The Experts below are selected from a list of 747906 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Turhan Canli - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
functional brain mapping of extraversion and neuroticism learning from Individual Differences in emotion processing
Journal of Personality, 2004Co-Authors: Turhan CanliAbstract:This review outlines how functional brain imaging, using an Individual-Differences approach in the processing of emotional stimuli, has begun to reveal the neural basis of extraversion (E) and neuroticism (N), two traits that are linked to both emotion and health. Studies using functional magnetic resonance imaging have shown that Individual Differences in participants' E and N scores are correlated with Individual Differences in brain activation in specific brain regions that are engaged during cognitive-affective tasks. Imaging studies using genotyped participants have begun to address the molecular mechanisms that may underlie these Individual Differences. The multidisciplinary integration of brain imaging and molecular genetic methods offers an exciting and novel approach for investigators who seek to uncover the biological mechanisms by which personality and health are interrelated.
-
Individual Differences in emotion processing
Current Opinion in Neurobiology, 2004Co-Authors: Stephan Hamann, Turhan CanliAbstract:Recent functional brain imaging studies of the neurobiology of emotion have investigated how Individual Differences among subjects modulate neural responses during emotion processing. Differences in personality, dispositional affect, biological sex, and genotype can all substantially modulate the neural bases of emotion processing in prefrontal, limbic, and other brain regions, across a variety of domains including emotional reactions, emotional memory, and emotion perception. Analysis of Individual Differences provides a new window into the neurobiology of emotion processing that complements traditional approaches.
Christopher Sivert Nielsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Individual Differences in pain sensitivity measurement causation and consequences
The Journal of Pain, 2009Co-Authors: Christopher Sivert Nielsen, Roland Staud, Donald D PriceAbstract:Abstract Not only are some clinical conditions experienced as more painful than others, but the variability in pain ratings of patients with the same disease or trauma is enormous. Available evidence indicates that to a large extent these Differences reflect Individual Differences in pain sensitivity. Pain sensitivity can be estimated only through the use of well-controlled experimental pain stimuli. Such estimates show substantial heritability but equally important environmental effects. The genetic and environmental factors that influence pain sensitivity differ across pain modalities. For example, genetic factors that influence cold pressor pain have little impact on phasic heat pain and visa versa. Individual Differences in pain sensitivity can complicate diagnosis, among other reasons because low sensitivity to pain may delay self-referral. Inclusion of patients with reduced pain sensitivity can attenuate treatment effects in clinical trials, unless controlled for. Measures of pain sensitivity are predictive of acute postoperative pain, and there is preliminary evidence that heightened pain sensitivity increases risk for future chronic pain conditions. At this time, however, it is unclear which experimental pain modalities should be used as predictors for future pain conditions. Careful assessment of each Individual's pain sensitivity may become invaluable for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of pain. Perspective Large Individual Differences in pain sensitivity can complicate diagnosis and pain treatment and can confound clinical trials. Pain sensitivity may also be of great importance for the development of clinical pain. Thus, assessment of pain sensitivity may be relevant for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of acute and chronic pain.
-
characterizing Individual Differences in heat pain sensitivity
Pain, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher Sivert Nielsen, Donald D Price, Olav Vassend, Audun Stubhaug, Jennifer R HarrisAbstract:Abstract Heat induced pain has been shown to follow a positively accelerating power function for groups of subjects, yet the extent to which this applies to Individual subjects is unknown. Statistical methods were developed for assessing the goodness of fit and reliability of the power function for data from Individual subjects with the aim of using such functions for characterizing Individual Differences in heat-pain sensitivity. 175 subjects rated ascending and random series of contact heat stimuli with visual analogue scales for pain intensity (VAS-I) and unpleasantness (VAS-A). Curve fitting showed excellent model fit. Substitution of model estimates in place of observed VAS scores produced minimal bias in group means, about 0.3 VAS units in the ascending series and 1.0 in the random series, on a 0–100 scale. Individual power function exponents were considerably higher for the ascending than for the random series and somewhat higher for VAS-A than for VAS-I (means: ascending VAS-I=9.04, VAS-A=9.80; random VAS-I=4.95, VAS-A=5.67). The reliability of VAS estimates was high (≧.93), and for the ascending series it remained so when extrapolating 4 °C beyond the empirical range. Exponent reliability was high for the ascending series (VAS-I=.92; VAS-A=.91), but considerably lower for the random series (VAS-I=.69; VAS-A=.71). Individual Differences constituted 60% of the total variance in pain ratings, whereas stimulus temperature accounted for only 40%. This finding underscores the importance of taking Individual Differences into account when performing pain studies.
Donald D Price - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Individual Differences in pain sensitivity measurement causation and consequences
The Journal of Pain, 2009Co-Authors: Christopher Sivert Nielsen, Roland Staud, Donald D PriceAbstract:Abstract Not only are some clinical conditions experienced as more painful than others, but the variability in pain ratings of patients with the same disease or trauma is enormous. Available evidence indicates that to a large extent these Differences reflect Individual Differences in pain sensitivity. Pain sensitivity can be estimated only through the use of well-controlled experimental pain stimuli. Such estimates show substantial heritability but equally important environmental effects. The genetic and environmental factors that influence pain sensitivity differ across pain modalities. For example, genetic factors that influence cold pressor pain have little impact on phasic heat pain and visa versa. Individual Differences in pain sensitivity can complicate diagnosis, among other reasons because low sensitivity to pain may delay self-referral. Inclusion of patients with reduced pain sensitivity can attenuate treatment effects in clinical trials, unless controlled for. Measures of pain sensitivity are predictive of acute postoperative pain, and there is preliminary evidence that heightened pain sensitivity increases risk for future chronic pain conditions. At this time, however, it is unclear which experimental pain modalities should be used as predictors for future pain conditions. Careful assessment of each Individual's pain sensitivity may become invaluable for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of pain. Perspective Large Individual Differences in pain sensitivity can complicate diagnosis and pain treatment and can confound clinical trials. Pain sensitivity may also be of great importance for the development of clinical pain. Thus, assessment of pain sensitivity may be relevant for the prevention, evaluation, and treatment of acute and chronic pain.
-
characterizing Individual Differences in heat pain sensitivity
Pain, 2005Co-Authors: Christopher Sivert Nielsen, Donald D Price, Olav Vassend, Audun Stubhaug, Jennifer R HarrisAbstract:Abstract Heat induced pain has been shown to follow a positively accelerating power function for groups of subjects, yet the extent to which this applies to Individual subjects is unknown. Statistical methods were developed for assessing the goodness of fit and reliability of the power function for data from Individual subjects with the aim of using such functions for characterizing Individual Differences in heat-pain sensitivity. 175 subjects rated ascending and random series of contact heat stimuli with visual analogue scales for pain intensity (VAS-I) and unpleasantness (VAS-A). Curve fitting showed excellent model fit. Substitution of model estimates in place of observed VAS scores produced minimal bias in group means, about 0.3 VAS units in the ascending series and 1.0 in the random series, on a 0–100 scale. Individual power function exponents were considerably higher for the ascending than for the random series and somewhat higher for VAS-A than for VAS-I (means: ascending VAS-I=9.04, VAS-A=9.80; random VAS-I=4.95, VAS-A=5.67). The reliability of VAS estimates was high (≧.93), and for the ascending series it remained so when extrapolating 4 °C beyond the empirical range. Exponent reliability was high for the ascending series (VAS-I=.92; VAS-A=.91), but considerably lower for the random series (VAS-I=.69; VAS-A=.71). Individual Differences constituted 60% of the total variance in pain ratings, whereas stimulus temperature accounted for only 40%. This finding underscores the importance of taking Individual Differences into account when performing pain studies.
Jolle Wolter Jolles - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
consistent Individual Differences drive collective behavior and group functioning of schooling fish
Current Biology, 2017Co-Authors: Neeltje J Boogert, Jolle Wolter Jolles, Vivek Hari Sridhar, Iain D Couzin, Andrea ManicaAbstract:Summary The ubiquity of consistent inter-Individual Differences in behavior ("animal personalities") [1, 2] suggests that they might play a fundamental role in driving the movements and functioning of animal groups [3, 4], including their collective decision-making, foraging performance, and predator avoidance. Despite increasing evidence that highlights their importance [5–16], we still lack a unified mechanistic framework to explain and to predict how consistent inter-Individual Differences may drive collective behavior. Here we investigate how the structure, leadership, movement dynamics, and foraging performance of groups can emerge from inter-Individual Differences by high-resolution tracking of known behavioral types in free-swimming stickleback ( Gasterosteus aculeatus ) shoals. We show that Individual's propensity to stay near others, measured by a classic "sociability" assay, was negatively linked to swim speed across a range of contexts, and predicted spatial positioning and leadership within groups as well as Differences in structure and movement dynamics between groups. In turn, this trait, together with Individual's exploratory tendency, measured by a classic "boldness" assay, explained Individual and group foraging performance. These effects of consistent Individual Differences on group-level states emerged naturally from a generic model of self-organizing groups composed of Individuals differing in speed and goal-orientedness. Our study provides experimental and theoretical evidence for a simple mechanism to explain the emergence of collective behavior from consistent Individual Differences, including variation in the structure, leadership, movement dynamics, and functional capabilities of groups, across social and ecological scales. In addition, we demonstrate Individual performance is conditional on group composition, indicating how social selection may drive behavioral differentiation between Individuals.
Phillip L Ackerman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
cognitive perceptual speed and psychomotor determinants of Individual Differences during skill acquisition
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Applied, 2000Co-Authors: Phillip L Ackerman, Anna T CiancioloAbstract:The authors describe a series of experiments that explore 3 major ability determinants of Individual Differences in skill acquisition in the context of prior theory (e.g., P.L. Ackerman, 1988) and subsequent empirical and theoretical research. Experiment 1 assessed the predictability of Individual Differences in asymptotic skill levels on the Kanfer-Ackerman Air Traffic Controller (ATC) task. Experiment 2 provided an exploration of the construct space underlying perceptual-speed abilities. Experiment 3 concerned an evaluation of theoretical predictions for Individual Differences in performance over skill development in a complex air traffic control simulation task (TRACON) and the ATC task, with an extensive battery of general and perceptual-speed measures, along with a newly developed PC-based suite of psychomotor ability measures. Evidence addressing the predictability of Individual Differences in performance at early, intermediate, and asymptotic levels of practice is presented.
-
learning and Individual Differences process trait and content determinants
Journal of Psychophysiology, 1999Co-Authors: Phillip L Ackerman, Patrick C Kyllonen, Richard D RobertsAbstract:Intelligence and Human Resources - Past, Present and Future Individual Differences in Learning and Memory - Psychometrics and the Single Case Minding Our P's and Q's - On Finding Relationships Between Learning and Intelligence Investigating the Paths Between Working Memory, Intelligence, Knowledge and Complex Problem Solving Performances via Brunswik-Symmetry Intelligence and Visual and Auditory Information Processing Individual Differences in Priming - the Roles of Implicit Facilitation From Prior Processing Learning, Automaticity and Attention - an Individual Differences Approach The Structure of Ability Profile Patterns - a Multidimensional Scaling Perspective on the Structure of Intellect Investigating Theoretical Propositions Regarding Mental Abilities - Their Structure, Growth and Influence Exploiting the Speed-Accuracy Trade-Off Personality and Skill - a Cognitive-Adaptive Framework Measuring and Understanding G - Experimental and Correlational Approaches Individual Differences in Motivational Mechanisms - Traits and Skills Mining on the No-Man's Land Between Intelligence and Personality Sensory Processes Within the Structure of Human Cognitive Abilities Searching for Determinants of Superior Performance in Complex Domains Individual Differences in Reasoning and the Heuristics and Biases Debate Learner Profiles - Valuing Individual Differences Within Classroom Communities Traits and Knowlegde as Determinants of Learning and Individual Differences - Putting it all Together.
-
predicting Individual Differences in complex skill acquisition dynamics of ability determinants
Journal of Applied Psychology, 1992Co-Authors: Phillip L AckermanAbstract:Substantial controversy exists about ability determinants of Individual Differences in performance during and subsequent to skill acquisition. This investigation addresses the controversy. An information-processing examination of ability-performance relations during complex task acquisition is described. Included are ability testing (including general, reasoning, spatial, perceptual speed, and perceptual/psychomotor abilities) and skill acquisition over practice on the terminal radar approach controller simulation. Results validate and extend Ackerman's (1988) theory of cognitive ability determinants of Individual Differences in skill acquisition. Benefits of ability component and task component analyses over global analyses of ability-skill relations are demonstrated. Implications are discussed for selection instruments to predict air traffic controller success and for other tasks with inconsistent information-processing demands.
