The Experts below are selected from a list of 40218 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Pierre-andré Mangolte - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brevets et émergence de l'industrie cinématographique, une étude comparative Etats-Unis - Europe (1895-1908)
2006Co-Authors: Pierre-andré MangolteAbstract:The historical emergence of the film industry in the United States and in Europe between 1895 and 1908 is analyzed in relation with the importance of the institution of patents (or « brevets d'invention ») and how it fosters economic activity. The theories and economic justifications of the patent institutions are studied in both countries. This period is dominated on the American side by the claims of the inventor Thomas Edison, which led to a prolonged war about patents which strongly handicapped the production and gave rise to the monopoly of the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC). Conversely, in Europe, more particularly in France, one notes a fast rise of multiple film production companies in a directly Competing Form. The systematic comparative analysis will then highlight the causes of these so dissimilar evolutions, i.e. two historical configurations of the rights of intellectual propriety and two different definitions of the institution of patent. This historical study can thus inForm the recurring theoretical debate in the past as well as today on the definition, the width, the depth and the reinforcement of patent.
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Patents and the Emergence of the Film Industry in the United States and Europe: A Comparative Study (1895–1908)
Annales. Histoire Sciences Sociales, 2006Co-Authors: Pierre-andré MangolteAbstract:Patents and emergence of the film industry in the United States and in Europe. A comparative study (1895-1908) The historical emergence of the film industry in the United States and in Europe between 1895 and 1908 is analyzed in relation with the importance of the institution of patents (or “brevets d’invention”) and how it fosters economic activity. The theories and economic justifications of the patent institutions are studied in both countries. This period is dominated on the American side by the claims of the inventor Thomas Edison, which led to a prolonged war about patents which strongly handicapped the production and gave rise to the monopoly of the Motion Picture Patents Company (MPPC). Conversely, in Europe, more particularly in France, one notes a fast rise of multiple film production companies in a directly Competing Form. The systematic comparative analysis will then highlight the causes of these so dissimilar evolutions, i.e. two historical configurations of the rights of intellectual propriety and two different definitions of the institution of patent. This historical study can thus inForm the recurring theoretical debate in the past as well as today on the definition, the width, the depth and the reinforcement of patent.
Maxim A. Yavorsky - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optical angular momentum and mode conversion in optical fibres with Competing Form and material anisotropy
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2008Co-Authors: Constantin N. Alexeyev, A N Alexeyev, B. P. Lapin, Maxim A. YavorskyAbstract:We study the mode conversion and the transFormation of the optical angular momentum (AM) in strongly elliptical strongly anisotropic weakly guiding fibres with either parallel or orthogonal orientation of the axis of material anisotropy and the major axis of the deFormation ellipse. The structure of l = 1 modes and the polarization corrections to the scalar propagation constant are obtained. The cases of comparable by order and equal values of Form and material anisotropies are studied. It is shown that these two types of anisotropy even if applied simultaneously exert a well-distinguished separable effect on the AM of the field. The Form anisotropy changes the orbital AM of the transFormed beam while the material anisotropy changes its spin AM. Conversion of circularly and linearly polarized optical vortices is studied. It is found that each type of anisotropy independently affects the beam conversion in such fibres: the Form anisotropy changes the angular distribution of the field, whereas the material anisotropy changes its polarization state. In the case of equal Form and material anisotropy constants the fibre is found to operate as an 'omniconverter' of the AM: it changes on the same conversion length the sign of both the spin and orbital AM of the incident beam.
Constantin N. Alexeyev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optical angular momentum and mode conversion in optical fibres with Competing Form and material anisotropy
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2008Co-Authors: Constantin N. Alexeyev, A N Alexeyev, B. P. Lapin, Maxim A. YavorskyAbstract:We study the mode conversion and the transFormation of the optical angular momentum (AM) in strongly elliptical strongly anisotropic weakly guiding fibres with either parallel or orthogonal orientation of the axis of material anisotropy and the major axis of the deFormation ellipse. The structure of l = 1 modes and the polarization corrections to the scalar propagation constant are obtained. The cases of comparable by order and equal values of Form and material anisotropies are studied. It is shown that these two types of anisotropy even if applied simultaneously exert a well-distinguished separable effect on the AM of the field. The Form anisotropy changes the orbital AM of the transFormed beam while the material anisotropy changes its spin AM. Conversion of circularly and linearly polarized optical vortices is studied. It is found that each type of anisotropy independently affects the beam conversion in such fibres: the Form anisotropy changes the angular distribution of the field, whereas the material anisotropy changes its polarization state. In the case of equal Form and material anisotropy constants the fibre is found to operate as an 'omniconverter' of the AM: it changes on the same conversion length the sign of both the spin and orbital AM of the incident beam.
A N Alexeyev - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optical angular momentum and mode conversion in optical fibres with Competing Form and material anisotropy
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2008Co-Authors: Constantin N. Alexeyev, A N Alexeyev, B. P. Lapin, Maxim A. YavorskyAbstract:We study the mode conversion and the transFormation of the optical angular momentum (AM) in strongly elliptical strongly anisotropic weakly guiding fibres with either parallel or orthogonal orientation of the axis of material anisotropy and the major axis of the deFormation ellipse. The structure of l = 1 modes and the polarization corrections to the scalar propagation constant are obtained. The cases of comparable by order and equal values of Form and material anisotropies are studied. It is shown that these two types of anisotropy even if applied simultaneously exert a well-distinguished separable effect on the AM of the field. The Form anisotropy changes the orbital AM of the transFormed beam while the material anisotropy changes its spin AM. Conversion of circularly and linearly polarized optical vortices is studied. It is found that each type of anisotropy independently affects the beam conversion in such fibres: the Form anisotropy changes the angular distribution of the field, whereas the material anisotropy changes its polarization state. In the case of equal Form and material anisotropy constants the fibre is found to operate as an 'omniconverter' of the AM: it changes on the same conversion length the sign of both the spin and orbital AM of the incident beam.
B. P. Lapin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Optical angular momentum and mode conversion in optical fibres with Competing Form and material anisotropy
Journal of Optics A: Pure and Applied Optics, 2008Co-Authors: Constantin N. Alexeyev, A N Alexeyev, B. P. Lapin, Maxim A. YavorskyAbstract:We study the mode conversion and the transFormation of the optical angular momentum (AM) in strongly elliptical strongly anisotropic weakly guiding fibres with either parallel or orthogonal orientation of the axis of material anisotropy and the major axis of the deFormation ellipse. The structure of l = 1 modes and the polarization corrections to the scalar propagation constant are obtained. The cases of comparable by order and equal values of Form and material anisotropies are studied. It is shown that these two types of anisotropy even if applied simultaneously exert a well-distinguished separable effect on the AM of the field. The Form anisotropy changes the orbital AM of the transFormed beam while the material anisotropy changes its spin AM. Conversion of circularly and linearly polarized optical vortices is studied. It is found that each type of anisotropy independently affects the beam conversion in such fibres: the Form anisotropy changes the angular distribution of the field, whereas the material anisotropy changes its polarization state. In the case of equal Form and material anisotropy constants the fibre is found to operate as an 'omniconverter' of the AM: it changes on the same conversion length the sign of both the spin and orbital AM of the incident beam.