The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Avishai Henik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Comparative Judgment of Familiar Objects Is Modulated by Their Size.
Experimental psychology, 2018Co-Authors: Bert Reynvoet, Helene De Vos, Avishai HenikAbstract:Abstract. Perceptual decisions such as that we have more strawberries than apples left in our fruit basket seem to be made effortlessly. However, it is not examined yet whether such decisions are a...
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Comparative Judgments of symbolic and non-symbolic stimuli yield different patterns of reaction times
Acta psychologica, 2013Co-Authors: Tali Leibovich, Orly Rubinsten, Sarit Ashkenazi, Avishai HenikAbstract:Are different magnitudes, such as Arabic numerals, length and area, processed by the same system? Answering this question can shed light on the building blocks of our mathematical abilities. A shared representation theory suggested that discriminability of all magnitudes complies with Weber's law. The current work examined this suggestion. We employed Comparative Judgment tasks to investigate different types of comparisons - conceptual comparison of numbers, physical comparison of numbers and physical comparison of different shapes. We used 8 different size ratios and plotted reaction time as a function of these ratios. Our findings suggest that the relationship between discriminability and size ratio is not always linear, as previously suggested; rather, it is modulated by the type of comparison and the type of stimuli. Hence, we suggest that the representation of magnitude is not as rigid as previously suggested; it changes as a function of task demands and familiarity with the compared stimuli.
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Count me in! On the automaticity of numerosity processing.
Journal of experimental psychology. Learning memory and cognition, 2010Co-Authors: Sharon Naparstek, Avishai HenikAbstract:Extraction of numerosity (i.e., enumeration) is an essential component of mathematical abilities. The current study asked how automatic is the processing of numerosity and whether automatic activation is task dependent. Participants were presented with displays containing a variable number of digits and were asked to pay attention to the number of digits or to their numerical value, in separate blocks. Effects of task were tested with a Comparative Judgment task and a parity Judgment task. In the Comparative Judgment task, participants had to indicate whether the numerosity or the numerical value of the digits was smaller or larger than 5. In the parity Judgment task, participants had to indicate whether this value was odd or even. Irrelevant numerical values modulated performance regardless of task. In contrast, irrelevant numerosities modulated performance only in the Comparative Judgment task. These results suggest that numerical value is activated automatically, whereas activation of numerosity is modulated by task. We suggest that the differences observed are related to different cognitive and neural mechanisms recruited by these tasks.
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double dissociation of functions in developmental dyslexia and dyscalculia
Journal of Educational Psychology, 2006Co-Authors: Orly Rubinsten, Avishai HenikAbstract:This work examines the association between symbols and their representation in adult developmental dyscalculia and dyslexia. Experiment 1 used Comparative Judgment of numerals, and it was found that in physical comparisons (e.g., 3-5 vs. 3-5) the dyscalculia group showed a significantly smaller congruity effect than did the dyslexia and the control groups. Experiment 2 used Navon figures (D. Navon, 1977) in Hebrew, and participants were asked to name the large or the small letters. Phoneme similarity modulated performance of the control and the dyscalculia groups and showed a very small effect in the dyslexia group. This suggests that the dyscalculia population has difficulties in automatically associating numerals with magnitudes but no problems in associating letters with phonemes, whereas the dyslexia population shows the opposite pattern.
Jerwen Jou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Two paradigms of measuring serial-order memory: two different patterns of serial-position functions.
Psychological research, 2010Co-Authors: Jerwen JouAbstract:There are two research paradigms in the area of serial-order memory. One typically uses serial recall (accuracy), and the other Comparative Judgment (reaction time) for measuring serial-order memory. Spontaneous subgrouping is commonly observed in the recall serial-position function in the form of multiple bowings. However, Comparative Judgment with a reaction time measure produces a single-bowing function. Researchers adopting these two approaches have opposing views on the form of the structure of serial-order memory with the former favoring a hierarchical, and the latter a unidimensional structure. The present study confirmed the above hypothesized relation between the two measuring procedures and the two different patterns of serial-position functions. It was suggested that a serial recall involves retrieving absolute position information, whereas a Comparative Judgment involves retrieving relative position information, and that subgrouping serves a facilitating function for the former, but may actually impede the latter process.
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The serial position, distance, and congruity effects of reference point setting in Comparative Judgments.
The American journal of psychology, 2010Co-Authors: Jerwen JouAbstract:This study tested the hypothesis that the serial position function in serial order memory derives from a gradient of activation strength, with the end anchor point having the highest strength and accessibility. Subjects memorized an ordered series of names and were tested on their memory of the order with a Comparative Judgment task. In Experiment 1, a traditional Comparative Judgment task was used in which they chose the one member in a pair that was either higher or lower in the ranking on the attribute dimension. The 3 typical effects from Comparative Judgment for serial items--the bowed serial position function, the distance effect, and the congruity effect--were obtained. In Experiment 2, subjects were instructed to choose the item either closer to or farther from the middle reference point of the series. Remarkably different forms of the 3 effects were obtained. Most notable was a deep drop in the middle of the RT function, supporting the activation gradient hypothesis but further separating the role of the reference point from that of the endpoints in the assumption of the activation strength gradient theories. The findings also generalized the concept of each of these 3 effects.
Don A. Moore - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Just how Comparative are Comparative Judgments
Organizational Behavior and Human Decision Processes, 2013Co-Authors: Joseph R. Radzevick, Don A. MooreAbstract:Three studies investigate the psychology of Comparative Judgment, examining the circumstances under which Judgments tend to concentrate disproportionately on one of the two elements that underlie the comparison (i.e., focused comparisons). We examine these tendencies at the Judgment formation and information retrieval stages by examining Judgment content as well as the speed and efficiency with which people make comparisons. The results replicate prior findings of differential weighting, indicating that focusing occurs in the formation stage of Comparative Judgments. However, focusing is absent in the reaction time data, suggesting that both elements of the comparison are equally accessible when individuals retrieve comparison-relevant information. These findings clarify the process by which people arrive at Comparative Judgments and demonstrate precisely when focused comparisons occur.
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error and bias in Comparative Judgment on being both better and worse than we think we are
Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 2007Co-Authors: Don A. Moore, Deborah A SmallAbstract:People believe that they are better than others on easy tasks and worse than others on difficult tasks. In previous attempts to explain these better-than-average and worse-than-average effects, researchers have invoked bias and motivation as causes. In this article, the authors develop a more parsimonious account, the differential information explanation, in which it is assumed only that people typically have better information about themselves than they do about others. When one's own performance is exceptional (either good or bad), it is often reasonable to assume others' will be less so. Consequently, people estimate the performance of others as less extreme (more regressive) than their own. The result is that people believe they are above average on easy tasks and below average on difficult tasks. These effects are exacerbated when people have accurate information about their performances, increasing the natural discrepancy between knowledge of the self and knowledge of others. The effects are attenuated when people obtain accurate information about the performances of others.
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error and bias in Comparative Judgment on being both better and worse than we think we are
Social Science Research Network, 2005Co-Authors: Deborah A Small, Don A. MooreAbstract:People believe that they are better than others on easy tasks and worse than others on difficult tasks. Previous attempts to explain these better-than-average and worse-than-average effects have invoked bias and motivation as causes. This paper develops a more parsimonious account, the differential information explanation, which assumes only that people typically have better information about themselves than they do about others. When one's own performance is exceptional (either good or bad), it is often reasonable to assume others' will be less so. Consequently, people estimate the performance of others as less extreme (more regressive) than their own. The result is that people believe they are above average on easy tasks and below average on difficult tasks. These effects are exacerbated when people have accurate information about their performances, increasing the natural discrepancy between knowledge of self and others. The effects are attenuated when people obtain accurate information about the performances of others.
Edward J. Shoben - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Categorization in Judgments of Relative Magnitude
Journal of Memory and Language, 1998Co-Authors: Edward J. Shoben, Thomas L. WilsonAbstract:Abstract The role of categorization in Judgments of relative magnitude was examined in five experiments. We focused on the bowed serial position effect: the propensity for items of extreme magnitude to be discriminated more readily than items of intermediate magnitude. In Experiment 1, subjects categorized animals as large or small. The latencies showed an effect for serial position similar to the usual effect found for Comparative Judgments. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a standard Comparative Judgment for two linear orderings of animals, one in which magnitude categorization time was consistent across the order and the other in which magnitude categorization varied as a function of item magnitude. Results showed the usual bowed serial position effect for the heterogeneous ordering, but no such effect for the homogeneous ordering. Experiments 3 and 4 replicated the results of the first two experiments with different stimuli. In Experiment 5, subjects were precued with the size category of the to-be-compared items before making a Comparative Judgment. Results demonstrated a direct effect of a category cue on Judgments of relative size. These findings are discussed in support of models in which categorization plays a significant role in the derivation of relational knowledge.
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Effects of category membership on Comparative Judgment.
Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning Memory and Cognition, 1993Co-Authors: Kevin M. Sailor, Edward J. ShobenAbstract:The results of 4 experiments suggest that the role of categorization in Comparative Judgment is much greater than previously believed. Ss judged which of 2 objects, selected from 2 taxonomic categories, was larger. Items from one category were always larger than items from the other category. When the items in the pair were from different categories, the semantic distance effect was attenuated if the relation between the categories was also generally true in the real world. When the experimental relation between the 2 categories differed from that of the real world, no diminution of the magnitude of the distance effect was observed. Further experiments rule out an artifactual explanation and also establish that diminution of the distance effect will occur even if the correlation between category membership and magnitude is relatively modest
Thomas L. Wilson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Categorization in Judgments of Relative Magnitude
Journal of Memory and Language, 1998Co-Authors: Edward J. Shoben, Thomas L. WilsonAbstract:Abstract The role of categorization in Judgments of relative magnitude was examined in five experiments. We focused on the bowed serial position effect: the propensity for items of extreme magnitude to be discriminated more readily than items of intermediate magnitude. In Experiment 1, subjects categorized animals as large or small. The latencies showed an effect for serial position similar to the usual effect found for Comparative Judgments. In Experiment 2, subjects performed a standard Comparative Judgment for two linear orderings of animals, one in which magnitude categorization time was consistent across the order and the other in which magnitude categorization varied as a function of item magnitude. Results showed the usual bowed serial position effect for the heterogeneous ordering, but no such effect for the homogeneous ordering. Experiments 3 and 4 replicated the results of the first two experiments with different stimuli. In Experiment 5, subjects were precued with the size category of the to-be-compared items before making a Comparative Judgment. Results demonstrated a direct effect of a category cue on Judgments of relative size. These findings are discussed in support of models in which categorization plays a significant role in the derivation of relational knowledge.