The Experts below are selected from a list of 4281 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Anthony Vance - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • can individuals neutralization techniques be overcome a field experiment on password policy
    Computers & Security, 2020
    Co-Authors: Mikko T Siponen, Petri Puhakainen, Anthony Vance
    Abstract:

    Abstract Individuals’ lack of adherence to password security policy is a persistent problem for organizations. This problem is especially worrisome because passwords remain the primary authentication mechanism for information systems, and the number of passwords has been increasing. For these reasons, determining methods to improve individuals’ adherence to password-security policies constitutes an important issue for organizations. Extant research has shown that individuals use neutralization techniques, i.e., types of rationalizations, to disregard organizational information-security policies. What has not been determined from extant information security research is whether these neutralizations can be changed through educational training interventions. We argue that training based on principles of Cognitive Dissonance Theory is a promising method for reducing individuals’ use of neutralization techniques. We contribute by showing empirically that training based on Cognitive Dissonance Theory can reduce the use of neutralization techniques when such training is designed to counter such techniques. Using a quasi-experimental design at an organization, individuals received training on neutralization techniques in the context of password security. Using a quasi-experimental design, we found that individuals who received our training treatment exhibited substantially less intent to use neutralization techniques and were significantly more likely to use secure passwords. Additionally, a follow-up measurement three weeks after the training session showed that the experimental treatment retained its effectiveness, i.e., the experimental group exhibited substantially less intent to use neutralization techniques and a greater likelihood of using strong passwords in the future. Additionally, intent was significantly greater in the experimental group. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Wendy Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • attitude change persuasion and social influence
    Annual Review of Psychology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Wendy Wood
    Abstract:

    This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical developments in research on social influence and message-based persuasion. The review emphasizes research published during the period from 1996–1998. Across these literatures, three central motives have been identified that generate attitude change and resistance. These involve concerns with the self, with others and the rewards/punishments they can provide, and with a valid understanding of reality. The motives have implications for information processing and for attitude change in public and private contexts. Motives in persuasion also have been investigated in research on attitude functions and Cognitive Dissonance Theory. In addition, the chapter reviews the relatively unique aspects of each literature: In persuasion, it considers the Cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying attitude change, especially dual-mode processing models, recipients’ affective reactions, and biased processing. In social influence, the chapter considers how attitudes are embe...

  • attitude change persuasion and social influence
    Annual Review of Psychology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Wendy Wood
    Abstract:

    This chapter reviews empirical and theoretical developments in research on social influence and message-based persuasion. The review emphasizes research published during the period from 1996-1998. Across these literatures, three central motives have been identified that generate attitude change and resistance. These involve concerns with the self, with others and the rewards/punishments they can provide, and with a valid understanding of reality. The motives have implications for information processing and for attitude change in public and private contexts. Motives in persuasion also have been investigated in research on attitude functions and Cognitive Dissonance Theory. In addition, the chapter reviews the relatively unique aspects of each literature: In persuasion, it considers the Cognitive and affective mechanisms underlying attitude change, especially dual-mode processing models, recipients' affective reactions, and biased processing. In social influence, the chapter considers how attitudes are embedded in social relations, including social identity Theory and majority/minority group influence.

Cindy Harmonjones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effect of perceived effort and perceived control on reward valuation using the reward positivity to test a Dissonance Theory prediction
    Biological Psychology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, Casey Willoughby, Katharina Paul, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Past psychological Theory and research suggest two opposing relationships between effort and reward valuation. Cognitive Dissonance Theory and research suggest that increased effort is associated with increased reward valuation, whereas Theory and research on effort discounting suggest that increased effort is associated with decreased reward valuation. The present study was designed to test these two opposing perspectives, by examining a potential moderator of the relationship between effort and reward valuation - the belief that the effort was necessary to obtain the reward. Results (n = 44) suggested that increased perceptions of effort following a task were associated with larger neural responses to rewards (as assessed by the event-related potential referred to as the reward positivity) when individuals believed that their effort led to the reward but not when they believed that their effort did not lead to the reward. Discussion considers the implications of these results.

  • chapter 3 action based model of Dissonance a review integration and expansion of conceptions of Cognitive conflict
    Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, David M Amodio, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Abstract An action‐based model of Dissonance is presented. This model accepts the original Theory's proposal that a sufficient Cognitive inconsistency causes the negative affective state of Dissonance. It extends the original Theory by proposing why Cognitive inconsistency prompts Dissonance and Dissonance reduction. After reviewing past theoretical and empirical developments on Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we describe the action‐based model and present results from behavioral and physiological experiments that have tested predictions derived from this model. In particular, this evidence converges with recent neuroscience evidence in suggesting that the anterior cingulate cortex and left prefrontal cortical region are involved in conflict detection and resolution, respectively. We end by reviewing research on individual differences in Dissonance arousal and reduction, and present a new measure designed to assess these individual differences.

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory after 50 years of development
    Zeitschrift Fur Sozialpsychologie, 2007
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Research and theoretical developments on the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance are reviewed. After considering the self-consis- tency, self-affirmation, and aversive consequences revisions, the authors review research that has challenged each of the revisions and that supports the original version of the Theory. Then, the authors review the action-based model of Dissonance, which accepts the original Theory's proposal that a sufficient Cognitive inconsistency causes Dissonance and extends the original Theory by proposing why Cognitive inconsistency prompts Dissonance. Finally, the authors present results from experiments examining predictions derived from the action- based model and neural processes involved in Dissonance reduction.

Mikko T Siponen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • can individuals neutralization techniques be overcome a field experiment on password policy
    Computers & Security, 2020
    Co-Authors: Mikko T Siponen, Petri Puhakainen, Anthony Vance
    Abstract:

    Abstract Individuals’ lack of adherence to password security policy is a persistent problem for organizations. This problem is especially worrisome because passwords remain the primary authentication mechanism for information systems, and the number of passwords has been increasing. For these reasons, determining methods to improve individuals’ adherence to password-security policies constitutes an important issue for organizations. Extant research has shown that individuals use neutralization techniques, i.e., types of rationalizations, to disregard organizational information-security policies. What has not been determined from extant information security research is whether these neutralizations can be changed through educational training interventions. We argue that training based on principles of Cognitive Dissonance Theory is a promising method for reducing individuals’ use of neutralization techniques. We contribute by showing empirically that training based on Cognitive Dissonance Theory can reduce the use of neutralization techniques when such training is designed to counter such techniques. Using a quasi-experimental design at an organization, individuals received training on neutralization techniques in the context of password security. Using a quasi-experimental design, we found that individuals who received our training treatment exhibited substantially less intent to use neutralization techniques and were significantly more likely to use secure passwords. Additionally, a follow-up measurement three weeks after the training session showed that the experimental treatment retained its effectiveness, i.e., the experimental group exhibited substantially less intent to use neutralization techniques and a greater likelihood of using strong passwords in the future. Additionally, intent was significantly greater in the experimental group. Implications for practice and future research are discussed.

Eddie Harmonjones - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the effect of perceived effort and perceived control on reward valuation using the reward positivity to test a Dissonance Theory prediction
    Biological Psychology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, Casey Willoughby, Katharina Paul, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Past psychological Theory and research suggest two opposing relationships between effort and reward valuation. Cognitive Dissonance Theory and research suggest that increased effort is associated with increased reward valuation, whereas Theory and research on effort discounting suggest that increased effort is associated with decreased reward valuation. The present study was designed to test these two opposing perspectives, by examining a potential moderator of the relationship between effort and reward valuation - the belief that the effort was necessary to obtain the reward. Results (n = 44) suggested that increased perceptions of effort following a task were associated with larger neural responses to rewards (as assessed by the event-related potential referred to as the reward positivity) when individuals believed that their effort led to the reward but not when they believed that their effort did not lead to the reward. Discussion considers the implications of these results.

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory
    Reference Module in Neuroscience and Biobehavioral Psychology#R##N#Encyclopedia of Human Behavior (Second Edition), 2012
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    The Theory of Cognitive Dissonance and its major experimental paradigms are described in this article. When an individual holds two or more elements of knowledge that are relevant to each other but inconsistent with one another, a state of discomfort or Dissonance is created. Organisms are motivated by the state of Dissonance and they may engage in ‘psychological work’ to reduce the inconsistency. Revisions to the original Theory and their supporting research are then described. The major theoretical revisions differ primarily in terms of the motivation they posit for causing Dissonance reduction. The revisions are self-consistency, self-affirmation, new look, and action-based model.

  • chapter 3 action based model of Dissonance a review integration and expansion of conceptions of Cognitive conflict
    Advances in Experimental Social Psychology, 2009
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, David M Amodio, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Abstract An action‐based model of Dissonance is presented. This model accepts the original Theory's proposal that a sufficient Cognitive inconsistency causes the negative affective state of Dissonance. It extends the original Theory by proposing why Cognitive inconsistency prompts Dissonance and Dissonance reduction. After reviewing past theoretical and empirical developments on Cognitive Dissonance Theory, we describe the action‐based model and present results from behavioral and physiological experiments that have tested predictions derived from this model. In particular, this evidence converges with recent neuroscience evidence in suggesting that the anterior cingulate cortex and left prefrontal cortical region are involved in conflict detection and resolution, respectively. We end by reviewing research on individual differences in Dissonance arousal and reduction, and present a new measure designed to assess these individual differences.

  • Cognitive Dissonance Theory after 50 years of development
    Zeitschrift Fur Sozialpsychologie, 2007
    Co-Authors: Eddie Harmonjones, Cindy Harmonjones
    Abstract:

    Research and theoretical developments on the Theory of Cognitive Dissonance are reviewed. After considering the self-consis- tency, self-affirmation, and aversive consequences revisions, the authors review research that has challenged each of the revisions and that supports the original version of the Theory. Then, the authors review the action-based model of Dissonance, which accepts the original Theory's proposal that a sufficient Cognitive inconsistency causes Dissonance and extends the original Theory by proposing why Cognitive inconsistency prompts Dissonance. Finally, the authors present results from experiments examining predictions derived from the action- based model and neural processes involved in Dissonance reduction.