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Sila Cetinkaya - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pricing decisions in a carrier retailer channel under price sensitive demand and contract Carriage with Common Carriage option
Transportation Research Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 2013Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We study a carrier–retailer channel and examine the profitability of the centralized and decentralized channels under price-sensitive demand. In the centralized channel, the problem is to set the retail price that maximizes the total channel profit, whereas in the decentralized channel the individual channel members set their own pricing policy parameters to maximize individual profits in a Stackelberg game. We show that a linear price contract between the carrier and the retailer could lead to channel coordination through a win–win solution. We also show that it is profitable for the retailer to exploit Common-Carriage complementary to the use of contract Carriage.
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Pricing decisions in a carrier–retailer channel under price-sensitive demand and contract-Carriage with Common-Carriage option
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2013Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We study a carrier–retailer channel and examine the profitability of the centralized and decentralized channels under price-sensitive demand. In the centralized channel, the problem is to set the retail price that maximizes the total channel profit, whereas in the decentralized channel the individual channel members set their own pricing policy parameters to maximize individual profits in a Stackelberg game. We show that a linear price contract between the carrier and the retailer could lead to channel coordination through a win–win solution. We also show that it is profitable for the retailer to exploit Common-Carriage complementary to the use of contract Carriage.
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an integrated model for stock replenishment and shipment scheduling under Common carrier dispatch costs
Transportation Research Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 2010Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We examine a joint inventory replenishment and shipment scheduling problem that arises in the context of a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) arrangement. Since a temporal shipment consolidation policy is being implemented, the inventory requirements at the vendor are affected by the timing and quantity of shipment release. The vendor's problem is to determine an integrated policy for inventory replenishment and shipment release and to set its parameters. We develop analytical models for computing such integrated policies where it is economical to use Common Carriage for outbound transportation. We propose algorithmic approaches to set the optimal policy parameter values.
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STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR THE DISPATCH OF CONSOLIDATED SHIPMENTS
Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 2003Co-Authors: Sila Cetinkaya, James H. BookbinderAbstract:Most studies on supply chain management have taken an "inventory" point of view: The chain, supplier-->manufacturer-->majormanufacturer, is thus analyzed as a series of production-inventory decisions. Although correct, that approach neglects issues on the transportation between nodes, thereby missing important opportunities for cost savings and optimization. Here we focus on the substantial economies of scale in transportation. These occur when merchandise is shipped in one's own truck (private Carriage), or when transport is performed by a public, for-hire trucking company (Common Carriage). As a result, better inventory replenishment between successive echelons may have less impact than improved transportation decisions. This is especially true when the latter include a strategy for shipment consolidation, the policies whereby several small orders will be held as they accumulate, then dispatched as a single, combined load. In the present paper, we apply renewal theory to two strategies Commonly utilized in practice. For the case of a quantity policy we obtain the optimal target weight before dispatch, while for a time policy, we calculate the optimal length of each consolidation cycle (maximum holding time for any order). These strategies are analyzed for private Carriage and then for Common Carriage. Particular situations are studied graphically and numerically; general results are expressed in the form of propositions.
James H. Bookbinder - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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STOCHASTIC MODELS FOR THE DISPATCH OF CONSOLIDATED SHIPMENTS
Transportation Research Part B: Methodological, 2003Co-Authors: Sila Cetinkaya, James H. BookbinderAbstract:Most studies on supply chain management have taken an "inventory" point of view: The chain, supplier-->manufacturer-->majormanufacturer, is thus analyzed as a series of production-inventory decisions. Although correct, that approach neglects issues on the transportation between nodes, thereby missing important opportunities for cost savings and optimization. Here we focus on the substantial economies of scale in transportation. These occur when merchandise is shipped in one's own truck (private Carriage), or when transport is performed by a public, for-hire trucking company (Common Carriage). As a result, better inventory replenishment between successive echelons may have less impact than improved transportation decisions. This is especially true when the latter include a strategy for shipment consolidation, the policies whereby several small orders will be held as they accumulate, then dispatched as a single, combined load. In the present paper, we apply renewal theory to two strategies Commonly utilized in practice. For the case of a quantity policy we obtain the optimal target weight before dispatch, while for a time policy, we calculate the optimal length of each consolidation cycle (maximum holding time for any order). These strategies are analyzed for private Carriage and then for Common Carriage. Particular situations are studied graphically and numerically; general results are expressed in the form of propositions.
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Markovian Decision Processes in Shipment Consolidation
Transportation Science, 1995Co-Authors: James K. Higginson, James H. BookbinderAbstract:Shipment consolidation is a logistics strategy that combines two or more orders or shipments so that a larger quantity can be dispatched on the same vehicle. This paper discusses a discrete-time Markovian decision process (MDP) approach for determining when to release consolidated loads. We assume that the shipper controls the timing of each load dispatch. Thus, whenever a customer places an order, a choice must be made between dispatching this order (plus all others waiting) immediately, or continuing to consolidate until at least the arrival of the next order. Our MDP models of shipment consolidation consider movement by for-hire transportation (Common Carriage) or by a firm's own vehicles (private fleet). Small but realistic numerical examples illustrate the application of these models and the data-aggregation issues that must be resolved. Two minimization criteria are considered: cost per unit time, or cost per hundredweight per unit time. For private Carriage, the optimal policy is of the control-limit type; for Common Carriage, it may not be. These potential differences in form of the optimal policy are true for either objective function. The possibly contrasting optimal policies are interpreted in light of the costs encountered by an industrial firm's private fleet compared to the freight charges of a public trucking company.
Fatih Mutlu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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pricing decisions in a carrier retailer channel under price sensitive demand and contract Carriage with Common Carriage option
Transportation Research Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 2013Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We study a carrier–retailer channel and examine the profitability of the centralized and decentralized channels under price-sensitive demand. In the centralized channel, the problem is to set the retail price that maximizes the total channel profit, whereas in the decentralized channel the individual channel members set their own pricing policy parameters to maximize individual profits in a Stackelberg game. We show that a linear price contract between the carrier and the retailer could lead to channel coordination through a win–win solution. We also show that it is profitable for the retailer to exploit Common-Carriage complementary to the use of contract Carriage.
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Pricing decisions in a carrier–retailer channel under price-sensitive demand and contract-Carriage with Common-Carriage option
Transportation Research Part E: Logistics and Transportation Review, 2013Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We study a carrier–retailer channel and examine the profitability of the centralized and decentralized channels under price-sensitive demand. In the centralized channel, the problem is to set the retail price that maximizes the total channel profit, whereas in the decentralized channel the individual channel members set their own pricing policy parameters to maximize individual profits in a Stackelberg game. We show that a linear price contract between the carrier and the retailer could lead to channel coordination through a win–win solution. We also show that it is profitable for the retailer to exploit Common-Carriage complementary to the use of contract Carriage.
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an integrated model for stock replenishment and shipment scheduling under Common carrier dispatch costs
Transportation Research Part E-logistics and Transportation Review, 2010Co-Authors: Fatih Mutlu, Sila CetinkayaAbstract:We examine a joint inventory replenishment and shipment scheduling problem that arises in the context of a vendor-managed inventory (VMI) arrangement. Since a temporal shipment consolidation policy is being implemented, the inventory requirements at the vendor are affected by the timing and quantity of shipment release. The vendor's problem is to determine an integrated policy for inventory replenishment and shipment release and to set its parameters. We develop analytical models for computing such integrated policies where it is economical to use Common Carriage for outbound transportation. We propose algorithmic approaches to set the optimal policy parameter values.
Urs Meister - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Enhancing the Efficiency of Water Supply—Product Market Competition Versus Trade
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2012Co-Authors: Reto Foellmi, Urs MeisterAbstract:In most developed countries, the provision of water is organized at a local level. The costs and tariffs vary significantly, even between adjacent water utilities. Such heterogeneity is an obvious indication of the sector’s overall inefficiency and stresses a need for institutional adjustments. We show that cooperation by water trade and the introduction of competition by Common Carriage between adjacent utilities are valuable alternatives to improve the industry’s efficiency, even when mergers are not feasible. Because both approaches require the physical connection of neighboring networks, they may have similar effects. This paper analyzes and compares the relevant welfare gains and shows that production efficiency and retail prices may differ depending on the initial cost differential, the application of regulations and the distribution of bargaining power. Using a theoretical model, we show that at higher initial production cost differentials, welfare is higher under competitive conditions, even in a lower-bound benchmark case without any regulation.
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Enhancing the Efficiency of Water Supply: Product Market Competition versus Trade
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2011Co-Authors: Reto Foellmi, Urs MeisterAbstract:In most developed countries, the provision of water is organized at a local level. The costs and tariffs vary significantly, even between adjacent water utilities. Such heterogeneity is an obvious indication of the sector’s overall inefficiency and stresses a need for institutional adjustments. We show that cooperation by water trade and the introduction of competition by Common Carriage between adjacent utilities are valuable alternatives to improve the industry’s efficiency, even when mergers are not feasible. Because both approaches require the physical connection of neighboring networks, they may have similar effects. This paper analyzes and compares the relevant welfare gains and shows that production efficiency and retail prices may differ depending on the initial cost differential, the application of regulations and the distribution of bargaining power. Using a theoretical model, we show that at higher initial production cost differentials, welfare is higher under competitive conditions, even in a lower-bound benchmark case without any regulation.
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Product-Market Competition in the Water Industry: Voluntary Non-discriminatory Pricing
Journal of Industry Competition and Trade, 2005Co-Authors: Reto Foellmi, Urs MeisterAbstract:Since franchise bidding in the piped water industry is problematic due to extensive investment requirements, product-market competition or Common Carriage is a valuable alternative for the introduction of competition. This paper analyses product-market competition by considering a simple model of interconnection where competition is introduced between vertically integrated neighbouring water suppliers. The model contains water markets specificities such as local and decentralised networks and related difficulties of regulating access charges. Even without any regulation, we show that: (i) an inefficient incumbent will give up its monopoly position and lower the access price far enough so that the low-cost competitor can enter his home market; (ii) efficiency of production will rise due to liberalisation; and (iii) in contrary to prejudicial claims, investment incentives are not destroyed by the introduction of competition for the market. Investments of low-cost firms may even increase.
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Do welfare maximising water utilities maximise welfare under Common Carriage
2005Co-Authors: Urs MeisterAbstract:Due to the increasing discussion about liberalisation in the piped water industry municipal authorities in several European countries consider modifications of their water utilities’ structure such as legal constitution, business objectives or private participation. The purpose of this paper is to evaluate the extent to which it is socially optimal to compose water utilities as welfare or profit maximising companies when assuming the introduction of competition in the market based on Common Carriage – as applied in England and Wales. Using a game theoretic model of mixed oligopolies that contains water markets specificities we show that welfare tends to be higher in a regime, where utilities are instructed to maximise profits rather than welfare.
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Enhancing Efficiency of Water Supply – Product Market Competition versus Trade
Public Economics, 2004Co-Authors: Reto Foellmi, Urs MeisterAbstract:This paper analyses and compares potential efficiency gains induced by the introduction of product market competition and cross boarder trade in the piped water market. We argue that due to the specific circumstances in the water sector product market competition, i.e. competition by Common Carriage is not expected to be very intensive. The connection of networks could alternatively be used for cross boarder trade between neighboured water utilities. We show that competition by Common Carriage leads to production incentives for the inefficient supplier. This implies that the retail prices tend to be lower than with cross border trade. However, the efficiency effect dominates and resulting welfare is higher in case of trade.
Susan S. Chiu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Serotype distribution and antimicrobial resistance patterns of nasopharyngeal and invasive Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates in Hong Kong children.
Vaccine, 2004Co-Authors: Kwok Fai Lam, Frankie K. H. Chow, Yu-lung Lau, Samson S. Y. Wong, Susan L.e Cheng, Susan S. ChiuAbstract:A study was conducted to determine the vaccine coverage of prevalent Carriage and invasive pneumococci from children aged less than 6 years in Hong Kong. A total of 383 nasopharyngeal Carriage isolates and 88 invasive isolates from diverse sources were serotyped and their antimicrobial susceptibilities determined. The most Common Carriage serotypes were the same as the invasive isolates (6B, 14, 19F and 23F), although the rank order of specific serotypes was different. Serotypes in the 7-valent conjugate pneumococcal vaccine (4, 6B, 9V, 14, 18C, 19F and 23F) accounted for 89.7 and 66.1% of the invasive and Carriage isolates, respectively. The same seven serotypes comprised 87.5% invasive isolates and 82.8% Carriage isolates with resistance to penicillin, erythromycin and/or cefotaxime.