The Experts below are selected from a list of 208404 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Mitchell V. Palmer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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erratum for alexander et al emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:Volume 7, no 3, doi:[10.1128/mBio.00281-16][1], 2016. On PDF page 5, first column, the GenBank accession number “1910160” should be updated to “[KX174310][2].” The correct URL is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX174310][3]. On PDF page 11, second column, “RD1mon, +700/− less
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emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:ABSTRACT An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi , infects wild banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1 BCG ], M. microti [RD1 mic ], and M. pinnipedii [RD1 seal ], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS 1561 , the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [ cfp32 ]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1 mon ), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples ( n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs ( n = 9), 53% of oral swabs ( n = 19), 22% of urine samples ( n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue ( n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions ( n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior. IMPORTANCE Organisms causing infectious disease evolve modes of transmission that exploit environmental and host conditions favoring pathogen spread and persistence. We report a novel mode of environmental infectious disease transmission that occurs in association with olfactory secretions (e.g., urine and anal gland secretions), allowing pathogen exposure to occur within and between social groups through intricate social Communication Behaviors of the banded mongoose host. The presence of M. mungi in these environmentally deposited secretions would effectively circumvent natural social barriers (e.g., territoriality), facilitating between-group pathogen transmission in the absence of direct physical contact, a rare occurrence in this highly territorial species. This work identifies an important potential mechanism of pathogen transmission of epidemiological significance in social species. We also provide evidence of a novel mechanism of pathogen transmission for the MTC complex, where pathogen movement in the environment and host exposure dynamics are driven by social Behavior.
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Emerging Tuberculosis Pathogen Hijacks Social Communication Behavior in the Group-Living Banded Mongoose (Mungos mungo)
American Society for Microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbe-austerman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi, infects wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1BCG], M. microti [RD1mic], and M. pinnipedii [RD1seal], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS1561, the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [cfp32]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1mon), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples (n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs (n = 9), 53% of oral swabs (n = 19), 22% of urine samples (n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue (n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions (n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior
Claire E. Sanderson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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erratum for alexander et al emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:Volume 7, no 3, doi:[10.1128/mBio.00281-16][1], 2016. On PDF page 5, first column, the GenBank accession number “1910160” should be updated to “[KX174310][2].” The correct URL is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX174310][3]. On PDF page 11, second column, “RD1mon, +700/− less
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emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:ABSTRACT An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi , infects wild banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1 BCG ], M. microti [RD1 mic ], and M. pinnipedii [RD1 seal ], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS 1561 , the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [ cfp32 ]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1 mon ), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples ( n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs ( n = 9), 53% of oral swabs ( n = 19), 22% of urine samples ( n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue ( n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions ( n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior. IMPORTANCE Organisms causing infectious disease evolve modes of transmission that exploit environmental and host conditions favoring pathogen spread and persistence. We report a novel mode of environmental infectious disease transmission that occurs in association with olfactory secretions (e.g., urine and anal gland secretions), allowing pathogen exposure to occur within and between social groups through intricate social Communication Behaviors of the banded mongoose host. The presence of M. mungi in these environmentally deposited secretions would effectively circumvent natural social barriers (e.g., territoriality), facilitating between-group pathogen transmission in the absence of direct physical contact, a rare occurrence in this highly territorial species. This work identifies an important potential mechanism of pathogen transmission of epidemiological significance in social species. We also provide evidence of a novel mechanism of pathogen transmission for the MTC complex, where pathogen movement in the environment and host exposure dynamics are driven by social Behavior.
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Emerging Tuberculosis Pathogen Hijacks Social Communication Behavior in the Group-Living Banded Mongoose (Mungos mungo)
American Society for Microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbe-austerman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi, infects wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1BCG], M. microti [RD1mic], and M. pinnipedii [RD1seal], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS1561, the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [cfp32]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1mon), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples (n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs (n = 9), 53% of oral swabs (n = 19), 22% of urine samples (n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue (n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions (n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior
Michelle H. Larsen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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draft genome sequence of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex pathogen m mungi identified in a banded mongoose mungos mungo in northern botswana
Genome Announcements, 2016Co-Authors: Kathleen A. Alexander, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Tod Stuber, Patrick CampAbstract:ABSTRACT Mycobacterium mungi, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex pathogen, has emerged in banded mongoose in northern Botswana and Northwest Zimbabwe. The pathogen is transmitted through infected secretions used in olfactory Communication Behavior (K. A. Alexander, C. E. Sanderson, M. H. Larsen, S. Robbe-Austerman, M. C. Williams, and M. V. Palmer, mBio 7(3):e00281-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00281-16). We announce here the draft genome sequence of this emerging pathogen.
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erratum for alexander et al emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:Volume 7, no 3, doi:[10.1128/mBio.00281-16][1], 2016. On PDF page 5, first column, the GenBank accession number “1910160” should be updated to “[KX174310][2].” The correct URL is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX174310][3]. On PDF page 11, second column, “RD1mon, +700/− less
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emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:ABSTRACT An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi , infects wild banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1 BCG ], M. microti [RD1 mic ], and M. pinnipedii [RD1 seal ], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS 1561 , the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [ cfp32 ]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1 mon ), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples ( n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs ( n = 9), 53% of oral swabs ( n = 19), 22% of urine samples ( n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue ( n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions ( n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior. IMPORTANCE Organisms causing infectious disease evolve modes of transmission that exploit environmental and host conditions favoring pathogen spread and persistence. We report a novel mode of environmental infectious disease transmission that occurs in association with olfactory secretions (e.g., urine and anal gland secretions), allowing pathogen exposure to occur within and between social groups through intricate social Communication Behaviors of the banded mongoose host. The presence of M. mungi in these environmentally deposited secretions would effectively circumvent natural social barriers (e.g., territoriality), facilitating between-group pathogen transmission in the absence of direct physical contact, a rare occurrence in this highly territorial species. This work identifies an important potential mechanism of pathogen transmission of epidemiological significance in social species. We also provide evidence of a novel mechanism of pathogen transmission for the MTC complex, where pathogen movement in the environment and host exposure dynamics are driven by social Behavior.
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Emerging Tuberculosis Pathogen Hijacks Social Communication Behavior in the Group-Living Banded Mongoose (Mungos mungo)
American Society for Microbiology, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbe-austerman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi, infects wild banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1BCG], M. microti [RD1mic], and M. pinnipedii [RD1seal], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS1561, the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [cfp32]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1mon), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples (n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs (n = 9), 53% of oral swabs (n = 19), 22% of urine samples (n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue (n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions (n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior
Paul J Taylor - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Cylindrical Model of Communication Behavior in Crisis Negotiation
2020Co-Authors: Paul J TaylorAbstract:This article integrates existing theoretical perspectives on message content and negotiator motivation to formulate a comprehensive definitional model of the interrelationships among Communication Behaviors in crisis negotiation. A sample of 189 nuclear dialogue spans were transcribed from 9 resolved cases of hostage negotiation and each utterance coded at the level of thought units across 41 Behavioral variables. Results of a nonmetric, multidimensional scaling solution provided clear support for the hypothesized cylindrical structure of Communication Behavior, revealing 3 dominant levels of suspect-negotiator interaction . At each level of the structure, interactions were found to modulate around 3 thematic styles of Communication (Identity, Instrumental, Relational) , which reflected the underlying motivational emphasis of individuals' dialogue. Finally, the intensity of Communication was found to play a polarizing role in the cylinder, with intense, functionally discrete Behaviors occurring toward the boundary of the structure. O ver the last decade the increasing pressure to resolve hostage crises through negotiation has led several government authorities to stress the importance of exploiting informed knowledge of both the psychological and communicative processes involved in interpersonal dialogue The challenge for such a scientific approach is to develop an explanatory framework that helps negotiators and researchers understand the complex patterns of interrelationships among Communication Behaviors as they occur across a negotiation. A modeling of the actual variations in Communication addresses an important problem in conflict negotiation research, providing a framework for exploring the way in which various emphases or modes of Behavior function to allow negotiators to pursue their complex and often contradictory goals. By further mapping out how the various modes of Communication emerge over the negotiation process, it becomes possible to consider how changes in Behavior move negotiators through a series of interactions that allow an incident to begin, unfold, and resolve. The challenge, then, is to develop and establish a model that explicates the conceptual dimensions or facets necessary to provide a comprehensive understanding of the interrelationships among Behaviors. The current project addresses this challenge by examining the multivariate structure of crisis negotiation, the conceptual organization of Communication Behaviors on the basis of their similarities and differences. This approach rests on the notion, central to much Communication research, that individuals differ in the messages they communicate during an interaction and that these differences reflect psychologically important aspects of the speaker. At a broad level, differences in Communication Behavior may reflect differences in an individual's dominant interpersonal style or approach to negotiation. At a more specific level, differences in Behavior may reflect speakers' predominant interests, concerns, or goals during that particular phase of interaction. By focusing on Behavioral acts, the current approach diverges from those previous conceptualizations that have tended to interpret dialogue through frameworks that combine an account of Behavior with explanations of speakers' intentions or motivations. Although each of these perspectives highlights a particular variation in Communication, clearly any attempt to derive a complete and objective understanding of the various modes of crisis Communication requires classification of patterns among actual message Behaviors as distinct from classification driven by a particular explanatory perspective. The first stage of the current project, therefore, was to integrate the psychological, sociological, and Communication-based conceptualizations Taylor / MODELING CRISIS NEGOTIATION 9 of Communication Behavior, arguing that each reflects a different facet necessary fully to define crisis negotiation. Although such integration should primarily be drawn from studies examining negotiation in hostage crises, the scarcity of such research means it would also be useful to elucidate the meaning of each conceptual distinction with findings from the general conflict literature. This approach ensures that model development encapsulates all potential variations in Communication Behavior so that subsequent analysis can determine the direct utility of each distinction in characterizing the pattern of interrelationships among Behaviors. The synthesis of perspectives was advanced in a manner that enabled a clear specification of the empirical structure of crisis Communication, from which testable hypotheses were formulated about both the various Behavioral facets and the conceptual relations between these facets. These formal predictions were examined using a smallest space analysis DIFFERENTIATING FORMS OF NEGOTIATION Behavior Levels of Negotiation Behavior The majority of early conceptions of negotiation have focused on differentiating acts of bargaining according to a dichotomy of Integrative (cooperative) and Distributive (antagonistic) Behavior All of these studies demonstrate both the empirical utility and diverse theoretical relevance of the threefold distinction, with many identifying increasing levels of cooperation as the defining relationship among categories. HUMAN Communication RESEARCH / January 2002 The idea that increases in cooperation underlie the movement across Avoidance, Distributive, and Integrative levels of interaction fits neatly with the contemporary view of hostage negotiation as "crisis bargaining" This collection of evidence indicates that the three ordered elements of Avoidance, Distributive, and Integrative Behavior represent empirically and conceptually rich categories for a first level of interaction facet that depicts the inherent tension in negotiators' overall Behavioral approach to interaction. However, the distinction provided by the level of interaction facet fails to allow for the possibility that very different concerns or motivations underlie an individual's overall negotiation approach. As such, the distinction ignores the potential for producing a refined specification of the level of interactions by identifying variations in the quality or mode of negotiators' Behavior in each context of interactions. Both the F.I.R.E framework for understanding crisis negotiation research Motivational Emphases of Negotiation Behavior Instrumental theme. One approach to understanding negotiator motivation, derived mainly from early game-theoretical studies, conceptualizes negotiation as a relatively controlled and purposeful act in which Taylor / MODELING CRISIS NEGOTIATION 11 individuals' primary motivation is to maximize their gain of tangible commodities or wants. The importance of instrumental goals is emphasized in theories as diverse as social exchange theory Relational theme. Many social psychological theories have suggested that negotiators use message Behaviors to develop and manipulate the relational roles between themselves and the other party. As discussed by This range of relational dynamics is usefully captured in relational order theory Identity theme. A third source of motivation discussed in the literature is identity concerns, the extent to which individuals' messages show concern for both the other parties' and their own self-presentation or "face" Drawing on Tajfel's social interaction theory The predominant concerns presented above comprise a second motivational facet that classifies Communication Behavior into three distinct themes of interaction. In comparison to the transitivity proposed across the level of interaction facet, there is no inherent order predicted across the three motivational themes, which reflect the various concerns or goals that may predominate individuals' current approach to the crisis. Negotiators adopting an Avoidance, Distributive, or Integrative approach to interactions can focus on a range of concerns, suggesting that this second facet may be evident at each of the three levels of interaction. For example, within cooperative interactions, negotiators may focus on empathizing and supporting each other's identity, whereas in distributive interactions they may resort to criticisms and insults that denunciate the other's personal worth. Thus, this second classification elucidates the overall definition of Communication by distinguishing the qualitative focus of negotiators' Communication at each of the three levels of interaction. HUMAN Communication RESEARCH / January 2002 Intensity of Negotiation Behavior A final distinction that has surfaced in interpersonal research, implied by the notion of Behavior serving several distinguishable functions, is the possibility that differences may emerge in the extent or degree to which negotiators evince a particular mode of Behavior (e.g., The concept of Behavioral intensity has also been operationalized in a number of studies that examine the patterns of perpetrator and negotiator message affect across the progression of negotiation in hostage crises. For instance, in an examination of three actual hostage incidents, Taylor / MODELING CRISIS NEGOTIATION 15 The Present Study The variety of different explanations articulated in the literature illustrates the potential for identifying a comprehensive range of modes of interaction in crisis Communication. Because each theoretical perspective supposes a distinct Behavioral approach to Communication (i.e., a set of Behaviors), each mode of interaction would be expected to have an observable counterpart in the dialogue communicated during actual negotiations. A number of hypotheses can, therefore, be derived from previous research about the likely co-occurrence of Communication Behaviors during periods of interaction, given that all of the proposed facets may potentially occur during the negotiation process. Evidence showing the constant occurrence of any such subset of conceptually related Behaviors would support the related theoretical perspective, whereas a completely random combination of Behaviors would suggest that there is no coherent support for the proposed differences. However, support for the complete eclectic model also requires the similarities and differences between these Behavioral subgroups to correspond with the structural relationships specified by theory. The greater the conceptual similarity between two modes of interaction, the more related their Behavioral counterparts should be empirically, and hence the more likely they are to co-occur in a single Communication episode. The elements of crisis negotiation and their theoretical relations may, therefore, be formalized in terms of specific hypotheses about the pattern of interrelationships among Communication Behaviors. Hypothesis 1: Levels of Interaction At the broadest level, research has differentiated negotiators' approach to interactions according to a threefold distinction of Avoidance (withdrawn), Distributive (antagonistic), and Integrative (cooperative) Behavior H1: Subsets of conceptually related Behaviors will consistently occur together in the previously defined levels of Avoidance, Distributive, and Integrative, according to a linear order of increasing cooperation. An empirical finding demonstrating that meaningful subgroups of negotiation Behaviors consistently co-occur will provide support for that particular orientation to interaction. In order to explicate the content of each level of interaction, it is necessary to generate a classification scheme that identifies meaningful qualitative differences in negotiators' overall approach. A negotiator adopting a particular approach to interaction may do so for a range of goals that essentially can be divided into interactions with predominantly instrumental (external) and expressive (internal) concerns (HarveyCraig, Fisher, & Simpson, 1997; H2: Each level of interaction may be differentiated according to identity, instrumental, and relational themes in which each is exemplified by qualitatively different subsets of Behavior. Any such grouping of Communication Behaviors would support that particular emphasis as important to understanding the pattern of co-occurrences among Behaviors. For example, although various attempts at focusing on identity were quite independent of each other, if different forms of instrumental Behavior co-occurred, then there would be support for instrumental concerns but not identity concerns as a coherent, salient aspect of crisis negotiation. In effect, such a result would reduce the number of empirically distinct explanations available for understanding the patterns of Behavior in negotiators' dialogue. Hypothesis 3: Variations in Intensity The possibility of identifying qualitative differences in negotiation Behavior suggests that there may also exist a quantitative difference in the degree that negotiators express a mode of interaction H3: Negotiators communicate Behaviors of both high and low intensity, where the degree of intensity modifies the three different motivational emphases of interaction. Taylor / MODELING CRISIS NEGOTIATION 17 A Cylindrical Model of Communication Behavior in Crisis Negotiation The distinctions and structural relations asserted by the three hypothesized facets generate a conceptualization of negotiation Behavior that can be modeled graphically as a cylinder. A schematic representation of the hypothesized cylinder is presented i
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the structure of Communication Behavior in simulated and actual crisis negotiations
Human Communication Research, 2004Co-Authors: Paul J Taylor, Ian DonaldAbstract:This research extends recent efforts to differentiate Communication in crisis negotiations (Taylor, 2002) by examining how negotiators' Behavior differs across context. Data were 108 interaction episodes transcribed from 12 simulated crisis negotiations and coded at the level of thought units across 41 Behavioral variables. Results of a smallest space analysis supported the hypothesized differentiation of Communication Behavior over 3 facets: overall orientation (Avoidance, Distributive, Integrative), motivational concern (Identity, Instrumental, Relational), and intensity (High to Low). This solution was used as a framework for identifying differences in Behavior across simulated and actual negotiations. Analyses showed a systematic pattern of variations in Behavior use, with simulated negotiations involving relatively more avoidance-relational and distributive-instrumental Behavior than actual negotiations. Predictable differences were also observed in the purpose or function of Behavior, with highlyintense Behaviors showing greater uniformity in function across contexts compared to lowintensity Behaviors.
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a cylindrical model of Communication Behavior in crisis negotiations
Human Communication Research, 2002Co-Authors: Paul J TaylorAbstract:This article integrates existing theoretical perspectives on message content and negotiator motivation to formulate a comprehensive definitional model of the interrelationships among Communication Behaviors in crisis negotiation. A sample of 189 nuclear dialogue spans were transcribed from 9 resolved cases of hostage negotiation and each utterance coded at the level of thought units across 41 Behavioral variables. Results of a nonmetric, multidimensional scaling solution provided clear support for the hypothesized cylindrical structure of Communication Behavior, revealing 3 dominant levels of suspect-negotiator interaction (Avoidance, Distributive, Integrative). At each level of the structure, interactions were found to modulate around 3 thematic styles of Communication (Identity, Instrumental, Relational), which reflected the underlying motivational emphasis of individuals’ dialogue. Finally, the intensity of Communication was found to play a polarizing role in the cylinder, with intense, functionally discrete Behaviors occurring toward the boundary of the structure.
Suelee Robbeausterman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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draft genome sequence of the mycobacterium tuberculosis complex pathogen m mungi identified in a banded mongoose mungos mungo in northern botswana
Genome Announcements, 2016Co-Authors: Kathleen A. Alexander, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Tod Stuber, Patrick CampAbstract:ABSTRACT Mycobacterium mungi, a Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex pathogen, has emerged in banded mongoose in northern Botswana and Northwest Zimbabwe. The pathogen is transmitted through infected secretions used in olfactory Communication Behavior (K. A. Alexander, C. E. Sanderson, M. H. Larsen, S. Robbe-Austerman, M. C. Williams, and M. V. Palmer, mBio 7(3):e00281-16, 2016, http://dx.doi.org/10.1128/mBio.00281-16). We announce here the draft genome sequence of this emerging pathogen.
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emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:ABSTRACT An emerging Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex (MTC) pathogen, M. mungi , infects wild banded mongooses ( Mungos mungo ) in Northern Botswana, causing significant mortality. This MTC pathogen did not appear to be transmitted through a primary aerosol or oral route. We utilized histopathology, spoligotyping, mycobacterial interspersed repetitive units-variable number of tandem repeats (MIRU-VNTR), quantitative PCR (qPCR), and molecular markers (regions of difference [RDs] from various MTC members, including region of difference 1 [RD1] from M. bovis BCG [RD1 BCG ], M. microti [RD1 mic ], and M. pinnipedii [RD1 seal ], genes Rv1510 [RD4], Rv1970 [RD7], Rv3877/8 [RD1], and Rv3120 [RD12], insertion element IS 1561 , the 16S RNA gene, and gene Rv0577 [ cfp32 ]), including the newly characterized mongoose-specific deletion in RD1 (RD1 mon ), in order to demonstrate the presence of M. mungi DNA in infected mongooses and investigate pathogen invasion and exposure mechanisms. M. mungi DNA was identified in 29% of nasal planum samples ( n = 52), 56% of nasal rinses and swabs ( n = 9), 53% of oral swabs ( n = 19), 22% of urine samples ( n = 23), 33% of anal gland tissue ( n = 18), and 39% of anal gland secretions ( n = 44). The occurrence of extremely low cycle threshold values obtained with qPCR in anal gland and nasal planum samples indicates that high levels of M. mungi can be found in these tissue types. Histological data were consistent with these results, suggesting that pathogen invasion occurs through breaks in the nasal planum and/or skin of the mongoose host, which are in frequent contact with anal gland secretions and urine during olfactory Communication Behavior. Lesions in the lung, when present, occurred only with disseminated disease. No environmental sources of M. mungi DNA could be found. We report primary environmental transmission of an MTC pathogen that occurs in association with social Communication Behavior. IMPORTANCE Organisms causing infectious disease evolve modes of transmission that exploit environmental and host conditions favoring pathogen spread and persistence. We report a novel mode of environmental infectious disease transmission that occurs in association with olfactory secretions (e.g., urine and anal gland secretions), allowing pathogen exposure to occur within and between social groups through intricate social Communication Behaviors of the banded mongoose host. The presence of M. mungi in these environmentally deposited secretions would effectively circumvent natural social barriers (e.g., territoriality), facilitating between-group pathogen transmission in the absence of direct physical contact, a rare occurrence in this highly territorial species. This work identifies an important potential mechanism of pathogen transmission of epidemiological significance in social species. We also provide evidence of a novel mechanism of pathogen transmission for the MTC complex, where pathogen movement in the environment and host exposure dynamics are driven by social Behavior.
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erratum for alexander et al emerging tuberculosis pathogen hijacks social Communication Behavior in the group living banded mongoose mungos mungo
Mbio, 2016Co-Authors: Claire E. Sanderson, Mark C. Williams, Michelle H. Larsen, Suelee Robbeausterman, Mitchell V. PalmerAbstract:Volume 7, no 3, doi:[10.1128/mBio.00281-16][1], 2016. On PDF page 5, first column, the GenBank accession number “1910160” should be updated to “[KX174310][2].” The correct URL is [http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/nuccore/KX174310][3]. On PDF page 11, second column, “RD1mon, +700/− less