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Frank J. Chaloupka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Impact of Implementing Tobacco Control Policies: The 2017 Tobacco Control Policy Scorecard.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 2018Co-Authors: David T. Levy, Geoffrey T Fong, Jamie Tam, Charlene Kuo, Frank J. ChaloupkaAbstract:The Tobacco Control Scorecard, published in 2004, presented estimates of the effectiveness of different policies on smoking rates. Since its publication, new evidence has emerged. We update the Scorecard to include recent studies of demand-reducing Tobacco policies for high-income countries. We include cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, media campaigns, comprehensive Tobacco Control programs, marketing bans, health warnings, and cessation treatment policies. To update the 2004 Scorecard, a narrative review was conducted on reviews and studies published after 2000, with additional focus on 3 policies in which previous evidence was limited: Tobacco Control programs, graphic health warnings, and marketing bans. We consider evaluation studies that measured the effects of policies on smoking behaviors. Based on these findings, we derive estimates of short-term and long-term policy effect sizes. Cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, marketing restrictions, and comprehensive Tobacco Control programs are each found to play important roles in reducing smoking prevalence. Cessation treatment policies and graphic health warnings also reduce smoking and, when combined with policies that increase quit attempts, can improve quit success. The effect sizes are broadly consistent with those previously reported for the 2004 Scorecard but now reflect the larger evidence base evaluating the impact of health warnings and advertising restrictions.
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state Tobacco Control expenditures and tax paid cigarette sales
PLOS ONE, 2018Co-Authors: John A. Tauras, Xin Xu, Jidong Huang, Brian A King, Rene S Lavinghouze, Karla Sneegas, Frank J. ChaloupkaAbstract:This research is the first nationally representative study to examine the relationship between actual state-level Tobacco Control spending in each of the 5 CDC’s Best Practices for Comprehensive Tobacco Control Program categories and cigarette sales. We employed several alternative two-way fixed-effects regression techniques to estimate the determinants of cigarette sales in the United States for the years 2008–2012. State spending on Tobacco Control was found to have a negative and significant impact on cigarette sales in all models that were estimated. Spending in the areas of cessation interventions, health communication interventions, and state and community interventions were found to have a negative impact on cigarette sales in all models that were estimated, whereas spending in the areas of surveillance and evaluation, and administration and management were found to have negative effects on cigarette sales in only some models. Our models predict that states that spend up to seven times their current levels could still see significant reductions in cigarette sales. The findings from this research could help inform further investments in state Tobacco Control programs.
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The economics of Tobacco Control: evidence from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project
Tobacco Control, 2014Co-Authors: John A. Tauras, Frank J. Chaloupka, Anne Chiew Kin Quah, Geoffrey T FongAbstract:Over the past few decades, the importance of economic research in advancing Tobacco Control policies has become increasingly clear. Extensive research has demonstrated that increasing Tobacco taxes and prices is the single most cost-effective Tobacco Control measure. The research contained in this supplement adds to this evidence and provides new insights into how smokers respond to tax and price changes using the rich data on purchase behaviours, brand choices, tax avoidance and evasion, and Tobacco use collected systematically and consistently across countries and over time by the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project. The findings from this research will help inform policymakers, public health professionals, advocates, and others seeking to maximise the public health and economic benefits from higher taxes.
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The effects of Tobacco Control policies on smoking rates: a Tobacco Control scorecard.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 2004Co-Authors: David T. Levy, Frank J. Chaloupka, Joseph GitchellAbstract:This article reviews studies of the effect of Tobacco Control policies on smoking rates with the aim of providing guidance on the importance of different policies. Based on past studies, we estimate the magnitude of effects of major Tobacco Control policies, how their effects depend on the manner in which the policies are implemented, the relationship between the different policies, and the barriers to implementation. The most successful campaigns have implemented a combination of Tobacco Control policies. Of those policies, substantial evidence indicates that higher taxes and clean air laws can have a large impact on smoking rates. Evidence also indicates that media campaigns when implemented with other policies are important. Research on greater access to treatment and telephone support hotlines indicates a strong potential to increase quit rates and may be important in affecting heavier smokers. Direct evidence on the effects of advertising bans and health warnings is mixed, but these policies appear to be important in some of the countries that have had success in reducing smoking rates. School education programs and limits on retail sales are not likely to have much impact if implemented alone, but may be more important when combined with other policies.
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The economics of global Tobacco Control
BMJ, 2000Co-Authors: Prabhat Jha, Frank J. ChaloupkaAbstract:Few people now dispute that smoking is damaging human health on a global scale.1 However, many governments have avoided taking action to Control smoking—such as higher taxes—because of concerns that their interventions might have harmful economic consequences, such as permanent job losses. In 1997 the World Bank, in partnership with the World Health Organization, began a global study on the economics of Tobacco Control. A team of over 40 economists, epidemiologists, and Tobacco Control experts critically examined the current state of knowledge about Tobacco Control. The aim was to provide a sound and comprehensive evidence base for the design of effective Tobacco Control policies in any country, with an emphasis on the needs of the low income and middle income countries, where most smokers live. A synopsis of this work, including interim results, was published in 1999.2 Final results, including 19 chapters and a statistical appendix, are now available.3 This article presents the key findings from this study. #### Summary points Tax increases are the single most effective intervention to reduce demand for Tobacco (tax increases that raise the real price of cigarettes by 10% would reduce smoking by about 4% in high income countries and by about 8% in low income or middle income countries) Tax comprises about two thirds of retail price of cigarettes in most high income countries but is less than half of the total price on average in lower income countries Improvements in the quality and extent of information, comprehensive bans on Tobacco advertising and promotion, prominent warning labels, restrictions on smoking in public places, and increased access to nicotine replacement treatments are effective in reducing smoking Reducing the supply of Tobacco is not effective in reducing Tobacco consumption Comprehensive Tobacco Control policies are unlikely to harm economies Each chapter of the study relied on …
Becky Freeman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Why is Tobacco Control progress in Indonesia stalled? - a qualitative analysis of interviews with Tobacco Control experts.
BMC Public Health, 2020Co-Authors: Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti, Mary Assunta, Becky FreemanAbstract:Indonesia shoulders a significant Tobacco burden, with almost two million cases of Tobacco-related illnesses and more than two hundred thousand Tobacco-related deaths annually. Indonesian Tobacco Control is progressing but lags behind other countries. Our study evaluates factors that contribute to the slow progress of Tobacco policy change in Indonesia from the perspective of Tobacco Control experts (TCEs). We conducted qualitative interviews with four international and ten national TCEs, who have been active in Tobacco Control for at least 5 years. Our interview guideline included questions on the current Tobacco Control situation in Indonesia and explored reasons why Tobacco Control is progressing so slowly. The interviews were conducted either in English or Bahasa Indonesia, recorded and then transcribed verbatim. We conducted a thematic analysis based on five core causal factors for policy adoption: institutions, networks, socio-economic factors, agendas and ideas. The multistage delay of Tobacco policy adoption is principally due to political structures and policy hierarchy, complex bureaucracy, unclear roles and responsibilities, and a high degree of corruption. The low bargaining position and lack of respect for the Ministry of Health also contributes. There are contrasting frames of Tobacco as a strategic economic asset and Tobacco Control as a sovereignty threat. There is an imbalance of power and influence between well entrenched and resourced Tobacco industry networks compared to relatively young and less established Tobacco Control networks. The policy agenda is likely influenced by the privileged position of Tobacco in Indonesia as a socially acceptable product with high consumption. There are constraints on transferring ideas and evidence to successful policy adoption. Tobacco companies have substantially influenced both policy decisions and public perceptions, signifying a power imbalance within the government system and broader networks. Acceding to and enforcing the World Health Organization- Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) would enable the Indonesian government to shift the power imbalance towards public health stakeholders. Tobacco Control advocates must enhance their network cohesion and embrace other community groups to improve engagement and communication with policymakers.
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Why is Tobacco Control progress in Indonesia stalled? - A qualitative analysis of interviews with Tobacco Control experts
2020Co-Authors: Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti, Mary Assunta, Becky FreemanAbstract:Abstract Background Indonesia shoulders a significant Tobacco burden, with almost two million cases of Tobacco-related illnesses and more than two hundred thousand Tobacco-related deaths annually. Indonesian Tobacco Control is progressing but lags behind other countries. Our study evaluates factors that contribute to the slow progress of Tobacco policy change in Indonesia from the perspective of Tobacco Control experts (TCEs). Method We conducted qualitative interviews with four international and ten national TCEs, who have been active in Tobacco Control for at least 5 years. Our interview guideline included questions on the current Tobacco Control situation in Indonesia and explored reasons why Tobacco Control is progressing so slowly. The interviews were conducted either in English or Bahasa Indonesia, recorded and then transcribed verbatim. We conducted a thematic analysis based on five core causal factors for policy adoption: institutions, networks, socio-economic factors, agendas and ideas. Results The multistage delay of Tobacco policy adoption is principally due to political structures and policy hierarchy, complex bureaucracy, unclear roles and responsibilities, and a high degree of corruption. The low bargaining position and lack of respect for the Ministry of Health also contributes. There are contrasting frames of Tobacco as a strategic economic asset and Tobacco Control as a sovereignty threat. There is an imbalance of power and influence between well entrenched and resourced Tobacco industry networks compared to relatively young and less established Tobacco Control networks. The policy agenda is likely influenced by the privileged position of Tobacco in Indonesia as a socially acceptable product with high consumption. There are constraints on transferring ideas and evidence to successful policy adoption. Conclusion Tobacco companies have substantially influenced both policy decisions and public perceptions, signifying a power imbalance within the government system and broader networks. Acceding to and enforcing the World Health Organization-Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (WHO-FCTC) would enable the Indonesian government to shift the power imbalance towards public health stakeholders. Tobacco Control advocates must enhance their network cohesion and embrace other community groups to improve engagement and communication with policymakers.
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Why is Tobacco Control progress in Indonesia stalled? - A qualitative analysis of interviews with Tobacco Control experts
2019Co-Authors: Putu Ayu Swandewi Astuti, Mary Assunta, Becky FreemanAbstract:Abstract Introduction Indonesia shoulders a significant Tobacco burden, with almost two million cases of Tobacco-related illnesses and more than two hundred thousand Tobacco-related deaths annually. Indonesian Tobacco Control is progressing but lags behind other countries. Our study evaluates factors that contribute to the slow progress of Tobacco policy change in Indonesia from the perspective of Tobacco Control experts (TCEs).Method We conducted qualitative interviews with four international and ten national TCEs, who have been active in Tobacco Control for at least 5 years. Our interview guideline included questions on the current Tobacco Control situation in Indonesia and explored reasons why Tobacco Control is progressing so slowly. The interviews were conducted either in English or Bahasa Indonesia, recorded and then transcribed verbatim. We conducted a thematic analysis based on five core causal factors for policy adoption: institutions, networks, socio-economic factors, agendas and ideas.Results and Discussion The multistage delay of Tobacco policy adoption is principally due to political structures and policy hierarchy, complex bureaucracy, unclear roles and responsibilities, and a high degree of corruption. The low bargaining position and lack of respect for the Ministry of Health also contributes. There are contrasting frames of Tobacco as a strategic economic asset and Tobacco Control as a sovereignty threat. There is an imbalance of power and influence between well entrenched and resourced Tobacco industry networks compared to relatively young and less established Tobacco Control networks. The policy agenda is likely influenced by the privileged position of Tobacco in Indonesia as a socially acceptable product with high consumption. There are constraints on transferring ideas and evidence to successful policy adoption.Conclusion Tobacco companies have substantially influenced both policy decisions and public perceptions, signifying a power imbalance within the government system and broader networks. Acceding to and enforcing the WHO-FCTC would enable the Indonesian government to shift the power imbalance towards public health stakeholders. Tobacco Control advocates must enhance their network cohesion and embrace other community groups to improve engagement and communication with policymakers.
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New media and Tobacco Control
Tobacco Control, 2012Co-Authors: Becky FreemanAbstract:Objective This paper reviews how the Tobacco industry is promoting its products online and examines possible regulation models to limit exposure to this form of marketing. Opportunities to use new media to advance Tobacco Control are also discussed and future research possibilities are proposed. Data sources Published articles and grey literature reports were identified through searches of the electronic databases, PUBMED and Google Scholar using a combination of the following search terms: Tobacco or smoking and new media, online media, social media, internet media, Web 2.0, Facebook, YouTube and Twitter. Results A possible obstacle to fully realising the benefits of regulating Tobacco marketing activities and effectively communicating Tobacco Control messages is the rapid evolution of the media landscape. New media also offer the Tobacco industry a powerful and efficient channel for rapidly countering the denormalising strategies and policies of Tobacco Control. Evidence of Tobacco promotion through online media is emerging, with YouTube being the most researched social media site in the Tobacco Control field. Conclusions The explosive rise in Internet use and the shift to these new media being driven by consumer generated content through social platforms may mean that fresh approaches to regulating Tobacco industry marketing are needed.
Control Program - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Tobacco Control In California: Who's Winning The War? An Evalution of the Tobacco Control Program, 1989-1996
Tobacco Control, 1998Co-Authors: Control ProgramAbstract:Executive Summary The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California. A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time. The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the Tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5:1 in favor of the Tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased Tobacco industry expenditures. The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand Tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important findings, including those relating to secondhand smoke, are summarized under the five main Tobacco Control strategies identified by the Tobacco Education, Research, and Oversight Committee (TEROC).
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Tobacco Control In California: Who's Winning The War? An Evalution of the Tobacco Control Program, 1989-1996 - eScholarship
1998Co-Authors: Control ProgramAbstract:Executive Summary The California Department of Health Services contracted with the University of California, San Diego, to conduct a series of California Tobacco Surveys and to provide an independent and scientific assessment of the progress of the California Tobacco Control Program. Any interpretations of data or conclusions expressed in this report are those of the authors and may not represent the views of the State of California. A primary goal of the Tobacco Control Program is to reduce smoking among California adults and adolescents. Assessment of Program progress in meeting this goal involves an examination of trends in per capita cigarette consumption and smoking prevalence. Program effects must be distinguished from differences resulting from changes in the demographic profile of the California population. Standardized prevalence estimates were more rapid decline in smoking than existed previously or that occurred in the rest of the United States. Moreover, the effect should persist over time. The analysis considered two periods in the Tobacco Control Program, suggested by changes in per capita cigarette consumption trends, standardized adult smoking prevalence estimates from the California Tobacco Surveys, and the relative level of funding for the Program and what the Tobacco industry spends to promote smoking. Before fiscal year 1992-1993, the ratio of spending was 5:1 in favor of the Tobacco industry and subsequently it was 10:1. The higher ratio resulted from funding for the Tobacco Control Program and increased Tobacco industry expenditures. The first part of this executive summary presents a brief overview of the main evaluative outcomes relative to the California Tobacco Control Program: smoking behavior and exposure to secondhand Tobacco smoke. Following this brief overview, trends in smoking behavior are discussed in more detail. Finally, other important findings, including those relating to secondhand smoke, are summarized under the five main Tobacco Control strategies identified by the Tobacco Education, Research, and Oversight Committee (TEROC).
Geoffrey T Fong - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Impact of Implementing Tobacco Control Policies: The 2017 Tobacco Control Policy Scorecard.
Journal of Public Health Management and Practice, 2018Co-Authors: David T. Levy, Geoffrey T Fong, Jamie Tam, Charlene Kuo, Frank J. ChaloupkaAbstract:The Tobacco Control Scorecard, published in 2004, presented estimates of the effectiveness of different policies on smoking rates. Since its publication, new evidence has emerged. We update the Scorecard to include recent studies of demand-reducing Tobacco policies for high-income countries. We include cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, media campaigns, comprehensive Tobacco Control programs, marketing bans, health warnings, and cessation treatment policies. To update the 2004 Scorecard, a narrative review was conducted on reviews and studies published after 2000, with additional focus on 3 policies in which previous evidence was limited: Tobacco Control programs, graphic health warnings, and marketing bans. We consider evaluation studies that measured the effects of policies on smoking behaviors. Based on these findings, we derive estimates of short-term and long-term policy effect sizes. Cigarette taxes, smoke-free air laws, marketing restrictions, and comprehensive Tobacco Control programs are each found to play important roles in reducing smoking prevalence. Cessation treatment policies and graphic health warnings also reduce smoking and, when combined with policies that increase quit attempts, can improve quit success. The effect sizes are broadly consistent with those previously reported for the 2004 Scorecard but now reflect the larger evidence base evaluating the impact of health warnings and advertising restrictions.
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The economics of Tobacco Control: evidence from the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Policy Evaluation Project
Tobacco Control, 2014Co-Authors: John A. Tauras, Frank J. Chaloupka, Anne Chiew Kin Quah, Geoffrey T FongAbstract:Over the past few decades, the importance of economic research in advancing Tobacco Control policies has become increasingly clear. Extensive research has demonstrated that increasing Tobacco taxes and prices is the single most cost-effective Tobacco Control measure. The research contained in this supplement adds to this evidence and provides new insights into how smokers respond to tax and price changes using the rich data on purchase behaviours, brand choices, tax avoidance and evasion, and Tobacco use collected systematically and consistently across countries and over time by the International Tobacco Control (ITC) Project. The findings from this research will help inform policymakers, public health professionals, advocates, and others seeking to maximise the public health and economic benefits from higher taxes.
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Building the evidence base for effective Tobacco Control policies: the International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (the ITC Project)
Tobacco Control, 2006Co-Authors: Geoffrey T Fong, Cummings Km, Shopland DrAbstract:The Framework Convention on Tobacco Control (FCTC) is a seminal event in Tobacco Control and in global health. Scientific evidence guided the creation of the FCTC, and as the treaty moves into its implementation phase, scientific evidence can be used to guide the formulation of evidence-based Tobacco Control policies. The International Tobacco Control Policy Evaluation Project (ITC Project) is a transdisciplinary international collaboration of Tobacco Control researchers who have created research studies to evaluate and understand the psychosocial and behavioural impact of FCTC policies as they are implemented in participating ITC countries, which together are inhabited by over 45% of the world’s smokers. This introduction to the ITC Project supplement of Tobacco Control presents a brief outline of the ITC Project, including a summary of key findings to date. The overall conceptual model and methodology of the ITC Project—involving representative national cohort surveys created from a common conceptual model, with common methods and measures across countries—may hold promise as a useful paradigm in efforts to evaluate and understand the impact of population-based interventions in other important domains of health, such as obesity.
Hye-youn Park - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Policy-driven Tobacco Control.
Tobacco Control, 2010Co-Authors: John A Francis, Erin Abramsohn, Hye-youn ParkAbstract:Background Since the passage of Proposition 99, California9s comprehensive Tobacco Control programme has benefited from a localised policy adoption process that allows for the innovation and diffusion of strong local Tobacco Control policies throughout the state. Methods The policy adoption continuum is described in the context of California9s smoke-free workplace movement, and the influence of policy-driven Tobacco Control initiatives on social norms, behaviour and the public9s health was examined. Results The Smoke-free California policy adoption continuum reflects a general approach for policy innovation and diffusion that builds social acceptance and influences social norms, while minimising unintended consequences and creating best practices in Tobacco Control. California9s local smoke-free workplace policies have reduced secondhand smoke exposure and supported attitude and behaviour changes. The effects of local policy adoption led to the nation9s first statewide smoke-free workplace law. Conclusions Proposition 99 created an unprecedented Tobacco Control infrastructure that supported local policy innovation and diffusion to influence social norms and behaviours. Tobacco Control policy efforts should address campaign challenges, oppose pre-emption and confront Tobacco industry influence. Advocates must be cautious of pursuing a statewide policy prematurely, as it may result in a weak and/or pre-emptive policy that can stymie local policy efforts and prolong the adoption of a meaningful statewide policy.
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Policy-driven Tobacco Control.
Tobacco control, 2010Co-Authors: John A Francis, Erin Abramsohn, Hye-youn ParkAbstract:Since the passage of Proposition 99, California's comprehensive Tobacco Control programme has benefited from a localised policy adoption process that allows for the innovation and diffusion of strong local Tobacco Control policies throughout the state. The policy adoption continuum is described in the context of California's smoke-free workplace movement, and the influence of policy-driven Tobacco Control initiatives on social norms, behaviour and the public's health was examined. The Smoke-free California policy adoption continuum reflects a general approach for policy innovation and diffusion that builds social acceptance and influences social norms, while minimising unintended consequences and creating best practices in Tobacco Control. California's local smoke-free workplace policies have reduced secondhand smoke exposure and supported attitude and behaviour changes. The effects of local policy adoption led to the nation's first statewide smoke-free workplace law. Proposition 99 created an unprecedented Tobacco Control infrastructure that supported local policy innovation and diffusion to influence social norms and behaviours. Tobacco Control policy efforts should address campaign challenges, oppose pre-emption and confront Tobacco industry influence. Advocates must be cautious of pursuing a statewide policy prematurely, as it may result in a weak and/or pre-emptive policy that can stymie local policy efforts and prolong the adoption of a meaningful statewide policy.
