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Oladejo Thomas Adepoju - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Assessment of acceptability and nutrient content of palm weevil (Rhyncophorus phoenicis) larvae enriched Complementary Foods
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2021Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Agnes Oke AyenitajuAbstract:At age of 6 months, breast-fed infants are expected to be introduced to Complementary Foods which are diverse and rich in micronutrients. However, traditional Complementary Foods commonly fed to infants in many parts of developing countries are mainly plant based, energy dense and deficient in essential nutrients needed for a child’s growth and development. This study was carried out to assess the nutrient composition and acceptability of Rhyncophorus phoenicis larvae-enriched Complementary Foods. Rhyncophorus phoenicis (RP) larvae were purchased from farmers in Okitipupa, Ondo State; maize and sorghum grains were purchased at Bodija market, Ibadan Oyo State. The larvae were sorted, gutted, washed, oven roasted at 120^0C for 20 min, and grinded into powder. Sorghum and maize were sorted and fermented with distilled water for three days at room temperature. Fermented maize and sorghum were milled separately, sieved, drained, air-dried and blended into flour. Roasted RP larva powder was added to the maize and sorghum flours separately at 10%, 15% and 20% protein inclusion levels. All samples were analyzed chemically using standard methods of the AOAC. Sensory evaluation of prepared paps from RP larvae-enriched Complementary Foods was carried out among 40 nursing mothers on 7-point hedonic scale. Data were analyzed using means, ANOVA, Fisher’s Least Significance Difference and Duncan multiple range tests at p
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Consumption pattern and acceptability of winged termites (Macroterme bellicosus)-enriched infant Complementary Foods in Ekiti State, Nigeria
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2020Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Lack of quality and diversity in Complementary Foods adversely affect infant and young child’s growth and nutritional status. Due to poverty, animal-source Foods are not readily available in many rural parts of Nigeria. Winged termites ( Macroterme bellicosus ) had been reported to be rich in essential nutrients and could be suitable alternative to animal source-Foods in Complementary feeding when available. This study was designed to investigate the consumption pattern of the insect and acceptability of its use in Complementary Foods. Using a validated, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, 700 respondents of different age groups and socio-demographic status were recruited for consumption study in 5 Local Government Areas of Ekiti State. Four sets of commonly used Complementary Foods (Maize and Sorghum pap, boiled rice and yam) were enriched with Macroterme bellicosus (MB) by adding ground MB to them separately in the ratio 4:1 ( w /w). The macro-and micronutrient content of the blends were determined using standard AOAC methods. Maternal acceptability of the enriched Foods was evaluated among sixty untrained nursing mothers on a seven-point hedonic scale. Consumption of MB was dependent on its availability during the rainy season; and is consumed fresh or fried with or without seasoning. Most (95.4%) respondents had never experienced any negative side effect(s) on consumption of the insect. Addition of MB significantly improved the nutrient and energy content of the Complementary Foods. Sorghum pap enriched with MB had the best score in all the parameters assessed. The four enriched Complementary Foods were acceptable to the mothers, hence improving the nutrient content of Complementary Foods with Marcroterme bellicosus should be encouraged.
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Assessment of Quality and Safety of Winged Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) Enriched Locally Formulated Complementary Foods
Journal of Food Research, 2017Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Addition of edible insects to local staples used as Complementary Foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) Complementary Foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4 o C. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR 1 , BY 1 ; BR 2 , BY 2 , and BR 3 , BY 3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY 3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p
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assessment of quality and safety of winged termites macrotermes bellicosus enriched locally formulated Complementary Foods
Journal of Field Robotics, 2017Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Addition of edible insects to local staples used as Complementary Foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) Complementary Foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4 o C. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR 1 , BY 1 ; BR 2 , BY 2 , and BR 3 , BY 3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY 3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Dried MB contained 31.8g protein, 16.4g fat, 3.8g ash, 227.5mg calcium, 2.1mg iron, 15.0mg zinc, 330.4μg retinol equivalent (RE), and 529.0kcal energy/100g sample. The BR and BY contained 3.7-5.9g protein, 70.0-120mg calcium,4.2-5.6mg iron, 1.2-1.5mg zinc and 380- 386kcal/100g compared with 7.9-15.3g protein, 242.2-264mg calcium, 2.4-4.4mg iron, 15.1-19.8mg zinc and 357-372kcal/100g enriched CFs (p<0.05). Rats Serum trace minerals ranged between 3.4- 4.3mg zinc, 23.4-27.9mg calcium, 30.6-37.0mg iron; and 52.5-56.9μg RE, compared with control (3.2, 22.2, 34.1, 48.2) and basal (2.2, 21.1, 24.0 mg, 32.3 μg) diets respectively (p<0.05). No pathological lesions were observed in internal organs of rats on CF diets. Adding Macrotermes bellicosus to local Complementary Foods is safe and improved their nutritional quality, hence its use is recommended among mothers.
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nutrient composition of cirina forda westwood enriched Complementary Foods
Annals of Nutrition and Metabolism, 2013Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Oladele Olatunji DabohAbstract:Background/Aims: Dried Cirina forda (Westwood) larva is widely marketed, cheap, and commonly consumed in Southwestern Nigeria. Its powder was used in enriching two commonly used Complementary food staples (maize and sorghum) as a source of protein and essential micronutrients in Complementary Foods for infants and young children. Methods: Samples of soaked and dried sorghum and maize flours and C. forda powder were prepared, and C. forda powder was added to the dried soaked maize and sorghum flours at 5, 10, and 15% (w/w) inclusion levels and analyzed for proximate, mineral, and antinutrient compositions using standard methods of AOAC. Results: One hundred grams of C. forda larva contained 52.6 g of protein, 16.8 g of lipids, 2.6 g of ash, 268.67 mg of calcium, 5.64 mg of iron, and 15.00 mg of zinc, and yielded 458.40 kcal energy with 4.40 mg of trypsin inhibitor. Sorghum and maize flours contained 9.2 and 8.3 g of protein, respectively. Addition of C. forda at 5, 10, and 15% levels to fermented sorghum and maize flours significantly increased both micro- and macronutrients of the Complementary Foods (p Conclusion: The trypsin inhibitor level was very low and cannot cause protein malabsorption. C. forda can serve as a good source of nutrients such as protein, fat, calcium, phosphorus, iron, and zinc in formulating nutrient-dense Complementary Foods.
Rosalind S. Gibson - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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selecting desirable micronutrient fortificants for plant based Complementary Foods for infants and young children in low income countries
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2015Co-Authors: Rosalind S. Gibson, Alicia L Carriquiry, Michelle GibbsAbstract:The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that both breast-fed and non-breast-fed children are fed micronutrient fortified Complementary Foods designed to meet their high nutrient requirements from aged 6 to 23 months of age. This paper summarises the steps recommended by WHO/FAO to identify the country-specific micronutrient shortfalls in Complementary diets and establish desirable levels of bioavailable fortificants for centrally processed plant-based Complementary Foods for infant and young child feeding. The goal of the WHO/FAO guidelines is to achieve a desirably low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the target group whilst simultaneously ensuring minimal risk of excessive intakes. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Selecting desirable micronutrient fortificants for plant‐based Complementary Foods for infants and young children in low‐income countries
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2014Co-Authors: Rosalind S. Gibson, Alicia L Carriquiry, Michelle GibbsAbstract:The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends that both breast-fed and non-breast-fed children are fed micronutrient fortified Complementary Foods designed to meet their high nutrient requirements from aged 6 to 23 months of age. This paper summarises the steps recommended by WHO/FAO to identify the country-specific micronutrient shortfalls in Complementary diets and establish desirable levels of bioavailable fortificants for centrally processed plant-based Complementary Foods for infant and young child feeding. The goal of the WHO/FAO guidelines is to achieve a desirably low prevalence of inadequate micronutrient intakes in the target group whilst simultaneously ensuring minimal risk of excessive intakes. (c) 2014 Society of Chemical Industry.
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a review of phytate iron zinc and calcium concentrations in plant based Complementary Foods used in low income countries and implications for bioavailability
Food and Nutrition Bulletin, 2010Co-Authors: Rosalind S. Gibson, Michelle Gibbs, Karl B Bailey, Elaine L FergusonAbstract:Plant-based Complementary Foods often contain high levels of phytate, a potent inhibitor of iron, zinc, and calcium absorption. This review summarizes the concentrations of phytate (as hexa- and penta-inositol phosphate), iron, zinc, and calcium and the corresponding phytate:mineral molar ratios in 26 indigenous and 27 commercially processed plant-based Complementary Foods sold in low-income countries. Phytate concentrations were highest in Complementary Foods based on unrefined cereals and legumes (approximately 600 mg/100 g dry weight), followed by refined cereals (approximately 100 mg/100 g dry weight) and then starchy roots and tubers (< 20 mg/100 g dry weight); mineral concentrations followed the same trend. Sixty-two percent (16/26) of the indigenous and 37% (10/27) of the processed Complementary Foods had at least two phytate:mineral molar ratios (used to estimate relative mineral bioavailability) that exceeded suggested desirable levels for mineral absorption (i.e., phytate:iron < 1, phytate:zinc < 18, phytate:calcium < 0.17). Desirable molar ratios for phytate:iron, phytate:zinc, and phytate:calcium were achieved for 25%, 70%, and 57%, respectively, of the Complementary Foods presented, often through enrichment with animal-source Foods and/or fortification with minerals. Dephytinization, either in the household or commercially, can potentially enhance mineral absorption in high-phytate Complementary Foods, although probably not enough to overcome the shortfalls in iron, zinc, and calcium content of plant-based Complementary Foods used in low-income countries. Instead, to ensure the World Health Organization estimated needs for these minerals from plant-based Complementary Foods for breastfed infants are met, dephytinization must be combined with enrichment with animal-source Foods and/or fortification with appropriate levels and forms of mineral fortificants.
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The Adequacy of Micronutrients in Complementary Foods
Pediatrics, 2000Co-Authors: Rosalind S. Gibson, Christine HotzAbstract:The nutritional adequacy of micronutrients depends on their amount and bioavailability in the Complementary Foods. In many developing countries, cereals or starchy roots and tubers are used as a basis for Complementary Foods. They are usually prepared as thin gruels, and as a result, their energy and micronutrient content and density are likely to be low, but their content of phytic acid, polyphenols, and/or dietary fiber can be relatively high, all components that can inhibit absorption of certain micronutrients. Nevertheless, there have been very few in vivo isotope studies that have measured the bioavailability of micronutrients directly in Complementary Foods used in developing countries; some exist for Fe and Zn in Complementary Foods used in developed countries. Dietary components affecting the bioavailability of Fe and Zn in Foods are well-documented.1 Hence, Complementary Foods can be classified as having high, moderate, or low bioavailability for iron (Fe) and zinc (Zn) based on certain criteria set by the Food and Agricultural Organization and/or the World Health Organization.2,3 Estimates for both Fe and Zn bioavailability depend first on the content in a meal of animal and fish protein relative to plant-based Foods. Secondly bioavailability of iron also depends on the content of ascorbic acid, and, for some models, on the consumption of tea or coffee at the same time. For Zn, the calcium (Ca) content ( 1 g Ca/d), and the daily molar ratios of phytate to Zn ( 15) are also important; molar ratios above 15 compromise Zn status. Molar ratios for most Complementary Foods based on unrefined cereals and legumes probably range from 15 to 36; those based on rice tend to be lower (approximately 15).4 By contrast data on dietary components influencing the bioavailability of copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), selenium (Se), and iodine (I) …
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Complementary Foods for infant feeding in developing countries their nutrient adequacy and improvement
European Journal of Clinical Nutrition, 1998Co-Authors: Rosalind S. Gibson, Elaine L Ferguson, Jacob LehrfeldAbstract:Objective: To assess the energy and nutrient adequacy of a variety of Complementary Foods used in parts of Africa, India, Papua New Guinea, the Philippines and Thailand. Method: The energy, nutrient and anti-nutrient (dietary fibre and phytic acid) content (per 100 g as eaten, per 100 kcal, and per day) of twenty-three plant-based Complementary Foods consumed in developing countries was calculated from food composition values based on chemical analysis for the trace minerals, non-starch polysaccharide and phytic acid, and the literature. Results were compared with the estimated nutrient needs (per day; per 100 kcal) from Complementary Foods for infants 9–11 months, assuming a breast milk intake of average volume and composition and three Complementary feedings per day, each of 250 g. Results: Complementary Foods should provide approximately 25–50% of total daily requirements for protein, riboflavin and copper; 50–75% for thiamin, calcium and manganese; and 75–100% for phosphorus, zinc and iron. Most or all appear to meet the estimated daily nutrient needs (per day; per 100 kcal) from Complementary Foods for protein, thiamin and copper (per day), but not for calcium, iron, and in some cases zinc, even if moderate bioavailability for iron and zinc is assumed. Some of those based on rice are also inadequate in riboflavin (per day; per 100 kcal). Conclusions: Even if strategies to improve the bioavailability of iron and zinc are employed, they are probably insufficient to overcome the deficits in calcium, iron and zinc. Therefore, research on the feasibility of fortifying plant-based Complementary Foods in developing countries with calcium, iron and zinc is urgently required. Sponsorship: This study was supported by the Micronutrient Initiative through the Canadian International Development Agency.
Nicole Dennis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Factors influencing first-time mothers' introduction of Complementary Foods: a qualitative exploration.
BMC public health, 2015Co-Authors: Anne M. Walsh, Lauren Kearney, Nicole DennisAbstract:Background Optimal infant nutrition comprises exclusive breastfeeding, with Complementary Foods introduced from six months of age. How parents make decisions regarding this is poorly studied. This study begins to address the dearth of research into the decision-making processes used by first-time mothers relating to the introduction of Complementary Foods.
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Factors influencing first-time mothers’ introduction of Complementary Foods: a qualitative exploration
BMC Public Health, 2015Co-Authors: Anne Walsh, Lauren Kearney, Nicole DennisAbstract:Background Optimal infant nutrition comprises exclusive breastfeeding, with Complementary Foods introduced from six months of age. How parents make decisions regarding this is poorly studied. This study begins to address the dearth of research into the decision-making processes used by first-time mothers relating to the introduction of Complementary Foods. Methods This qualitative explorative study was conducted using interviews (13) and focus groups (3). A semi-structured interview guide based on the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB). The TPB, a well-validated decision-making model, identifies the key determinants of a behaviour through behavioural beliefs, subjective norms, and perceived behavioural control over the behaviour. It is purported that these beliefs predict behavioural intention to perform the behaviour, and performing the behaviour. A purposive, convenience, sample of 21 metropolitan parents recruited through advertising at local playgroups and childcare centres, and electronically through the University community email list self-selected to participate. Data were analysed thematically within the theoretical constructs: behavioural beliefs, subjective norms and perceived behavioural control. Data relating to sources of information about the introduction of Complementary Foods were also collected. Results Overall, first-time mothers found that waiting until six months was challenging despite knowledge of the WHO recommendations and an initial desire to comply with this guideline. Beliefs that Complementary Foods would assist the infants’ weight gain, sleeping patterns and enjoyment at meal times were identified. Barriers preventing parents complying with the recommendations included subjective and group norms, peer influences, infant cues indicating early readiness and food labelling inconsistencies. The most valued information source was from peers who had recently introduced Complementary Foods. Conclusions First-time mothers in this study did not demonstrate a good understanding of the rationale behind the WHO recommendations, nor did they understand fully the signs of readiness of infants to commence solid Foods. Factors that assisted waiting until six months were a trusting relationship with a health professional whose practice and advice was consistent with the recommendations and/or when their infant was developmentally ready for Complementary Foods at six months and accepted them with ease and enthusiasm. Barriers preventing parents complying with the recommendations included subjective and group norms, peer influences, infant cues indicating early readiness and food labelling inconsistencies.
Kayode Ajayi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Consumption pattern and acceptability of winged termites (Macroterme bellicosus)-enriched infant Complementary Foods in Ekiti State, Nigeria
International Journal of Tropical Insect Science, 2020Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Lack of quality and diversity in Complementary Foods adversely affect infant and young child’s growth and nutritional status. Due to poverty, animal-source Foods are not readily available in many rural parts of Nigeria. Winged termites ( Macroterme bellicosus ) had been reported to be rich in essential nutrients and could be suitable alternative to animal source-Foods in Complementary feeding when available. This study was designed to investigate the consumption pattern of the insect and acceptability of its use in Complementary Foods. Using a validated, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire, 700 respondents of different age groups and socio-demographic status were recruited for consumption study in 5 Local Government Areas of Ekiti State. Four sets of commonly used Complementary Foods (Maize and Sorghum pap, boiled rice and yam) were enriched with Macroterme bellicosus (MB) by adding ground MB to them separately in the ratio 4:1 ( w /w). The macro-and micronutrient content of the blends were determined using standard AOAC methods. Maternal acceptability of the enriched Foods was evaluated among sixty untrained nursing mothers on a seven-point hedonic scale. Consumption of MB was dependent on its availability during the rainy season; and is consumed fresh or fried with or without seasoning. Most (95.4%) respondents had never experienced any negative side effect(s) on consumption of the insect. Addition of MB significantly improved the nutrient and energy content of the Complementary Foods. Sorghum pap enriched with MB had the best score in all the parameters assessed. The four enriched Complementary Foods were acceptable to the mothers, hence improving the nutrient content of Complementary Foods with Marcroterme bellicosus should be encouraged.
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Assessment of Quality and Safety of Winged Termites (Macrotermes bellicosus) Enriched Locally Formulated Complementary Foods
Journal of Food Research, 2017Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Addition of edible insects to local staples used as Complementary Foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) Complementary Foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4 o C. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR 1 , BY 1 ; BR 2 , BY 2 , and BR 3 , BY 3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY 3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p
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assessment of quality and safety of winged termites macrotermes bellicosus enriched locally formulated Complementary Foods
Journal of Field Robotics, 2017Co-Authors: Oladejo Thomas Adepoju, Kayode AjayiAbstract:Addition of edible insects to local staples used as Complementary Foods can improve their nutrient content. Nutritional quality and safety of Macrotermes bellicosus enriched boiled rice (BR) and yam (BY) Complementary Foods (CFs) was assessed using rats. Macrotermes bellicosus (MB) were collected, dried, and refrigerated at -4 o C. Ground MB was added to BR and BY in ratios 10.0%, 15.0%, 20.0% (w/w) to give BR 1 , BY 1 ; BR 2 , BY 2 , and BR 3 , BY 3 respectively. Nutrient content of MB, BY, BR and MB-enriched CFs were determined by AOAC methods. Nutrient bioavailability and safety of BR3 and BY 3 were assessed using rats fed ad libitum for 28 days. Serum trace minerals in the CFs, control and basal diets and histopathological effects of CFs on rats’ organs were determined. Data were analysed using ANOVA at p<0.05. Dried MB contained 31.8g protein, 16.4g fat, 3.8g ash, 227.5mg calcium, 2.1mg iron, 15.0mg zinc, 330.4μg retinol equivalent (RE), and 529.0kcal energy/100g sample. The BR and BY contained 3.7-5.9g protein, 70.0-120mg calcium,4.2-5.6mg iron, 1.2-1.5mg zinc and 380- 386kcal/100g compared with 7.9-15.3g protein, 242.2-264mg calcium, 2.4-4.4mg iron, 15.1-19.8mg zinc and 357-372kcal/100g enriched CFs (p<0.05). Rats Serum trace minerals ranged between 3.4- 4.3mg zinc, 23.4-27.9mg calcium, 30.6-37.0mg iron; and 52.5-56.9μg RE, compared with control (3.2, 22.2, 34.1, 48.2) and basal (2.2, 21.1, 24.0 mg, 32.3 μg) diets respectively (p<0.05). No pathological lesions were observed in internal organs of rats on CF diets. Adding Macrotermes bellicosus to local Complementary Foods is safe and improved their nutritional quality, hence its use is recommended among mothers.
Kathryn G Dewey - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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energy density and feeding frequency of Complementary Foods affectsmeal specific food consumption and meal duration by healthy breast fedbangladeshi children
Advances in Pediatric Research, 2016Co-Authors: Munirul M Islam, Kathryn G Dewey, Tahmeed Ahmed, Janet M Peerson, Abid Hossain M Mollah, Kenneth H BrownAbstract:Background: Appropriate feeding of infants and young children is necessary to prevent growth faltering and optimize health during the first two years of life. There is little information on the effects of dietary energy density and feeding frequency of Complementary Foods on food consumption during individual meals and the amount of caregiver time expended in child feeding. Methods: During nine separate, randomly ordered dietary periods lasting 3-6 days each, we measured selfdetermined intakes of semi-solid cereal porridges by 18 healthy, breastfed children 8-11 months of age. The infants were fed coded porridges with energy densities of 0.5, 1.0 or 1.5 kcal/g, during three, four, or five meals/day. Complementary food intake was measured by weighing the feeding bowl before and after every meal. Results: Children consumed greater amounts of Complementary Foods per meal when they received diets with lower energy density and fewer meals per day. Greater time was expended per meal when fewer meals were offered. The time expended per meal did not vary with dietary energy density, but the children ate more and faster for the lower energy density diets. Conclusions: We conclude that the energy density and feeding frequency of Complementary Foods affect meal-specific food intake. Meal frequency also influences the duration of individual meals, but energy density does not. These results provide further evidence of young children’s ability to regulate their energy intakes, even during infancy, and convey information on factors that affect the amount of time that caregivers must devote to child feeding.
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Increasing iron intake of children through Complementary Foods.
Food and nutrition bulletin, 2007Co-Authors: Kathryn G DeweyAbstract:Low intake of bioavailable iron from Complementary Foods is the major cause of the high prevalence of iron-deficiency anemia among children 6 to 24 months of age in developing countries. Increased dietary diversity and traditional food-processing techniques are generally unsuccessful at completely closing the gap between iron intake and needs. Thus, iron-fortified processed Complementary Foods or home fortification (using powders, crushable tablets, or fat-based products) will be needed in most populations. Several studies have demonstrated that both approaches are efficacious, though there are limited data on effectiveness on a wide scale. The choice of which product to promote may depend on the context, as well as cost constraints. No adverse effects of increasing iron intake through fortification or home fortification of Complementary Foods have been reported, but large-scale studies that include sufficient numbers of iron-replete children are lacking. Further research is needed to verify the safety of iron-fortification strategies, particularly in malarial areas.
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What is the optimal age for introduction of Complementary Foods
Nestle Nutrition workshop series. Paediatric programme, 2006Co-Authors: Kathryn G DeweyAbstract:In 2001, a WHO Expert Consultation concluded that waiting until 6 months to introduce Complementary Foods to breastfed infants confers several benefits for both infants and mothers. Nonetheless, the
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Low Nutrient Intakes among Infants in Rural Bangladesh Are Attributable to Low Intake and Micronutrient Density of Complementary Foods
The Journal of nutrition, 2005Co-Authors: Joel E. Kimmons, Saskia J. M. Osendarp, Kathryn G Dewey, Emdadul Haque, Jyotsnamoy Chakraborty, Kenneth H BrownAbstract:We assessed the adequacy of nutrient intakes of 135 rural Bangladeshi breast-fed infants 6-12 mo of age and examined nutritional trade-offs due to possible displacement of breast milk by Complementary Foods. Observers completed 12-h daytime measurements of breast milk and Complementary food intakes; data for the previous 12 h were obtained from maternal recall yielding estimates of total 24-h intakes. On average infants were mildly wasted (mean ± SD weight- for-length Z-score = -0.92 ± 0.88) and moderately stunted length-for-age Z-score = -1.49 ± 0.96). Total energy intakes at 6-8 and 9-12 mo were 88 and 86% of absolute energy requirements (kJ/d) 106 and 105% of requirements per kg body weight and 97 and 94% of requirements per kg median weight-for-length respectively. Breast milk contributed 78% of energy intake at 6-8 mo and 75% at 9-12 mo. Mean meal frequency and energy density of Complementary Foods were generally consistent with recommendations but only small amounts of food were offered. Nevertheless only 72% of the food energy offered was consumed. Total energy intake was positively correlated with meal frequency quantity consumed per meal and energy intake from breast milk but not with energy density of Complementary Foods. Energy intake from Complementary Foods was inversely related to energy intake from breast milk. The diets fell short of recommended intakes for numerous vitamins and minerals. We conclude that although greater intakes of Complementary Foods were associated with higher total energy intake micronutrient intake remained low due to the low micronutrient density of the Complementary Foods consumed and the partial displacement of breast milk. (authors)
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proposed nutrient composition for fortified Complementary Foods
Journal of Nutrition, 2003Co-Authors: Chessa K. Lutter, Kathryn G DeweyAbstract:A proposed nutrient composition for fortified processed Complementary Foods (FPCF) is developed based on the other papers in this publication, which consider a number of factors such as age range, daily ration size, recommended nutrient requirements, contribution of human milk to these requirements, macronutrient interactions, compound bioavailability, methods of production and overage. The proposed fortification levels are based on a daily ration size of 40 g for infants aged 6-12 mo and 60 g for children aged 12-23 mo. A desired protein-energy ratio of 6-10% is used to estimate energy from protein. The desired percentage of energy from lipid is estimated at 24% for infants aged 6-11 mo and 28% for children aged 12-23 mo, with the remaining energy to be supplied from carbohydrate. An FPCF should provide a quantity of iron sufficient to meet the Recommended Dietary Allowance in the form of dried ferrous sulfate of small particle size. Ascorbic acid, 70-140 mg for infants aged 6-11 mo and 50-100 mg for children aged 12-23 mo, will enhance iron absorption. Because of the lower bioavailability of zinc in cereal-based diets in developing countries, 4-5 mg of zinc in the form of zinc oxide is recommended. Proposed fortification levels are also provided for copper, calcium, vitamin D, magnesium, phosphorus, vitamin A, the B vitamins and iodine. To prevent micronutrient losses, it is recommended that the FPCF be precooked. The knowledge base to develop an FPCF is quite limited, and much additional research is needed before an optimal formulation can be recommended.
