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Rui Diogo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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evolutionary developmental pathology and anthropology a new field linking development Comparative Anatomy human evolution morphological variations and defects and medicine
Developmental Dynamics, 2015Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Christopher M Smith, Janine M ZiermannAbstract:We introduce a new subfield of the recently created field of Evolutionary-Developmental-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-Anth): Evolutionary-Developmental-Pathology-and-Anthropology (Evo-Devo-P'Anth). This subfield combines experimental and developmental studies of nonhuman model organisms, biological anthropology, chordate Comparative Anatomy and evolution, and the study of normal and pathological human development. Instead of focusing on other organisms to try to better understand human development, evolution, Anatomy, and pathology, it places humans as the central case study, i.e., as truly model organism themselves. We summarize the results of our recent Evo-Devo-P'Anth studies and discuss long-standing questions in each of the broader biological fields combined in this subfield, paying special attention to the links between: (1) Human anomalies and variations, nonpentadactyly, homeotic transformations, and "nearest neighbor" vs. "find and seek" muscle-skeleton associations in limb+facial muscles vs. other head muscles; (2) Developmental constraints, the notion of "phylotypic stage," internalism vs. externalism, and the "logic of monsters" vs. "lack of homeostasis" views about human birth defects; (3) Human evolution, reversions, atavisms, paedomorphosis, and peromorphosis; (4) Scala naturae, Haeckelian recapitulation, von Baer's laws, and parallelism between phylogeny and development, here formally defined as "Phylo-Devo parallelism"; and (5) Patau, Edwards, and Down syndrome (trisomies 13, 18, 21), atavisms, apoptosis, heart malformations, and medical implications.
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Comparative Anatomy evolution and homologies of tetrapod hindlimb muscles comparison with forelimb muscles and deconstruction of the forelimb hindlimb serial homology hypothesis
Anatomical Record-advances in Integrative Anatomy and Evolutionary Biology, 2014Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Julia MolnarAbstract:For more than two centuries, the idea that the forelimb and hindlimb are serially homologous structures has been accepted without serious question. This study presents the first detailed analysis of the evolution and homologies of all hindlimb muscles in representatives of each major tetrapod group and proposes a unifying nomenclature for these muscles. These data are compared with information obtained previously about the forelimb muscles of tetrapods and the muscles of other gnathostomes in order to address one of the most central and enigmatic questions in evolutionary and Comparative Anatomy: why are the pelvic and pectoral appendages of gnathostomes generally so similar to each other? An integrative analysis of the new myological data, combined with a review of recent paleontological, developmental, and genetic works and of older studies, does not support serial homology between the structures of these appendages. For instance, many of the strikingly similar forelimb and hindlimb muscles found in each major extant tetrapod taxon were acquired at different geological times and/or have different embryonic origins. These similar muscles are not serial homologues, but the result of evolutionary parallelism/convergence due to a complex interplay of ontogenetic, functional, topological, and phylogenetic constraints/factors.
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Comparative Anatomy and phylogeny of primate muscles and human evolution
2012Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Bernard WoodAbstract:Introduction Phylogenetic relationships among modern humans and other primates. Reliability of phylogenies and the use of myological data in cladistic analyses. The study of primate muscles. Goals of the present study and structure of the dissertation. Materials & Methods Taxonomic nomenclature, biological material, and dissections. Anatomical regions, nomenclature, and tables. Homology. Cladistic analyses. Phylogenetic Analyses of Primates Based on the Muscles of the Head, Neck, Pectoral Region and Upper Limb Results of the cladistic analyses. Synapomorphies of clades and apomorphies of terminal taxa. List of phylogenetic characters-Mandibular muscles Hyoid muscles Branchial muscles Hypobranchial muscles Pectoral muscles Arm muscles Ventral (volar) forearm muscles Hand muscles Dorsal forearm muscles. General Remarks on the Evolution of the Head, Neck, Pectoral Region and Upper Limb Muscles of Primates, with Notes on their Evolution in Hominoids References. Appendix I. Tables of Primate Head, Neck, Pectoral and Upper Limb Muscles. Appendix II. Photographs of Primate Head, Neck, Pectoral and Upper Limb Muscles.
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Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature of tetrapods with special attention to extant limbed amphibians and reptiles
Journal of Anatomy, 2010Co-Authors: Virginia Abdala, Rui DiogoAbstract:The main aim of the present work is to synthesize the information obtained from our dissections of the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of the major extant taxa of limbed amphibians and reptiles and from our review of the literature, in order to provide an account of the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of these muscles in the Tetrapoda. The pectoral and forelimb musculature of all these major taxa conform to a general pattern that seems to have been acquired very early in the evolutionary history of tetrapods. Although some muscles are missing in certain taxa, and a clear departure from this general pattern is obviously present in derived groups such as birds, the same overall configuration is easily distinguishable in these taxa. Among the most notable anatomical differences between the groups, one that seems to have relevant evolutionary and functional implications, concerns the distal insertion points of the forearm musculature. In tetrapods, the muscles of the radial and ulnar complexes of the forearm are pleisomorphically mainly inserted onto the radius/ulna or onto the more proximal carpal bones, but in mammals some of these muscles insert more distally onto bones such as the metacarpals. Interestingly, a similar trend towards a more distal insertion of these muscles is also found in some non-mammalian tetrapod taxa, such as some anurans (e.g. Phyllomedusa). This may be correlated with the acquisition of more subtle digital movement abilities in these latter taxa.
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muscles of vertebrates Comparative Anatomy evolution homologies and development
2010Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia AbdalaAbstract:Introduction and Aims Methodology and Material Muscles of Non-Osteichthyan Vertebrates Head and Neck Muscles of Actinopterygians and Basal Sarcopterygians From Sarcopterygian Fish to Modern Humans: Head and Neck Muscles Head and Neck Muscles of Amphibians Head and Neck Muscles of Reptiles Pectoral and Pectoral Fin Muscles of Actinopterygian and Sarcopterygian Fishes From Sarcopterygian Fish to Modern Humans: Pectoral and Forelimb Muscles Pectoral and Forelimb Muscles of Limbed Amphibians and Reptiles General Comments
Bernard Wood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Anatomy and phylogeny of primate muscles and human evolution
2012Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Bernard WoodAbstract:Introduction Phylogenetic relationships among modern humans and other primates. Reliability of phylogenies and the use of myological data in cladistic analyses. The study of primate muscles. Goals of the present study and structure of the dissertation. Materials & Methods Taxonomic nomenclature, biological material, and dissections. Anatomical regions, nomenclature, and tables. Homology. Cladistic analyses. Phylogenetic Analyses of Primates Based on the Muscles of the Head, Neck, Pectoral Region and Upper Limb Results of the cladistic analyses. Synapomorphies of clades and apomorphies of terminal taxa. List of phylogenetic characters-Mandibular muscles Hyoid muscles Branchial muscles Hypobranchial muscles Pectoral muscles Arm muscles Ventral (volar) forearm muscles Hand muscles Dorsal forearm muscles. General Remarks on the Evolution of the Head, Neck, Pectoral Region and Upper Limb Muscles of Primates, with Notes on their Evolution in Hominoids References. Appendix I. Tables of Primate Head, Neck, Pectoral and Upper Limb Muscles. Appendix II. Photographs of Primate Head, Neck, Pectoral and Upper Limb Muscles.
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2009Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, M A Aziz, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent study Diogo & Abdala [(2007) J Morphol 268, 504–517] reported the results of the first part of a research project on the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish and tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. This study, which reports the second part of the research project, focuses mainly on sarcopterygians and particularly on how the pectoral and forelimb muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals and humans. The data obtained by our own dissections of all the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of groups as diverse as sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons clearly stress that, with regard to the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles, the most striking transition within sarcopterygian evolutionary history was that leading to the origin of tetrapods. Whereas extant sarcopterygian fish have an abductor and adductor of the fin and a largely undifferentiated hypaxial and epaxial musculature, extant salamanders such as Ambystoma have more than 40 pectoral and forelimb muscles. There is no clear increase in the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles within the evolutionary transition that led to the origin of mammals and surely not to that leading to the origin of primates and humans.
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the head and neck musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2008Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent paper Diogo (2008) reported the results of the first part of an investigation of the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the head and neck muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish + tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish, but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. The present paper focuses mainly on sarcopterygians, and particularly on how the head and neck muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals, including modern humans. The data obtained from our dissections of the head and neck muscles of representative members of sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals, such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including modern humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons indicate that the number of mandibular and true branchial muscles (sensu this work) present in modern humans is smaller than that found in mammals such as tree-shrews, rats and monotremes, as well as in reptiles such as lizards. Regarding the pharyngeal musculature, there is an increase in the number of muscles at the time of the evolutionary transition leading to therian mammals, but there was no significant increase during the transition leading to the emergence of higher primates and modern humans. The number of hypobranchial muscles is relatively constant within the therian mammals we examined, although in this case modern humans have more muscles than other mammals. The number of laryngeal and facial muscles in modern humans is greater than that found in most other therian taxa. Interestingly, modern humans possess peculiar laryngeal and facial muscles that are not present in the majority of the other mammalian taxa; this seems to corroborate the crucial role played by vocal communication and by facial expressions in primate and especially in human evolution. It is hoped that by compiling, in one paper, data about the head and neck muscles of a wide range of sarcopterygians, the present work could be useful to Comparative anatomists, evolutionary biologists and functional morphologists and to researchers working in other fields such as developmental biology, genetics and/or evolutionary developmental biology.
Virginia Abdala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature of tetrapods with special attention to extant limbed amphibians and reptiles
Journal of Anatomy, 2010Co-Authors: Virginia Abdala, Rui DiogoAbstract:The main aim of the present work is to synthesize the information obtained from our dissections of the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of the major extant taxa of limbed amphibians and reptiles and from our review of the literature, in order to provide an account of the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of these muscles in the Tetrapoda. The pectoral and forelimb musculature of all these major taxa conform to a general pattern that seems to have been acquired very early in the evolutionary history of tetrapods. Although some muscles are missing in certain taxa, and a clear departure from this general pattern is obviously present in derived groups such as birds, the same overall configuration is easily distinguishable in these taxa. Among the most notable anatomical differences between the groups, one that seems to have relevant evolutionary and functional implications, concerns the distal insertion points of the forearm musculature. In tetrapods, the muscles of the radial and ulnar complexes of the forearm are pleisomorphically mainly inserted onto the radius/ulna or onto the more proximal carpal bones, but in mammals some of these muscles insert more distally onto bones such as the metacarpals. Interestingly, a similar trend towards a more distal insertion of these muscles is also found in some non-mammalian tetrapod taxa, such as some anurans (e.g. Phyllomedusa). This may be correlated with the acquisition of more subtle digital movement abilities in these latter taxa.
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muscles of vertebrates Comparative Anatomy evolution homologies and development
2010Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia AbdalaAbstract:Introduction and Aims Methodology and Material Muscles of Non-Osteichthyan Vertebrates Head and Neck Muscles of Actinopterygians and Basal Sarcopterygians From Sarcopterygian Fish to Modern Humans: Head and Neck Muscles Head and Neck Muscles of Amphibians Head and Neck Muscles of Reptiles Pectoral and Pectoral Fin Muscles of Actinopterygian and Sarcopterygian Fishes From Sarcopterygian Fish to Modern Humans: Pectoral and Forelimb Muscles Pectoral and Forelimb Muscles of Limbed Amphibians and Reptiles General Comments
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2009Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, M A Aziz, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent study Diogo & Abdala [(2007) J Morphol 268, 504–517] reported the results of the first part of a research project on the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish and tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. This study, which reports the second part of the research project, focuses mainly on sarcopterygians and particularly on how the pectoral and forelimb muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals and humans. The data obtained by our own dissections of all the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of groups as diverse as sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons clearly stress that, with regard to the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles, the most striking transition within sarcopterygian evolutionary history was that leading to the origin of tetrapods. Whereas extant sarcopterygian fish have an abductor and adductor of the fin and a largely undifferentiated hypaxial and epaxial musculature, extant salamanders such as Ambystoma have more than 40 pectoral and forelimb muscles. There is no clear increase in the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles within the evolutionary transition that led to the origin of mammals and surely not to that leading to the origin of primates and humans.
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the head and neck musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2008Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent paper Diogo (2008) reported the results of the first part of an investigation of the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the head and neck muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish + tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish, but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. The present paper focuses mainly on sarcopterygians, and particularly on how the head and neck muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals, including modern humans. The data obtained from our dissections of the head and neck muscles of representative members of sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals, such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including modern humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons indicate that the number of mandibular and true branchial muscles (sensu this work) present in modern humans is smaller than that found in mammals such as tree-shrews, rats and monotremes, as well as in reptiles such as lizards. Regarding the pharyngeal musculature, there is an increase in the number of muscles at the time of the evolutionary transition leading to therian mammals, but there was no significant increase during the transition leading to the emergence of higher primates and modern humans. The number of hypobranchial muscles is relatively constant within the therian mammals we examined, although in this case modern humans have more muscles than other mammals. The number of laryngeal and facial muscles in modern humans is greater than that found in most other therian taxa. Interestingly, modern humans possess peculiar laryngeal and facial muscles that are not present in the majority of the other mammalian taxa; this seems to corroborate the crucial role played by vocal communication and by facial expressions in primate and especially in human evolution. It is hoped that by compiling, in one paper, data about the head and neck muscles of a wide range of sarcopterygians, the present work could be useful to Comparative anatomists, evolutionary biologists and functional morphologists and to researchers working in other fields such as developmental biology, genetics and/or evolutionary developmental biology.
Rachel A Racicot - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Anatomy of the bony labyrinth of extant and extinct porpoises cetacea phocoenidae
Biological Journal of The Linnean Society, 2016Co-Authors: William Gearty, Naoki Kohno, Rachel A Racicot, John J. FlynnAbstract:The inner ear Anatomy of cetaceans, now more readily accessible by means of nondestructive high-resolution X-ray computed tomographic (CT) scanning, provides a window into their acoustic abilities and ecological preferences. Inner ear labyrinths also may be a source for additional morphological characters for phylogenetic analyses. In this study, we explore digital endocasts of the inner ear labyrinths of representative species of extinct and extant porpoises (Mammalia: Cetacea: Phocoenidae), a clade of some of the smallest odontocete cetaceans, which produce some of the highest-frequency clicks for biosonar and communication. Metrics used to infer hearing ranges based on cochlear morphology indicate that all taxa considered could hear high-frequency sounds, thus the group had already acquired high-frequency hearing capabilities by the Miocene (9–11 Mya) at the latest. Vestibular morphology indicates that extant species with pelagic preferences have similarly low semicircular canal deviations from 90°, values indicating more sensitivity to head rotations. Species with near-shore preferences have higher canal deviation values, indicating less sensitivity to head rotations. Extending these analyses to the extinct species, we demonstrate a good match between those predicted to have coastal (such as Semirostrum cerutti) preferences and high canal deviation values. We establish new body length relationships based on correlations with inner ear labyrinth volume, which can be further explored among other aquatic mammals to infer body size of specimens consisting of fragmentary material.
N Lonergan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the pectoral and forelimb musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2009Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, M A Aziz, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent study Diogo & Abdala [(2007) J Morphol 268, 504–517] reported the results of the first part of a research project on the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the pectoral muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish and tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. This study, which reports the second part of the research project, focuses mainly on sarcopterygians and particularly on how the pectoral and forelimb muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals and humans. The data obtained by our own dissections of all the pectoral and forelimb muscles of representative members of groups as diverse as sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons clearly stress that, with regard to the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles, the most striking transition within sarcopterygian evolutionary history was that leading to the origin of tetrapods. Whereas extant sarcopterygian fish have an abductor and adductor of the fin and a largely undifferentiated hypaxial and epaxial musculature, extant salamanders such as Ambystoma have more than 40 pectoral and forelimb muscles. There is no clear increase in the number of pectoral and forelimb muscles within the evolutionary transition that led to the origin of mammals and surely not to that leading to the origin of primates and humans.
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from fish to modern humans Comparative Anatomy homologies and evolution of the head and neck musculature
Journal of Anatomy, 2008Co-Authors: Rui Diogo, Virginia Abdala, N Lonergan, Bernard WoodAbstract:In a recent paper Diogo (2008) reported the results of the first part of an investigation of the Comparative Anatomy, homologies and evolution of the head and neck muscles of osteichthyans (bony fish + tetrapods). That report mainly focused on actinopterygian fish, but also compared these fish with certain non-mammalian sarcopterygians. The present paper focuses mainly on sarcopterygians, and particularly on how the head and neck muscles have evolved during the transitions from sarcopterygian fish and non-mammalian tetrapods to monotreme and therian mammals, including modern humans. The data obtained from our dissections of the head and neck muscles of representative members of sarcopterygian fish, amphibians, reptiles, monotremes and therian mammals, such as rodents, tree-shrews, colugos and primates, including modern humans, are compared with the information available in the literature. Our observations and comparisons indicate that the number of mandibular and true branchial muscles (sensu this work) present in modern humans is smaller than that found in mammals such as tree-shrews, rats and monotremes, as well as in reptiles such as lizards. Regarding the pharyngeal musculature, there is an increase in the number of muscles at the time of the evolutionary transition leading to therian mammals, but there was no significant increase during the transition leading to the emergence of higher primates and modern humans. The number of hypobranchial muscles is relatively constant within the therian mammals we examined, although in this case modern humans have more muscles than other mammals. The number of laryngeal and facial muscles in modern humans is greater than that found in most other therian taxa. Interestingly, modern humans possess peculiar laryngeal and facial muscles that are not present in the majority of the other mammalian taxa; this seems to corroborate the crucial role played by vocal communication and by facial expressions in primate and especially in human evolution. It is hoped that by compiling, in one paper, data about the head and neck muscles of a wide range of sarcopterygians, the present work could be useful to Comparative anatomists, evolutionary biologists and functional morphologists and to researchers working in other fields such as developmental biology, genetics and/or evolutionary developmental biology.