The Experts below are selected from a list of 5394 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Giovanni Cortella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transcritical CO2 Commercial Refrigeration plant with adiabatic gas cooler and subcooling via HVAC: Field tests and modelling
    International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2020
    Co-Authors: Giovanni Cortella, Paola D'agaro, M A Coppola
    Abstract:

    Abstract Subcooling methods at the exit of the gas cooler in transcritical CO2 Commercial Refrigeration systems have been studied in the recent years showing that overall remarkable improvements can be obtained. Another strategy that results efficient is the use of evaporative systems at the gas cooler (adiabatic cooling) as it allows to significantly reduce the refrigerant quality at the liquid receiver and to lower the heat rejection pressure. In this work, a fully instrumented CO2 transcritical booster system with parallel compression, in operation in a small size supermarket in northern Italy, made available measured data of its performance when subcooling and/or adiabatic cooling are active. The plant operates in a mild climate, where it suffers operation at transcritical conditions for most of the year. Subcooling in this plant is performed by coupling the Refrigeration system with the HVAC system. Taking advantage of experimental measurements, a model in the TRNSYS environment is validated and allows the prediction of the annual plant performance when these strategies are adopted. The adiabatic cooling showed to allow a significant reduction (about 10%) in the energy use, and makes unnecessary the use of a parallel compressor. Subcooling by the HVAC gives rise to a reduced saving (2.9%) due to the absence of a dedicated mechanical subcooler, however it is almost comparable to parallel compression. These trends are confirmed in two other hot and humid climates.

  • Investigation on the fractional nature of a Refrigeration evaporator
    Applied Thermal Engineering, 2020
    Co-Authors: Daniele Casagrande, Giovanni Cortella, Wieslaw Krajewski, Stefano Miani, U. Viaro
    Abstract:

    Abstract The frequency response of an evaporator for Commercial Refrigeration is investigated to develop a control-oriented model which balances simplicity with accuracy. The dynamics of such devices is highly nonlinear; the response curve was experimentally identified around an operating point by recording the output of the system for several sinusoidal input signals. Among the possible linear approximating models, the collected data turn out to be best fitted with a fractional order transfer function. The proposed identification and process model allow for online tuning at different operating points for an efficient control design.

  • Field tests, model validation and performance of a CO2 Commercial Refrigeration plant integrated with HVAC system
    International Journal of Refrigeration, 2019
    Co-Authors: Paola D'agaro, M A Coppola, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract A fully instrumented CO2 trans-critical booster system with parallel compression, in operation in a small size supermarket in northern Italy, made available measured data that allowed monitoring its performance. The entire Refrigeration system of the supermarket, i.e. the Commercial Refrigerating Unit, the refrigerated display cabinets and cold rooms, have been modeled in TRNSYS with in-house types for all components. The comparison with the field data available from monitoring the plant allowed to thoroughly calibrate the model, spanning the operation conditions of a whole year. The validated model is a reliable and powerful tool, usable to predict the plant performance in several conditions and to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the integration with DHW/HVAC systems. Measurements and simulations show that, at mild climate conditions, it is possible and effective to fully provide HVAC and Refrigeration duties with a single all-in-one unit properly designed and operated.

  • energy benefit assessment of a water loop heat pump system integrated with a co2 Commercial Refrigeration unit
    Energy Procedia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Chiara Dipasquale, Paola Dagaro, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for Refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings. This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and Refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP). A basic CO2 booster Commercial Refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the Refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions.

  • Energy benefit assessment of a water loop heat pump system integrated with a CO2 Commercial Refrigeration unit
    Energy Procedia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Chiara Dipasquale, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for Refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings.\ud This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and Refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP), where a water loop is used as a heat source/sink for a number of electric reversible heat pumps which provide climate control on the thermal zones. A basic CO2 booster Commercial Refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the Refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors.\ud A comprehensive model of a Commercial building, HVAC and Refrigeration integrated systems is presented. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions. This work is developed in the framework of CommONEnergy, an EU project funded by the European Community within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) that aims at reducing energy consumption in shopping malls

Alessio Polzot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy benefit assessment of a water loop heat pump system integrated with a co2 Commercial Refrigeration unit
    Energy Procedia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Chiara Dipasquale, Paola Dagaro, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for Refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings. This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and Refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP). A basic CO2 booster Commercial Refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the Refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions.

  • Energy benefit assessment of a water loop heat pump system integrated with a CO2 Commercial Refrigeration unit
    Energy Procedia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Chiara Dipasquale, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for Refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings.\ud This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and Refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP), where a water loop is used as a heat source/sink for a number of electric reversible heat pumps which provide climate control on the thermal zones. A basic CO2 booster Commercial Refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the Refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors.\ud A comprehensive model of a Commercial building, HVAC and Refrigeration integrated systems is presented. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions. This work is developed in the framework of CommONEnergy, an EU project funded by the European Community within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) that aims at reducing energy consumption in shopping malls

  • Modelling Commercial Refrigeration systems coupled with water storage to improve energy efficiency and perform heat recovery
    International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Paride Gullo, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract A basic CO 2 transcritical/subcritical Commercial Refrigeration system is considered, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets in a supermarket. Subcooling of the refrigerant or heat recovery from condensation can be performed, taking advantage of a large fire prevention water tank. The whole Refrigeration system is modelled in a TRNSYS environment, taking into account the hourly weather data and calculating the hourly cooling load demand from display cabinets and cold rooms equipment. New types have been written to describe display cabinets and cold rooms, CO 2 refrigerating units and a particular water store. Simulations consider a simple double compression cycle with liquid receiver, and other options among which an auxiliary compressor. Results show that CO 2 plants are feasible and energetically acceptable in mild climates, provided that improvements to standard cycle are adopted. Furthermore, heat recovery can be effectively performed through the employment of a heat storage.

  • Modelling Commercial Refrigeration systems coupled with water storage to improve energy efficiency and perform heat recovery
    International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Paride Gullo, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    A basic CO2 transcritical/subcritical Commercial Refrigeration system is considered, applied\ud to cold rooms and display cabinets in a supermarket. Subcooling of the refrigerant or heat\ud recovery from condensation can be performed, taking advantage of a large fire prevention\ud water tank. The whole Refrigeration system is modelled in a TRNSYS environment, taking\ud into account the hourly weather data and calculating the hourly cooling load demand from\ud display cabinets and cold rooms equipment. New types have been written to describe display\ud cabinets and cold rooms, CO2 refrigerating units and a particular water store.\ud Simulations consider a simple double compression cycle with liquid receiver, and other\ud options among which an auxiliary compressor. Results show that CO2 plants are feasible\ud and energetically acceptable in mild climates, provided that improvements to standard cycle\ud are adopted. Furthermore, heat recovery can be effectively performed through the employment\ud of a heat storag

Paola D'agaro - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Transcritical CO2 Commercial Refrigeration plant with adiabatic gas cooler and subcooling via HVAC: Field tests and modelling
    International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2020
    Co-Authors: Giovanni Cortella, Paola D'agaro, M A Coppola
    Abstract:

    Abstract Subcooling methods at the exit of the gas cooler in transcritical CO2 Commercial Refrigeration systems have been studied in the recent years showing that overall remarkable improvements can be obtained. Another strategy that results efficient is the use of evaporative systems at the gas cooler (adiabatic cooling) as it allows to significantly reduce the refrigerant quality at the liquid receiver and to lower the heat rejection pressure. In this work, a fully instrumented CO2 transcritical booster system with parallel compression, in operation in a small size supermarket in northern Italy, made available measured data of its performance when subcooling and/or adiabatic cooling are active. The plant operates in a mild climate, where it suffers operation at transcritical conditions for most of the year. Subcooling in this plant is performed by coupling the Refrigeration system with the HVAC system. Taking advantage of experimental measurements, a model in the TRNSYS environment is validated and allows the prediction of the annual plant performance when these strategies are adopted. The adiabatic cooling showed to allow a significant reduction (about 10%) in the energy use, and makes unnecessary the use of a parallel compressor. Subcooling by the HVAC gives rise to a reduced saving (2.9%) due to the absence of a dedicated mechanical subcooler, however it is almost comparable to parallel compression. These trends are confirmed in two other hot and humid climates.

  • Field tests, model validation and performance of a CO2 Commercial Refrigeration plant integrated with HVAC system
    International Journal of Refrigeration, 2019
    Co-Authors: Paola D'agaro, M A Coppola, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract A fully instrumented CO2 trans-critical booster system with parallel compression, in operation in a small size supermarket in northern Italy, made available measured data that allowed monitoring its performance. The entire Refrigeration system of the supermarket, i.e. the Commercial Refrigerating Unit, the refrigerated display cabinets and cold rooms, have been modeled in TRNSYS with in-house types for all components. The comparison with the field data available from monitoring the plant allowed to thoroughly calibrate the model, spanning the operation conditions of a whole year. The validated model is a reliable and powerful tool, usable to predict the plant performance in several conditions and to evaluate the feasibility and effectiveness of the integration with DHW/HVAC systems. Measurements and simulations show that, at mild climate conditions, it is possible and effective to fully provide HVAC and Refrigeration duties with a single all-in-one unit properly designed and operated.

  • Energy benefit assessment of a water loop heat pump system integrated with a CO2 Commercial Refrigeration unit
    Energy Procedia, 2017
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Chiara Dipasquale, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    The improvement of energy efficiency and the use of environmentally friendly working fluids are key elements of current European policies. Supermarkets are intensive energy consumers and approximately the 40% of their annual energy consumption is for Refrigeration. Direct emissions of greenhouse gases associated with the use of high Global Warming Potential (GWP) refrigerants, and the indirect impact on the environment related to high electrical energy consumption, make shopping malls not sustainable buildings.\ud This paper analyses the energy saving potential of integrated supermarket air conditioning and Refrigeration systems using a Water Loop Heat Pump system (WLHP), where a water loop is used as a heat source/sink for a number of electric reversible heat pumps which provide climate control on the thermal zones. A basic CO2 booster Commercial Refrigeration system, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets, is considered. Heat recovery from the Refrigeration circuit is performed in the heating season, while in the cooling season a dry cooler on the water loop allows heat rejection to outdoors.\ud A comprehensive model of a Commercial building, HVAC and Refrigeration integrated systems is presented. The building and all systems are modelled in the Trnsys environment taking into account the hourly weather data, the simulated daily profiles of the cooling and heating load demand and the request from refrigerated food storage equipment. Such a model allows a thorough understanding of the potential for energy savings with heat recovery solutions. This work is developed in the framework of CommONEnergy, an EU project funded by the European Community within the Seventh Framework Programme (FP7/2007-2013) that aims at reducing energy consumption in shopping malls

  • Modelling Commercial Refrigeration systems coupled with water storage to improve energy efficiency and perform heat recovery
    International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Paride Gullo, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    Abstract A basic CO 2 transcritical/subcritical Commercial Refrigeration system is considered, applied to cold rooms and display cabinets in a supermarket. Subcooling of the refrigerant or heat recovery from condensation can be performed, taking advantage of a large fire prevention water tank. The whole Refrigeration system is modelled in a TRNSYS environment, taking into account the hourly weather data and calculating the hourly cooling load demand from display cabinets and cold rooms equipment. New types have been written to describe display cabinets and cold rooms, CO 2 refrigerating units and a particular water store. Simulations consider a simple double compression cycle with liquid receiver, and other options among which an auxiliary compressor. Results show that CO 2 plants are feasible and energetically acceptable in mild climates, provided that improvements to standard cycle are adopted. Furthermore, heat recovery can be effectively performed through the employment of a heat storage.

  • Modelling Commercial Refrigeration systems coupled with water storage to improve energy efficiency and perform heat recovery
    International Journal of Refrigeration, 2016
    Co-Authors: Alessio Polzot, Paola D'agaro, Paride Gullo, Giovanni Cortella
    Abstract:

    A basic CO2 transcritical/subcritical Commercial Refrigeration system is considered, applied\ud to cold rooms and display cabinets in a supermarket. Subcooling of the refrigerant or heat\ud recovery from condensation can be performed, taking advantage of a large fire prevention\ud water tank. The whole Refrigeration system is modelled in a TRNSYS environment, taking\ud into account the hourly weather data and calculating the hourly cooling load demand from\ud display cabinets and cold rooms equipment. New types have been written to describe display\ud cabinets and cold rooms, CO2 refrigerating units and a particular water store.\ud Simulations consider a simple double compression cycle with liquid receiver, and other\ud options among which an auxiliary compressor. Results show that CO2 plants are feasible\ud and energetically acceptable in mild climates, provided that improvements to standard cycle\ud are adopted. Furthermore, heat recovery can be effectively performed through the employment\ud of a heat storag

E Torrella - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy and environmental comparison of two stage solutions for Commercial Refrigeration at low temperature fluids and systems
    Applied Energy, 2015
    Co-Authors: R Llopis, R Cabello, Daniel Sanchez, Carlos Sanzkock, E Torrella
    Abstract:

    International agreements will restrict in the near future the use of high-GWP refrigerants in Europe. These restrictions will favour the implantation of Refrigeration systems with low-GWP fluids, especially in applications with high leakage rate. To clarify possible solutions that accomplish the forthcoming F-Gas Regulation, we present simplified models of five two-stage vapour compression Refrigeration systems and evaluate them with low-GWP refrigerants (HFC, HFO and naturals). We analyse the energy performance over a wide range of evaporating and environment temperatures and present the TEWI analysis under a same scenario, typical of a centralized Commercial Refrigeration application. We conclude that, for high-GWP refrigerants, direct emissions have greater weight in TEWI than the indirect ones, so future solutions might be based on low-GWP fluids, in some cases with risk of toxicity or flammability. We observe the indirect two-stage systems (cascades) with CO2 as low temperature fluid are promising solutions, especially for warm regions.

  • Energy and environmental comparison of two-stage solutions for Commercial Refrigeration at low temperature: Fluids and systems
    Applied Energy, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rodrigo Llopis, Daniel Sanchez, Carlos Sanz-kock, Ramón Cabello, E Torrella
    Abstract:

    International agreements will restrict in the near future the use of high-GWP refrigerants in Europe. These restrictions will favour the implantation of Refrigeration systems with low-GWP fluids, especially in applications with high leakage rate. To clarify possible solutions that accomplish the forthcoming F-Gas Regulation, we present simplified models of five two-stage vapour compression Refrigeration systems and evaluate them with low-GWP refrigerants (HFC, HFO and naturals). We analyse the energy performance over a wide range of evaporating and environment temperatures and present the TEWI analysis under a same scenario, typical of a centralized Commercial Refrigeration application. We conclude that, for high-GWP refrigerants, direct emissions have greater weight in TEWI than the indirect ones, so future solutions might be based on low-GWP fluids, in some cases with risk of toxicity or flammability. We observe the indirect two-stage systems (cascades) with CO2 as low temperature fluid are promising solutions, especially for warm regions.The authors gratefully acknowledge Jaume I University of Spain, who financed the present study through the research project P1·B2013-10

Daniel Sanchez - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • energy evaluation of a low temperature Commercial Refrigeration plant working with the new low gwp blend r468a as drop in of r404a
    International Journal of Refrigeration-revue Internationale Du Froid, 2021
    Co-Authors: R Cabello, R Llopis, Daniel Sanchez, Laura Nebotandres, Daniel Callejaanta
    Abstract:

    ABSTRACT This work analyses experimentally the energy behaviour of a centralized Commercial Refrigeration plant designed to be used with R404A (GWP100=3,943) at low temperatures, when it is replaced with the new low-GWP refrigerant blend R468A (GPW100=148). The tests have been done at a selected product temperature of -20°C, Class III indoor conditions according to ISO 23953-2:2015 and 20, 30 and 40°C of heat sink temperature. The product has been kept at the requested temperature in whichever conditions tested. Respect to R404A, running with R468A presents an increase in compressor discharge temperature, greater compression operation time, and a reduction in compressor electric comssumption that yields in a very similar total energy consumption of the Refrigeration plant. So it has been proved that, from an operational point of view, R468A can be a R404A drop in replacement fluid. Also, it has been measured energy savings when an internal heat exchanger is placed.

  • CO2 as secondary fluid as alternative to DX-systems energy evaluation in a MT cabinet.
    2018
    Co-Authors: Daniel Sanchez, Ramón Cabello, Rodrigo Llopis
    Abstract:

    The current F-Gas Regulation restricts the use of fluorinated refrigerants with high GWP100 in Commercial Refrigeration where centralized Refrigeration is commonly use. Alternatives to make these systems more ecofriendly are mainly focused in the use of low-GWP refrigerants as natural refrigerants or flammable fluorinated substances. Since flammability makes centralized DX-systems not suitable for Commercial Refrigeration, the use of secondary fluids based on brines (water base) or volatile fluids (CO2 mainly) is presented as a long-term solution or transitioning towards more sustainable Refrigeration systems. Accordingly, the aim of this work is to compare the energy consumption of three Commercial Refrigeration systems. The first one is a classic R134a DX-system, the second one is a basic R744 DX-system with an IHX, and finally, the last one, is a HFC indirect expansion system using CO2 as secondary fluid. This comparison has been experimentally assessed in a medium temperature cabinet at three heat rejection temperatures.

  • CO2 with Mechanical Subcooling vs. CO2 Cascade Cycles for Medium Temperature Commercial Refrigeration Applications Thermodynamic Analysis
    Applied Sciences, 2017
    Co-Authors: Laura Nebot-andrés, Jesús Catalán-gil, Rodrigo Llopis, Daniel Sanchez, Ramón Cabello
    Abstract:

    A recent trend to spread the use of CO2 Refrigeration cycles in warm regions of the world is to combine a CO2 cycle with another one using a high performance refrigerant. Two alternatives are being considered: cascade and mechanical subcooling systems. Both respond to a similar configuration of the Refrigeration cycle, they being based on the use of two compressors and same number of heat exchangers. However, the compressor, heat exchanger sizes and energy performance differ a lot between them. This work, using experimental relations for CO2 and R1234yf semi-hermetic compressors analyzes in depth both alternatives under the warm climate of Spain. In general, it was concluded that the CO2 Refrigeration solution with mechanical subcooling would cover all the conditions with high overall energy efficiency, thus it being recommended for further extension of the CO2 Refrigeration applications.

  • energy and environmental comparison of two stage solutions for Commercial Refrigeration at low temperature fluids and systems
    Applied Energy, 2015
    Co-Authors: R Llopis, R Cabello, Daniel Sanchez, Carlos Sanzkock, E Torrella
    Abstract:

    International agreements will restrict in the near future the use of high-GWP refrigerants in Europe. These restrictions will favour the implantation of Refrigeration systems with low-GWP fluids, especially in applications with high leakage rate. To clarify possible solutions that accomplish the forthcoming F-Gas Regulation, we present simplified models of five two-stage vapour compression Refrigeration systems and evaluate them with low-GWP refrigerants (HFC, HFO and naturals). We analyse the energy performance over a wide range of evaporating and environment temperatures and present the TEWI analysis under a same scenario, typical of a centralized Commercial Refrigeration application. We conclude that, for high-GWP refrigerants, direct emissions have greater weight in TEWI than the indirect ones, so future solutions might be based on low-GWP fluids, in some cases with risk of toxicity or flammability. We observe the indirect two-stage systems (cascades) with CO2 as low temperature fluid are promising solutions, especially for warm regions.

  • Energy and environmental comparison of two-stage solutions for Commercial Refrigeration at low temperature: Fluids and systems
    Applied Energy, 2015
    Co-Authors: Rodrigo Llopis, Daniel Sanchez, Carlos Sanz-kock, Ramón Cabello, E Torrella
    Abstract:

    International agreements will restrict in the near future the use of high-GWP refrigerants in Europe. These restrictions will favour the implantation of Refrigeration systems with low-GWP fluids, especially in applications with high leakage rate. To clarify possible solutions that accomplish the forthcoming F-Gas Regulation, we present simplified models of five two-stage vapour compression Refrigeration systems and evaluate them with low-GWP refrigerants (HFC, HFO and naturals). We analyse the energy performance over a wide range of evaporating and environment temperatures and present the TEWI analysis under a same scenario, typical of a centralized Commercial Refrigeration application. We conclude that, for high-GWP refrigerants, direct emissions have greater weight in TEWI than the indirect ones, so future solutions might be based on low-GWP fluids, in some cases with risk of toxicity or flammability. We observe the indirect two-stage systems (cascades) with CO2 as low temperature fluid are promising solutions, especially for warm regions.The authors gratefully acknowledge Jaume I University of Spain, who financed the present study through the research project P1·B2013-10