can reduce dysfunctional interpretations and analog trauma symptoms. One important question is how to enhance the effects of CBM-App. Following work suggesting that sleep has beneficial effects on consolidation processes and can thus improve learning, the present study investigated whether a brief period of sleep (i.e., a nap) enhances the effects of CBM-App. All participants watched a stressful movie as an analogue trauma induction. After that, participants received either positive or negative CBM-App training. Within each training, half of the participants then had a 90-minute nap or watched a neutral movie. Results showed that the CBM training induced training-congruent appraisals. Sleep did not enhance this effect. Participants who slept, however, experienced fewer intrusive memories of the analogue trauma, but this effect was independent of the CBM condition. These results provide valuable information about the effects of sleep during a 90-minute nap period on encoding of analogue trauma and emotional learning in the context of appraisal, and highlight the importance of sleep as a focus for continued research.

  • positive imagery Cognitive Bias Modification cbm and internet based Cognitive behavioral therapy icbt a randomized controlled trial
    Journal of Affective Disorders, 2015
    Co-Authors: Alishia D. Williams, Gavin Andrews, Kathleen Omoore, Simon E Blackwell, Jessica Smith, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    Background Accruing evidence suggests that positive imagery-based Cognitive Bias Modification (CBM) could have potential as a standalone targeted intervention for depressive symptoms or as an adjunct to existing treatments. We sought to establish the benefit of this form of CBM when delivered prior to Internet Cognitive behavioral therapy (iCBT) for depression

  • positive imagery based Cognitive Bias Modification as a web based treatment tool for depressed adults a randomized controlled trial
    Clinical psychological science, 2015
    Co-Authors: Simon E Blackwell, Andrew Mathews, Michael Browning, Arnaud Pictet, James Welch, Jim Davies, Peter Watson, John R Geddes
    Abstract:

    Depression is a global health problem requiring treatment innovation. Targeting neglected Cognitive aspects may provide a useful route. We tested a Cognitive-training paradigm using positive mental imagery (imagery Cognitive Bias Modification, imagery CBM), developed via experimental psychopathology studies, in a randomized controlled trial. Training was delivered via the Internet to 150 individuals with current major depression. Unexpectedly, there was no significant advantage for imagery CBM compared with a closely matched control for depression symptoms as a whole in the full sample. In exploratory analyses, compared with the control, imagery CBM significantly improved anhedonia over the intervention and improved depression symptoms as a whole for those participants with fewer than five episodes of depression and those who engaged to a threshold level of imagery. Results suggest avenues for improving imagery CBM to inform low-intensity treatment tools for depression. Anhedonia may be a useful treatment target for future work.

  • positive imagery Cognitive Bias Modification in treatment seeking patients with major depression in iran a pilot study
    Cognitive Therapy and Research, 2014
    Co-Authors: Hajar Torkan, Simon E Blackwell, Emily A Holmes, Mehrdad Kalantari, Hamid Taher Neshatdoost, Mohsen Maroufi, Hooshang Talebi
    Abstract:

    Cognitive Bias Modification paradigms training positive mental imagery and interpretation (imagery CBM-I) hold promise for treatment innovation in depression. However, depression is a global health problem and interventions need to translate across settings and cultures. The current pilot study investigated the impact of 1 week of daily imagery CBM-I in treatment-seeking individuals with major depression in outpatient psychiatry clinics in Iran. Further, it tested the importance of instructions to imagine the positive training materials. Finally, we examined the effects of this training on imagery vividness. Thirty-nine participants were randomly allocated to imagery CBM-I, a non-imagery control program, or a no treatment control group. Imagery CBM-I led to greater improvements in depressive symptoms, interpretive Bias, and imagery vividness than either control condition at post-treatment (n = 13 per group), and improvements were maintained at 2-week follow-up (n = 8 per group). This pilot study provides first preliminary evidence that imagery CBM-I could provide positive clinical outcomes in an Iranian psychiatric setting, and further that the imagery component of the training may play a crucial role.

  • the use of Cognitive Bias Modification and imagery in the understanding and treatment of depression
    Current topics in behavioral neurosciences, 2012
    Co-Authors: Michael Browning, Simon E Blackwell, Emily A Holmes
    Abstract:

    Cognitive models of depression form the natural link between neurobiological and social accounts of the illness. Interest in the role of cognition in depression has recently been stimulated by the advent of simple, computer-based “Cognitive Bias Modification” (CBM) techniques which are able to experimentally alter Cognitive habits in clinical and non-clinical populations. In this chapter, we review recent work which has used CBM techniques to address questions of aetiology and treatment in depression with a particular focus on the interface with neurobiological and social processes relevant to the illness. We find that there are early signs that CBM may be a useful tool in exploring the aetiology of depression, particularly in regard to the neural and genetic factors which influence susceptibility to the illness and response to treatment. There is also early evidence suggesting that CBM has promise in the treatment and prevention of depression. This work suggests that the beneficial effects of CBM are mediated by the interaction between Cognitive functioning and environmental and social information. In summary, by providing a method for altering habitual Cognitive function in experimental and clinical settings CBM techniques have begun to further the understanding of and the treatment for depression.