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Naoyuki Funamizu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-Sanitation System for Urban Slum Area: Case of Indonesia
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2018Co-Authors: Neni Sintawardani, Naoyuki Funamizu, Ken Ushijima, Mitsuteru Irie, Jovita Triastuti, Umi Hamidah, Yosuke Deguchi, Tadaharu IshikawaAbstract:This chapter describes case study of applicability assessment for resource-oriented agro-sanitation business for urban slum in Indonesia, based on interdisciplinary field survey, (1) economic feasibility assessment, (2) demand potential assessment, and (3) social acceptability. The value flow analysis evaluated garbage disposal cost and excreta disposal cost at 0.7 and 1.1%, respectively, of household income, which represents a reasonable cost to disposers. However, under the current disposal scheme, negative value due to excreta disposal to river appears to be passed on to downstream populations. The structure of this value flow indicates that little attention is paid to the negative externalities, indicating that a solution in this case may be difficult to obtain. The affordable initial cost of a new resource recycling system was evaluated and compared with the costs of a currently available compost Toilet by evaluating equipment lifetimes and potential income streams available from the sale of human excrement fertilizers. To estimate a value for the human excrement fertilizer, real-world case study in Indonesia, in which money was paid in exchange for human urine, was referred to. The evaluated affordable initial cost derived was sufficiently comparable to the price of a cheaper Composting Toilet currently available in the market. This implies that such a resource recycling system is feasible even in an urban slum. Results of demand and supply assessment showed that if resource-oriented sanitation system was diffused, supply would excess demands in the circle of 32 km radius, therefore cost discussion should assume more than 32 km transportation. According to the results of case estimation of tea plantation, total cost for fertilizer provided by resource-oriented sanitation system is possibly competitive to the normal price of synthetic fertilizer. However, if compared to subsidized price for low-income farmers, it seems difficult to compete. Regarding social aspect, the context of Islamic law is important. Islamic authorities regarded the resource-oriented sanitation system as no problematic concept and acceptable in the context of Islamic law.
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Fate of Water in Composting Toilet
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2018Co-Authors: Ryusei Ito, Shingo Ogawa, Naoyuki FunamizuAbstract:In Composting Toilets using sawdust as a matrix, drying the mixture of sawdust and urine is one of the most important processes. This is because the moisture content of the mixture is an important factor in its biodegradation process and must be kept at about 65%. In order to operate the Toilet stably, appropriate design and operation guidelines are necessary, but this requires the drying characteristics of the sawdust matrix. Therefore, in this study, we studied the drying characteristics of sawdust using two devices of different sizes, laboratory-scale and full-scale Composting reactors, and made simple design and formulation of operational guidelines from the viewpoint of drying. As a result, it was found that the drying speed of sawdust mixture can be described by the dry model with modified vapor pressure at surface. Moreover, from the laboratory-scale drying experiments, it was found that there is a possibility of obtaining the drying rate of the Toilet on a full scale by considering the flow of dry air. Drying can be accelerated by mixing, and its effect was increased as the temperature of the reaction tank increased. From these results, it became possible to design Composting Toilets and to formulate operational guidelines.
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Effect of Post-Treatment Conditions on the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage as Indicator for Pathogenic Viruses after the Composting Process
Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2018Co-Authors: Hamidatu S. Darimani, Naoyuki Funamizu, Ryusei Ito, Amadou Hama MaïgaAbstract:A rural model Composting Toilet system still had some pathogens in the compost after months of operation and hence requires a post-treatment. The aim of the study was to sanitize compost withdrawn from the Composting Toilet by setting post-treatment conditions. The kinetics inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage, selected as indicator for pathogenic viruses were determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) with varying moisture contents (50%, 60% and 70%). As a result, the inactivation rates during the post-treatment were 0.093 - 0.020 h-1, 0.025 - 0.088 h1, 0.447 - 0.100 h-1 at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C respectively. The inactivation rate coefficient (k) values of MS2 bacteriophage depended on higher temperature but not on moisture content.
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Inactivation kinetics of indicator microorganisms during urea treatment for sanitizing finished compost from Composting Toilet
Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2016Co-Authors: S K Sossou, Amadou Hama Maïga, M Sou, Dakoure, Yacouba Konate, Naoyuki FunamizuAbstract:This study aimed at estimating the sanitizing effectiveness of urea treatment by studying the inactivation kinetics of selected indicator microorganisms. Finished composts from a Composting Toilet were inoculated with indicator microorganisms and subjected to different urea concentrations (0.5–2% w/w) and temperatures (22, 32 and 42°C). The inactivation kinetics parameters were determined in relation to pH, ammonia content and temperature during treatment time. The results show that urea addition to compost enhanced inactivation of microorganisms. The decline in number of E. coli and Enterococus followed a linear reduction, while that of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs followed a linear reduction plus shoulder. The inactivation rate constants of all microorganisms tested were positively correlated to the increase of NH 3 (aq) concentration and temperature. The relationship between the inactivation rate of microorganisms, ammonia through urea concentration and temperature were established. Therefore, the best decimal decay of E. coli, Enterococus and A. lumbricoides eggs occurred with 2% w/w urea concentration at 42°C within 0.9, 1.1 and 1.4 days, respectively. E. coli was the most sensitive microorganism to urea treatment, while Enterococcus and A. lumbricoides eggs showed resistance, especially at lower temperatures. Urea treatment has proved to be an efficient option for safe reuse of compost from Composting Toilets.
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Effect of post-treatment conditions on the inactivation of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) after the Composting process
Environmental technology, 2015Co-Authors: Hamidatu S. Darimani, Ynoussa Maïga, Naoyuki Funamizu, M Sou, Ryusei Ito, Amadou Hama MaïgaAbstract:ABSTRACTSafe and appropriate disposal of human waste is a basic requirement for sanitation and protection of public health. For proper sanitation and nutrient recovery, it is necessary to ensure effective treatment methods to complete pathogen destruction in excreta prior to reuse. Composting Toilets convert faeces to a reusable resource such as fertilizer or humus for organic agriculture. A Composting Toilet for rural Burkina Faso was created by modifying a commercial model available in Japan to improve hygiene and increase food production. The Toilet has shown to result in a degraded final product, but its effectiveness for pathogen destruction was unclear due to low temperatures generated from the Toilet. This study aimed to sanitize compost withdrawn from the Composting Toilet for food production by setting post-treatment conditions. The inactivation kinetics of Ascaris suum eggs, selected as an indicator for helminth eggs, was determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50...
Seyram Sossou - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation System in Sahelian Rural Community: Case of Burkina Faso
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2019Co-Authors: Mariam Sou/dakoure, Amadou Hama Maïga, Maïmouna Traore Bologo, Ynoussa Maïga, Seyram SossouAbstract:This case study presents partial results of a research project in agro-sanitation. The study took place in rural area of Burkina Faso, a typical Sahelian country in West Africa. The objectives were (1) to design and implement an agro-sanitation system and (2) assess the willingness of users to reuse the sanitation by-products in small-scale subsistence farming. The sanitation system consists of collecting onsite greywater, urine, and feces which after separated treatment are reused as by-products. The greywater is treated by a slanted soil treatment system. Feces are converted in compost inside a Composting Toilet and urine treated by solar inactivation. General performances of the sanitation system are in progress at middle stage of the research project. However, the system is already a success in two points: (1) design simple and robust facilities adapted in a context of water shortage and not electricity; (2) better understand the social and economic criteria associated to the acceptability of users.
Tadaharu Ishikawa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-Sanitation System for Urban Slum Area: Case of Indonesia
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2018Co-Authors: Neni Sintawardani, Naoyuki Funamizu, Ken Ushijima, Mitsuteru Irie, Jovita Triastuti, Umi Hamidah, Yosuke Deguchi, Tadaharu IshikawaAbstract:This chapter describes case study of applicability assessment for resource-oriented agro-sanitation business for urban slum in Indonesia, based on interdisciplinary field survey, (1) economic feasibility assessment, (2) demand potential assessment, and (3) social acceptability. The value flow analysis evaluated garbage disposal cost and excreta disposal cost at 0.7 and 1.1%, respectively, of household income, which represents a reasonable cost to disposers. However, under the current disposal scheme, negative value due to excreta disposal to river appears to be passed on to downstream populations. The structure of this value flow indicates that little attention is paid to the negative externalities, indicating that a solution in this case may be difficult to obtain. The affordable initial cost of a new resource recycling system was evaluated and compared with the costs of a currently available compost Toilet by evaluating equipment lifetimes and potential income streams available from the sale of human excrement fertilizers. To estimate a value for the human excrement fertilizer, real-world case study in Indonesia, in which money was paid in exchange for human urine, was referred to. The evaluated affordable initial cost derived was sufficiently comparable to the price of a cheaper Composting Toilet currently available in the market. This implies that such a resource recycling system is feasible even in an urban slum. Results of demand and supply assessment showed that if resource-oriented sanitation system was diffused, supply would excess demands in the circle of 32 km radius, therefore cost discussion should assume more than 32 km transportation. According to the results of case estimation of tea plantation, total cost for fertilizer provided by resource-oriented sanitation system is possibly competitive to the normal price of synthetic fertilizer. However, if compared to subsidized price for low-income farmers, it seems difficult to compete. Regarding social aspect, the context of Islamic law is important. Islamic authorities regarded the resource-oriented sanitation system as no problematic concept and acceptable in the context of Islamic law.
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Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Ushijima, Mitsuteru Irie, Neni Sintawardani, Jovita Triastuti, Umi Hamidah, Tadaharu Ishikawa, Naoyuki FunamizuAbstract:Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual Toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper Composting Toilet that is currently available in the market.
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a preliminary study on the feasibility of on site treatment of organic waste by using Composting Toilet in metro manila
Environmental Systems Research, 2002Co-Authors: Ken Ushijima, Tadaharu Ishikawa, Hideyuki Uehara, Toru Nakanishi, Corazon C Davis, Sylvano D MahiwoAbstract:フィリピンのマニラ首都圏では、有機性廃棄物による公共水域の汚染が著しい。一方、現在の社会経済状態のもとでは先進国型の処理施設の導入は困難である。本研究では、まず主な汚染源である貧困層のトイレと生ゴミ処理の実態を調査し、コンポスト型トイレによる屎尿・生ゴミ一括処理を代替案の一つとしてあげる。次に、オガクズを用いた既存のコンポスト型トイレで屎尿・生ゴミ一括処理を行った場合の減量効果の実験結果と、現地でのコンポスト型トイレの受入可能性に関するアンケート調査結果を示す。
Ken Ushijima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-Sanitation System for Urban Slum Area: Case of Indonesia
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2018Co-Authors: Neni Sintawardani, Naoyuki Funamizu, Ken Ushijima, Mitsuteru Irie, Jovita Triastuti, Umi Hamidah, Yosuke Deguchi, Tadaharu IshikawaAbstract:This chapter describes case study of applicability assessment for resource-oriented agro-sanitation business for urban slum in Indonesia, based on interdisciplinary field survey, (1) economic feasibility assessment, (2) demand potential assessment, and (3) social acceptability. The value flow analysis evaluated garbage disposal cost and excreta disposal cost at 0.7 and 1.1%, respectively, of household income, which represents a reasonable cost to disposers. However, under the current disposal scheme, negative value due to excreta disposal to river appears to be passed on to downstream populations. The structure of this value flow indicates that little attention is paid to the negative externalities, indicating that a solution in this case may be difficult to obtain. The affordable initial cost of a new resource recycling system was evaluated and compared with the costs of a currently available compost Toilet by evaluating equipment lifetimes and potential income streams available from the sale of human excrement fertilizers. To estimate a value for the human excrement fertilizer, real-world case study in Indonesia, in which money was paid in exchange for human urine, was referred to. The evaluated affordable initial cost derived was sufficiently comparable to the price of a cheaper Composting Toilet currently available in the market. This implies that such a resource recycling system is feasible even in an urban slum. Results of demand and supply assessment showed that if resource-oriented sanitation system was diffused, supply would excess demands in the circle of 32 km radius, therefore cost discussion should assume more than 32 km transportation. According to the results of case estimation of tea plantation, total cost for fertilizer provided by resource-oriented sanitation system is possibly competitive to the normal price of synthetic fertilizer. However, if compared to subsidized price for low-income farmers, it seems difficult to compete. Regarding social aspect, the context of Islamic law is important. Islamic authorities regarded the resource-oriented sanitation system as no problematic concept and acceptable in the context of Islamic law.
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Sustainable design of sanitation system based on material and value flow analysis for urban slum in Indonesia
Frontiers of Environmental Science & Engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Ken Ushijima, Mitsuteru Irie, Neni Sintawardani, Jovita Triastuti, Umi Hamidah, Tadaharu Ishikawa, Naoyuki FunamizuAbstract:Material flow analysis (MFA) and value flow analysis (VFA) were applied to the sanitation system in an urban slum in Indonesia. Based on the results of the MFA and VFA, garbage and excreta disposal costs were evaluated to be 0.7% and 1.1%, respectively, of per capita income. Such value flows seem reasonable in light of the recognized affordability to pay (ATP) standard. However, current excreta disposal methods create negative impacts on downstream populations. Because such disadvantages do not go back to disposers, but passed to downstream, the current value flow structure does not motivate individual Toilet users to install treatment facility. Based on current material and value flow structures, a resource recycling sanitation system scenario was examined. Based on VFA, an affordable initial cost for such a system was calculated; this was found to be comparable in price to a cheaper Composting Toilet that is currently available in the market.
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a preliminary study on the feasibility of on site treatment of organic waste by using Composting Toilet in metro manila
Environmental Systems Research, 2002Co-Authors: Ken Ushijima, Tadaharu Ishikawa, Hideyuki Uehara, Toru Nakanishi, Corazon C Davis, Sylvano D MahiwoAbstract:フィリピンのマニラ首都圏では、有機性廃棄物による公共水域の汚染が著しい。一方、現在の社会経済状態のもとでは先進国型の処理施設の導入は困難である。本研究では、まず主な汚染源である貧困層のトイレと生ゴミ処理の実態を調査し、コンポスト型トイレによる屎尿・生ゴミ一括処理を代替案の一つとしてあげる。次に、オガクズを用いた既存のコンポスト型トイレで屎尿・生ゴミ一括処理を行った場合の減量効果の実験結果と、現地でのコンポスト型トイレの受入可能性に関するアンケート調査結果を示す。
Amadou Hama Maïga - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Experiment of a Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation System in Sahelian Rural Community: Case of Burkina Faso
Resource-Oriented Agro-sanitation Systems, 2019Co-Authors: Mariam Sou/dakoure, Amadou Hama Maïga, Maïmouna Traore Bologo, Ynoussa Maïga, Seyram SossouAbstract:This case study presents partial results of a research project in agro-sanitation. The study took place in rural area of Burkina Faso, a typical Sahelian country in West Africa. The objectives were (1) to design and implement an agro-sanitation system and (2) assess the willingness of users to reuse the sanitation by-products in small-scale subsistence farming. The sanitation system consists of collecting onsite greywater, urine, and feces which after separated treatment are reused as by-products. The greywater is treated by a slanted soil treatment system. Feces are converted in compost inside a Composting Toilet and urine treated by solar inactivation. General performances of the sanitation system are in progress at middle stage of the research project. However, the system is already a success in two points: (1) design simple and robust facilities adapted in a context of water shortage and not electricity; (2) better understand the social and economic criteria associated to the acceptability of users.
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Effect of Post-Treatment Conditions on the Inactivation of MS2 Bacteriophage as Indicator for Pathogenic Viruses after the Composting Process
Journal of Agricultural Chemistry and Environment, 2018Co-Authors: Hamidatu S. Darimani, Naoyuki Funamizu, Ryusei Ito, Amadou Hama MaïgaAbstract:A rural model Composting Toilet system still had some pathogens in the compost after months of operation and hence requires a post-treatment. The aim of the study was to sanitize compost withdrawn from the Composting Toilet by setting post-treatment conditions. The kinetics inactivation of MS2 bacteriophage, selected as indicator for pathogenic viruses were determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C and 50°C) with varying moisture contents (50%, 60% and 70%). As a result, the inactivation rates during the post-treatment were 0.093 - 0.020 h-1, 0.025 - 0.088 h1, 0.447 - 0.100 h-1 at 30°C, 40°C and 50°C respectively. The inactivation rate coefficient (k) values of MS2 bacteriophage depended on higher temperature but not on moisture content.
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Inactivation kinetics of indicator microorganisms during urea treatment for sanitizing finished compost from Composting Toilet
Journal of Water Sanitation and Hygiene for Development, 2016Co-Authors: S K Sossou, Amadou Hama Maïga, M Sou, Dakoure, Yacouba Konate, Naoyuki FunamizuAbstract:This study aimed at estimating the sanitizing effectiveness of urea treatment by studying the inactivation kinetics of selected indicator microorganisms. Finished composts from a Composting Toilet were inoculated with indicator microorganisms and subjected to different urea concentrations (0.5–2% w/w) and temperatures (22, 32 and 42°C). The inactivation kinetics parameters were determined in relation to pH, ammonia content and temperature during treatment time. The results show that urea addition to compost enhanced inactivation of microorganisms. The decline in number of E. coli and Enterococus followed a linear reduction, while that of Ascaris lumbricoides eggs followed a linear reduction plus shoulder. The inactivation rate constants of all microorganisms tested were positively correlated to the increase of NH 3 (aq) concentration and temperature. The relationship between the inactivation rate of microorganisms, ammonia through urea concentration and temperature were established. Therefore, the best decimal decay of E. coli, Enterococus and A. lumbricoides eggs occurred with 2% w/w urea concentration at 42°C within 0.9, 1.1 and 1.4 days, respectively. E. coli was the most sensitive microorganism to urea treatment, while Enterococcus and A. lumbricoides eggs showed resistance, especially at lower temperatures. Urea treatment has proved to be an efficient option for safe reuse of compost from Composting Toilets.
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Effect of post-treatment conditions on the inactivation of helminth eggs (Ascaris suum) after the Composting process
Environmental technology, 2015Co-Authors: Hamidatu S. Darimani, Ynoussa Maïga, Naoyuki Funamizu, M Sou, Ryusei Ito, Amadou Hama MaïgaAbstract:ABSTRACTSafe and appropriate disposal of human waste is a basic requirement for sanitation and protection of public health. For proper sanitation and nutrient recovery, it is necessary to ensure effective treatment methods to complete pathogen destruction in excreta prior to reuse. Composting Toilets convert faeces to a reusable resource such as fertilizer or humus for organic agriculture. A Composting Toilet for rural Burkina Faso was created by modifying a commercial model available in Japan to improve hygiene and increase food production. The Toilet has shown to result in a degraded final product, but its effectiveness for pathogen destruction was unclear due to low temperatures generated from the Toilet. This study aimed to sanitize compost withdrawn from the Composting Toilet for food production by setting post-treatment conditions. The inactivation kinetics of Ascaris suum eggs, selected as an indicator for helminth eggs, was determined during post-treatment at different temperatures (30°C, 40°C, 50...
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Design of Post-Treatment Unit for Compost from aComposting Toilet with Microbial Risk Assessment
Journal of Residuals Science & Technology, 2015Co-Authors: Hamidatu S. Darimani, Mariam Sou Ryusei Ito, Naoyuki Funamizu Dakoure, Amadou Hama MaïgaAbstract:The compost withdrawn from a Composting Toilet still contains pathogens and therefore requires a post-treatment unit to treat the compost prior to reuse. A quantitative microbial risk assessment Monte Carlo was conducted to evaluate the risk of infectious diseases and the length of time for the post-treatment. The accidental ingestion of compost (0.5–0.8 g) in a worst case scenario was evaluated. High temperature was efficient in reducing the risk of pathogens; however, the temperature distribution in the unit is not sufficient to reduce pathogens. Therefore, to efficiently reduce pathogens during the post-treatment, the unit requires an insulator to maintain the temperature.