The Experts below are selected from a list of 210558 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Ichiro Kawachi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social interaction and cognitive decline results of a 7 year Community Intervention
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 2017Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hikichi, Katsunori Kondo, Tokunori Takeda, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:Abstract Introduction There are few Intervention studies that demonstrated linking social participation to lower risk of cognitive decline. We examined prospectively the protective effect of a Community Intervention program promoting social participation on the incidence of cognitive disability. Methods The baseline was established in a survey of Community-dwelling older people aged 65 years old or more in July 2006 (2793 respondents, response rate 48.5%). The setting was Taketoyo town in Japan, where municipal authorities launched an Intervention that was based on the establishment of Community-based centers called “salons,” where the town's senior residents could congregate and participate in social activities, ranging from arts and crafts, games, and interactive activities with preschool children. Three salons were established in May 2010, and a total of 10 salons were in operation by 2013. We recorded the frequency of salon participation among survey respondents till 2013 and conducted two follow-up surveys (in 2010 and 2013) to collect information about health status and behaviors. The onset of cognitive disability was followed from May 2007 to January 2014. We used the marginal structural models to evaluate the effect of program. Results The range of prevalence of cognitive disability was from 0.2% to 2.5% during the observation period. The proportion of respondents who participates to salons increased over time to about 11.7%. The frequency of salon participation was protectively associated with cognitive decline, even after adjusting for time-dependent covariates and attrition (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.54–0.99). Discussion Our study suggests that operating Community salons that encourage social interactions, light physical activity, and cognitive activities among older participants may be effective for preventing cognitive decline. In future studies, we need to understand what sorts of activities (e.g., those involving light physical activity vs. purely intellectual activities) are most effective in maintaining cognitive function.
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effect of a Community Intervention programme promoting social interactions on functional disability prevention for older adults propensity score matching and instrumental variable analyses jages taketoyo study
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2015Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hikichi, Katsunori Kondo, Tokunori Takeda, Naoki Kondo, Jun Aida, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:Background The efficacy of promoting social interactions to improve the health of older adults is not fully established due to residual confounding and selection bias. Methods The government of Taketoyo town, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, developed a resident-centred Community Intervention programme called ‘Community salons’, providing opportunities for social interactions among local older residents. To evaluate the impact of the programme, we conducted questionnaire surveys for all older residents of Taketoyo. We carried out a baseline survey in July 2006 (prior to the introduction of the programme) and assessed the onset of functional disability during March 2012. We analysed the data of 2421 older people. In addition to the standard Cox proportional hazard regression, we conducted Cox regression with propensity score matching (PSM) and an instrumental variable (IV) analysis, using the number of Community salons within a radius of 350 m from the participant’s home as an instrument. Results In the 5 years after the first salon was launched, the salon participants showed a 6.3% lower incidence of functional disability compared with non-participants. Even adjusting for sex, age, equivalent income, educational attainment, higher level activities of daily living and depression, the Cox adjusted HR for becoming disabled was 0.49 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.72). Similar results were observed using PSM (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.83) and IV-Cox analysis (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.74). Conclusions A Community health promotion programme focused on increasing social interactions among older adults may be effective in preventing the onset of disability.
Judith K Ockene - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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gender social pressure and smoking cessations the Community Intervention trial for smoking cessation commit at baseline
Social Science & Medicine, 1997Co-Authors: Jacqueline M Royce, Kitty K. Corbett, Glorian Sorensen, Judith K OckeneAbstract:This study was undertaken to examine gender differences in the perception of social constraints against smoking and to explore the role of other sociodemographic and smoking factors that influence the perception of social pressure. Baseline data from the 20 U.S. sites in the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) were analyzed. We found that women were less likely than men to be heavy smokers and to report that smoking had affected their health, but more likely to report behavior indicating physiological addition (timing of first cigarette). At all smoking levels, women were about twice as likely as men to report feeling pressure to quit, after adjusting for education, income, ethnic group, age, and other factors. The source of pressure, however, was different: more women report pressure from their children, whereas more men report pressure from friends and coworkers. Women were equally likely as men to make quit attempts, after adjusting for other factors, but were less likely to remain abstinent for at least 10 days. Women, regardless of education, ethnicity, and age, reported a greater tendency to ask permission before smoking in non-restricted public places. College-educated men were less likely than men without college education to smoke without asking in non-restricted places, but education did not influence whether women asked permission. For both sexes, smoking level and nicotine dependence were significant predictors of lighting up without asking in public places, after adjustment for other variables. We discuss these findings and their implications for the gender gap in smoking cessation and women's conflicting pressures to stop/continue smoking. Tobacco control efforts are discussed within the context of gender differences in social norms, roles, socialization, and communication cultures.
Hiroyuki Hikichi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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social interaction and cognitive decline results of a 7 year Community Intervention
Alzheimer's & Dementia: Translational Research & Clinical Interventions, 2017Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hikichi, Katsunori Kondo, Tokunori Takeda, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:Abstract Introduction There are few Intervention studies that demonstrated linking social participation to lower risk of cognitive decline. We examined prospectively the protective effect of a Community Intervention program promoting social participation on the incidence of cognitive disability. Methods The baseline was established in a survey of Community-dwelling older people aged 65 years old or more in July 2006 (2793 respondents, response rate 48.5%). The setting was Taketoyo town in Japan, where municipal authorities launched an Intervention that was based on the establishment of Community-based centers called “salons,” where the town's senior residents could congregate and participate in social activities, ranging from arts and crafts, games, and interactive activities with preschool children. Three salons were established in May 2010, and a total of 10 salons were in operation by 2013. We recorded the frequency of salon participation among survey respondents till 2013 and conducted two follow-up surveys (in 2010 and 2013) to collect information about health status and behaviors. The onset of cognitive disability was followed from May 2007 to January 2014. We used the marginal structural models to evaluate the effect of program. Results The range of prevalence of cognitive disability was from 0.2% to 2.5% during the observation period. The proportion of respondents who participates to salons increased over time to about 11.7%. The frequency of salon participation was protectively associated with cognitive decline, even after adjusting for time-dependent covariates and attrition (odds ratio = 0.73, 95% confidence interval: 0.54–0.99). Discussion Our study suggests that operating Community salons that encourage social interactions, light physical activity, and cognitive activities among older participants may be effective for preventing cognitive decline. In future studies, we need to understand what sorts of activities (e.g., those involving light physical activity vs. purely intellectual activities) are most effective in maintaining cognitive function.
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effect of a Community Intervention programme promoting social interactions on functional disability prevention for older adults propensity score matching and instrumental variable analyses jages taketoyo study
Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health, 2015Co-Authors: Hiroyuki Hikichi, Katsunori Kondo, Tokunori Takeda, Naoki Kondo, Jun Aida, Ichiro KawachiAbstract:Background The efficacy of promoting social interactions to improve the health of older adults is not fully established due to residual confounding and selection bias. Methods The government of Taketoyo town, Aichi Prefecture, Japan, developed a resident-centred Community Intervention programme called ‘Community salons’, providing opportunities for social interactions among local older residents. To evaluate the impact of the programme, we conducted questionnaire surveys for all older residents of Taketoyo. We carried out a baseline survey in July 2006 (prior to the introduction of the programme) and assessed the onset of functional disability during March 2012. We analysed the data of 2421 older people. In addition to the standard Cox proportional hazard regression, we conducted Cox regression with propensity score matching (PSM) and an instrumental variable (IV) analysis, using the number of Community salons within a radius of 350 m from the participant’s home as an instrument. Results In the 5 years after the first salon was launched, the salon participants showed a 6.3% lower incidence of functional disability compared with non-participants. Even adjusting for sex, age, equivalent income, educational attainment, higher level activities of daily living and depression, the Cox adjusted HR for becoming disabled was 0.49 (95% CI 0.33 to 0.72). Similar results were observed using PSM (HR 0.52, 95% CI 0.33 to 0.83) and IV-Cox analysis (HR 0.50, 95% CI 0.34 to 0.74). Conclusions A Community health promotion programme focused on increasing social interactions among older adults may be effective in preventing the onset of disability.
S L Mills - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Community Intervention trial for smoking cessation commit i cohort results from a four year Community Intervention
American Journal of Public Health, 1995Co-Authors: Thomas J Glynn, Sylvan B. Green, Donald R Shopland, Marc W Manley, W R Lynn, Laurence S Freedman, Donald K Corle, Barry I Graubard, Stuart G Baker, S L MillsAbstract:Objectives. The primary hypothesis of COMMIT (Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation) was that a Community-level, multi-channel, 4-year Intervention would increase quit rates among cigarette smokers, with heavy smokers (≥25 cigarettes per day) of priority. Methods. One Community within each of 11 matched Community pairs (10 in the United States, 1 in Canada) was randomly assigned to Intervention. Endpoint cohorts totaling 10 019 heavy smokers and 10328 light-to-moderate smokers were followed by telephone. Results. The mean heavy smoker quit rate (i.e., the fraction of cohort members who had achieved and maintained cessation at the end of the trial) was 0.180 for Intervention communities versus 0.187 for comparison communities, a nonsignificant difference (one-sided P = .68 by permutation test; 90% test-based confidence interval (CI) for the difference = -0.031, 0.019). For light-to-moderate smokers, corresponding quit rates were 0.306 and 0.275; this difference was significant (P = .004; 90% CI = 0.014, 0.047). Smokers in Intervention communities had greater perceived exposure to smoking control activities, which correlated with outcome only for light-to-moderate smokers. Conditions. The impact of this Community-based Intervention on light-to-moderate smokers, although modest, has public health importance. This Intervention did not increase quit rates of heavy smokers; reaching them may require new clinical programs and policy changes.
Glorian Sorensen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Implications of the results of Community Intervention trials.
Annual review of public health, 1998Co-Authors: Glorian Sorensen, Karen M. Emmons, Mary Kay Hunt, Douglas JohnstonAbstract:▪ Abstract This paper examines the results of population-level Interventions conducted in three settings: entire communities, worksites, and schools. Four major conclusions are discussed: (a) Directions for the next generation of Community-based Interventions include targeting multiple levels of influence; addressing social inequalities in disease risk; involving communities in program planning and implementation; incorporating approaches for “tailoring” Interventions; and utilizing rigorous process evaluation. (b) In addition to randomized controlled trials, it is time to use the full range of research phases available, from hypothesis generation and methods development to dissemination research. (c) The public health research agenda may have contributed to observed secular trends by placing behavioral risk factors on the social and media agendas. (d) The magnitude of the results of Community Intervention trials must be judged according to their potential public health or population-level effects. Small ...
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gender social pressure and smoking cessations the Community Intervention trial for smoking cessation commit at baseline
Social Science & Medicine, 1997Co-Authors: Jacqueline M Royce, Kitty K. Corbett, Glorian Sorensen, Judith K OckeneAbstract:This study was undertaken to examine gender differences in the perception of social constraints against smoking and to explore the role of other sociodemographic and smoking factors that influence the perception of social pressure. Baseline data from the 20 U.S. sites in the National Cancer Institute's Community Intervention Trial for Smoking Cessation (COMMIT) were analyzed. We found that women were less likely than men to be heavy smokers and to report that smoking had affected their health, but more likely to report behavior indicating physiological addition (timing of first cigarette). At all smoking levels, women were about twice as likely as men to report feeling pressure to quit, after adjusting for education, income, ethnic group, age, and other factors. The source of pressure, however, was different: more women report pressure from their children, whereas more men report pressure from friends and coworkers. Women were equally likely as men to make quit attempts, after adjusting for other factors, but were less likely to remain abstinent for at least 10 days. Women, regardless of education, ethnicity, and age, reported a greater tendency to ask permission before smoking in non-restricted public places. College-educated men were less likely than men without college education to smoke without asking in non-restricted places, but education did not influence whether women asked permission. For both sexes, smoking level and nicotine dependence were significant predictors of lighting up without asking in public places, after adjustment for other variables. We discuss these findings and their implications for the gender gap in smoking cessation and women's conflicting pressures to stop/continue smoking. Tobacco control efforts are discussed within the context of gender differences in social norms, roles, socialization, and communication cultures.