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Peter Sunley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a economia geografica de paul krugman e suas consequencias para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional uma avaliacao critica paul krugman s geographical economics and its implications for regional development theor a critical assessment
Geografares, 2017Co-Authors: Ron Martin, Peter SunleyAbstract:RESUMO Os economistas, ao que parece, estao descobrindo a geografia. Ao longo da ultima decada, surgiram uma "nova teoria do comercio" e uma "nova economia da vantagem concorrencial" que, entre outras coisas, atribuem uma importância fundamental ao papel que a geografia interna de uma nacao pode desempenhar na determinacao do desempenho comercial das industrias dessa nacao. O trabalho de Paul Krugman, em particular, tem sido muito influente na promocao desta visao. De acordo com Krugman, num mundo de concorrencia imperfeita, o comercio internacional e impulsionado tanto pelos rendimentos crescentes e pelas economias externas, como pela vantagem comparativa. Alem disso, essas economias externas sao mais propensas a serem realizadas na escala local e regional do que no nivel nacional ou internacional. Para entender o comercio, portanto, Krugman argumenta que e necessario entender os processos que conduzem a concentracao de producao local e regional. Para este fim, ele se baseia em uma variedade de ideias geograficas, que vao desde as economias de aglomeracao Marshallianas, passando pela teoria tradicional da localizacao, ate as nocoes de causalidade cumulativa e especializacao regional. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho e fornecer uma avaliacao critica da "economia geografica" de Krugman e suas implicacoes para a geografia economica contemporânea. Seu trabalho levanta algumas questoes importantes para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional em geral e para a nova geografia industrial em particular. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, sua teoria tambem possui limitacoes significativas. Argumentamos que, embora uma troca de ideias entre sua teoria e o trabalho recente na geografia industrial sejam mutuamente beneficas, ambas as abordagens sao limitadas pelo tratamento que dao as externalidades tecnologicas e pelo legado da economia neoclassica ortodoxa. ABSTRACT Economists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a "new trade theory" and "new economics of competitive advantage" have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional Concentration of Production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional location theory, to notions of cumulative causation and regional specialization. Our purpose in this paper is to provide a critical assessment of Krugman's "geographical economics" and its implications for contemporary economic geography. His work raises some significant issues for regional development theory in general and the new industrial geography in particular. But at the same time his theory also has significant limitations. We argue that while an exchange of ideas between his theory and recent work in industrial geography would be mutually beneficial, both approaches are limited by their treatment of technological externalities and the legacy of orthodox neoclassical economics. KEY WORDS : Krugman, trade, external economies, regional industrial Concentration, regional industrial policy.
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paul krugman s geographical economics and its implications for regional development theory a critical assessment
Economic Geography, 1996Co-Authors: Ron Martin, Peter SunleyAbstract:AbstractEconomists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a “new trade theory” and “new economics of competitive advantage” have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional Concentration of Production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional loc...
Ron Martin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a economia geografica de paul krugman e suas consequencias para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional uma avaliacao critica paul krugman s geographical economics and its implications for regional development theor a critical assessment
Geografares, 2017Co-Authors: Ron Martin, Peter SunleyAbstract:RESUMO Os economistas, ao que parece, estao descobrindo a geografia. Ao longo da ultima decada, surgiram uma "nova teoria do comercio" e uma "nova economia da vantagem concorrencial" que, entre outras coisas, atribuem uma importância fundamental ao papel que a geografia interna de uma nacao pode desempenhar na determinacao do desempenho comercial das industrias dessa nacao. O trabalho de Paul Krugman, em particular, tem sido muito influente na promocao desta visao. De acordo com Krugman, num mundo de concorrencia imperfeita, o comercio internacional e impulsionado tanto pelos rendimentos crescentes e pelas economias externas, como pela vantagem comparativa. Alem disso, essas economias externas sao mais propensas a serem realizadas na escala local e regional do que no nivel nacional ou internacional. Para entender o comercio, portanto, Krugman argumenta que e necessario entender os processos que conduzem a concentracao de producao local e regional. Para este fim, ele se baseia em uma variedade de ideias geograficas, que vao desde as economias de aglomeracao Marshallianas, passando pela teoria tradicional da localizacao, ate as nocoes de causalidade cumulativa e especializacao regional. Nosso objetivo neste trabalho e fornecer uma avaliacao critica da "economia geografica" de Krugman e suas implicacoes para a geografia economica contemporânea. Seu trabalho levanta algumas questoes importantes para a teoria do desenvolvimento regional em geral e para a nova geografia industrial em particular. Mas, ao mesmo tempo, sua teoria tambem possui limitacoes significativas. Argumentamos que, embora uma troca de ideias entre sua teoria e o trabalho recente na geografia industrial sejam mutuamente beneficas, ambas as abordagens sao limitadas pelo tratamento que dao as externalidades tecnologicas e pelo legado da economia neoclassica ortodoxa. ABSTRACT Economists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a "new trade theory" and "new economics of competitive advantage" have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional Concentration of Production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional location theory, to notions of cumulative causation and regional specialization. Our purpose in this paper is to provide a critical assessment of Krugman's "geographical economics" and its implications for contemporary economic geography. His work raises some significant issues for regional development theory in general and the new industrial geography in particular. But at the same time his theory also has significant limitations. We argue that while an exchange of ideas between his theory and recent work in industrial geography would be mutually beneficial, both approaches are limited by their treatment of technological externalities and the legacy of orthodox neoclassical economics. KEY WORDS : Krugman, trade, external economies, regional industrial Concentration, regional industrial policy.
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paul krugman s geographical economics and its implications for regional development theory a critical assessment
Economic Geography, 1996Co-Authors: Ron Martin, Peter SunleyAbstract:AbstractEconomists, it seems, are discovering geography. Over the past decade, a “new trade theory” and “new economics of competitive advantage” have emerged which, among other things, assign a key importance to the role that the internal geography of a nation may play in determining the trading performance of that nation's industries. Paul Krugman's work, in particular, has been very influential in promoting this view. According to Krugman, in a world of imperfect competition, international trade is driven as much by increasing returns and external economies as by comparative advantage. Furthermore, these external economies are more likely to be realized at the local and regional scale than at the national or international level. To understand trade, therefore, Krugman argues that it is necessary to understand the processes leading to the local and regional Concentration of Production. To this end he draws on a range of geographical ideas, from Marshallian agglomeration economies, through traditional loc...
Benjamin Faber - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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trade integration market size and industrialization evidence from china s national trunk highway system
The Review of Economic Studies, 2014Co-Authors: Benjamin FaberAbstract:Large-scale transport infrastructure investments connect both large metropolitan centres of Production as well as small peripheral regions. Are the resulting trade cost reductions a force for the diffusion of industrial and total economic activity to peripheral regions, or do they reinforce the Concentration of Production in space? This article exploits China's National Trunk Highway System as a large-scale natural experiment to contribute to our understanding of this question. The network was designed to connect provincial capitals and cities with an urban population above 500,000. As a side effect, a large number of small peripheral counties were connected to large metropolitan agglomerations. To address non-random route placements on the way between targeted city nodes, I propose an instrumental variable strategy based on the construction of least cost path spanning tree networks. The estimation results suggest that network connections have led to a reduction in GDP growth among non-targeted peripheral counties. This effect appears to be driven by a significant reduction in industrial output growth. Additional results present evidence in support of a trade-based channel in the light of falling trade costs between peripheral and metropolitan regions.
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trade integration market size and industrialization evidence from china s national trunk highway system
2013Co-Authors: Benjamin FaberAbstract:Large scale transport infrastructure investments connect both large metropolitan centers of Production as well as small peripheral regions. Are the resulting trade cost reductions a force for the diffusion of industrial and total economic activity to peripheral regions, or do they reinforce the Concentration of Production in space? This paper exploits China's National Trunk Highway System as a large scale natural experiment to contribute to our understanding of this question. The network was designed to connect provincial capitals and cities with an urban population above 500,000. As a side effect, a large number of small peripheral counties were connected to large metropolitan city regions. To address non-random route placements on the way between targeted city nodes, I propose an instrumental variable strategy based on the construction of least cost path spanning tree networks. The estimation results suggest that network connections led to a reduction in GDP growth among no n-targeted peripheral counties due to reduced industrial output growth. Additional estimation results present evidence that appears consistent with the existence of core-periphery effects of trade integration as found in increasing returns trade theory and economic geography
Кривоконь, Марина Олександрівна - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Reengineering of Production in crisis management
Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020Co-Authors: Кривоконь, Марина ОлександрівнаAbstract:Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2019. У дисертаційній роботі розглянуто теоретико-методологічні положення антикризового управління вітчизняними підприємствами машинобудування, що ґрунтуються на використанні радикальних інструментів перепроектування виробничих процесів. Сформульовано власну наукову позицію щодо характеристики реінжинірингу виробництва в антикризовому управлінні як активного стратегічного методу та удосконалено методичні підходи до систематизації виробничих процесів підприємств важкого машинобудування. У дисертації обґрунтовані методичні підходи до аналізу закономірностей побудови та формування змістовного наповнення моделі реінжинірингу виробництва на об’єднаннях підприємств важкого машинобудування, яка враховує використання інструментів концентрації та спеціалізації виробництва. Систематизовано засоби реалізації стратегічних цілей проекту реінжинірингу виробництва, з групуванням виконуваних операцій за змістом і об’єктами, що дозволяє відслідковувати і координувати виконання стратегічних цілей на всіх етапах проекту реінжинірингу виробництва.Dissertation for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences, speciality 08.00.04 – Economics and Management of Enterprises (by types of economic activity). – National Technical University "Kharkiv Polytechnical Institute", Kharkiv, 2019. In dissertation work the theoretical and methodological positions of anti-crisis management of domestic machine-building enterprises based on the use of radical tools of redesigning of Production processes are considered. The author formulates his own scientific position regarding the characterization of the reengineering of Production in crisis management as an active strategic method, which allows to optimize Production processes in heavy engineering enterprises and their associations in order to provide a quick response to the manifestations of the crisis in order to further enable the functioning of the crisis. The methodical approaches to the systematization of Production processes of enterprises of heavy engineering, which are distributed according to the types of Production at each stage of the Production cycle, are improved, and they allow to formulate a concretized list of basic and auxiliary Production processes as objects of reengineering. The dissertation substantiates the methodical approaches to the analysis of the patterns of construction and formation of the content content of the model of Production reengineering at the enterprises of heavy mechanical engineering, which takes into account the use of tools of Concentration and specialization of Production and is based on the experience of process management of domestic enterprises, due to which it is possible to adapt the developed model for various enterprises of mechanical engineering and their associations using certain stages of the project of reengineering of Production va modeling of Production processes in accordance with their role in the Production cycle of heavy machinery enterprises, which simplifies the process management system and reduces the cost of providing processes. There is determined that the core capabilities of reengineering in the crisis overcoming are: improving the basic performance of the enterprise by optimizing its Production processes, improving Production efficiency by redesigning logistics and technological processes, changing the structure of fixed assets and working capital in carrying Concentration of Production. The diagnosis of generalized financial and economic indicators of heavy engineering industry determine the main objects of reengineering the Production:fixed assets (workshops, Production space, equipment, intangible assets); Production technology; internal logistics; organization of personnel; system of organization of raw material supply. The developed model of reengineering of Production in crisis management enables structured crisis management tools, extending them through innovative approaches. Model reengineering of Production involves the use of Concentration, specialization and diversification within the association and each company separately, implementation of lean Production, quality control systems and the creation of technological and engineering centers. Crisis management using reengineering is carried out by optimizing Production processes, improving logistics, introducing a system of motivation, and improving the personnel supply system. The stages of implementation of the project of reengineering of Production at heavy machinery enterprises were formulated and substantiated. At the preparatory stage, the company's diagnosis and construction of the project objectives tree are underway. The implementation phase includes modeling processes, determining options for conducting Concentration, identifying and describing risks, forecasting results. The implementation phase involves concentrating, specializing and diversifying Production, re-designing processes, creating incentive systems and quality management, optimizing staffing structure. The final stage is presented by the calculation of the project's performance indicators and the comparison of the performance with the expected. The paper assessed the efficiency of project implementation reengineering of Production at enterprises of heavy engineering associations using the calculation of discounted cash flow, net present value, profitability index and internal rate of return. It is possible to find out what are the main factors of success: determination and consideration of risk exposure, ensuring a continuous process of project management and engagement group of specialists from different spheres of Production, the use of innovative redesign of manufacturing processes, efficiency of use of radical crisis management tools for fixing achieved change. The methodical provision of crisis management by industrial enterprises is improved on the basis of the developed model of reengineering of Production by expanding the functionality methods for optimizing Production processes and interprocess relations, Concentration and specialization of Production. For the developed model, the means of implementing the strategic objectives of the project of reengineering of Production are systematized, in accordance with the system approach in grouping executed operations in terms of content and objects, which allows to monitor and coordinate the implementation of strategic objectives at all stages of the project reengineering Production
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Reengineering of Production in crisis management
Національний технічний університет "Харківський політехнічний інститут", 2020Co-Authors: Кривоконь, Марина ОлександрівнаAbstract:Дисертація на здобуття наукового ступеня кандидата економічних наук за спеціальністю 08.00.04 – економіка та управління підприємствами (за видами економічної діяльності). – Національний технічний університет «Харківський політехнічний інститут», Харків, 2020. У дисертаційній роботі розглянуто теоретико-методичні положення антикризового управління вітчизняними машинобудівними підприємствами на основі використання радикальних інструментів перепроектування виробничих процесів. Автор формулює власну наукову позицію щодо характеристики реінжинірингу виробництва в умовах антикризового управління як активного стратегічного методу, що дозволяє оптимізувати виробничі процеси на підприємствах важкого машинобудування та їх об'єднаннях з метою швидкого реагування на прояви кризи та подальшого забезпечення функціонування в умовах кризи. Удосконалено методичні підходи до систематизації виробничих процесів підприємств важкого машинобудування, які розподіляються за видами продукції на кожному етапі виробничого циклу, і дозволяють сформулювати конкретизований перелік основних і допоміжних виробничих процесів та об'єкти реінжинірингу. У дисертації обґрунтовуються методичні положення використання реінжинірингу виробництва на підприємствах важкого машинобудування, що враховують використання засобів концентрації та спеціалізації виробництва та на основі досвіду управління технологічними процесами вітчизняних підприємств, за рахунок чого підвищується ефективність діяльності підприємств важкого машинобудування та їх об’єднань. Сформульовано етапи проекту реінжинірингу виробництва, описано процес моделювання виробничих процесів відповідно до їх ролі у виробничому циклі підприємств важкої промисловості, що спрощує систему управління процесами і знижує витрати на забезпечення процесів. Визначено, що основними можливостями реінжинірингу в подоланні кризи є: поліпшення базових показників діяльності підприємства шляхом оптимізації виробничих процесів, підвищення ефективності виробництва шляхом перепрофілювання логістичних і технологічних процесів, зміна структури основних засобів і оборотних коштів при проведенні концентрації виробництва. Діагностику узагальнених фінансово-економічних показників важкого машинобудування визначають основні об'єкти реінжинірингу виробництва: основні засоби (цехи, виробничі площі, обладнання, нематеріальні активи); технологія виробництва; внутрішня логістика; організація персоналу; система організації постачання сировини. Розроблені полодення реінжинірингу виробництва в умовах антикризового управління дають змогу структурувати інструменти управління кризою, розширюючи їх за допомогою інноваційних підходів. Проект реінжинірингу виробництва передбачає використання концентрації, спеціалізації та диверсифікації на кожному підприємстві та їх об’єднанні, впровадження бережливого виробництва, системи контролю якості та створення технологічних та інженерних центрів. Антикризове управління з використанням реінжинірингу здійснюється шляхом оптимізації виробничих процесів, вдосконалення логістики, запровадження системи мотивації та вдосконалення системи забезпечення персоналом. Сформульовано та обґрунтовано етапи реалізації проекту реінжинірингу виробництва на підприємствах важкого машинобудування. На підготовчому етапі ведеться діагностика та побудова дерева завдань проекту. Фаза впровадження включає в себе процеси моделювання, визначення варіантів проведення концентрації, виявлення та опису ризиків, прогнозування результатів. Фаза впровадження включає зосередження, спеціалізацію та диверсифікацію виробництва, перепроектування процесів, створення систем стимулювання та управління якістю, оптимізацію структури персоналу. Заключний етап представлений розрахунком показників ефективності проекту та порівнянням результатів діяльності з очікуваними. У дисертації проведено оцінку ефективності реалізації проекту реінжинірингу виробництва на підприємствах важкого машинобудування. З’ясовано, що основними факторами успіху є наступні: визначення та розгляд ризику, забезпечення безперервного процесу управління проектами та залучення групи фахівців з різних сфер виробництва, використання інноваційного редизайну виробничих процесів, ефективність використання радикальних інструментів управління кризою для фіксації досягнутих змін. Удосконалено методичні рекомендації щодо систематизації стратегічних цілей проекту реінжинірингу виробництва, які групуються за змістом виконуваних операцій відповідно до визначених об’єктів реінжинірингу та дозволяють адаптувати проект реінжинірингу виробництва для промислових підприємств.Thesis for the degree of Candidate of Economic Sciences (PhD) in specialty 08.00.04 – economics and management (of economic activity). - National Technical University «Kharkiv Polytechnic Institute», Kharkov, 2019. In dissertation work the theoretical and methodological positions of anti-crisis management of domestic machine-building enterprises based on the use of radical tools of redesigning of Production processes are considered. The author formulates his own scientific position regarding the characterization of the reengineering of Production in crisis management as an active strategic method, which allows to optimize Production processes in heavy engineering enterprises and their associations in order to provide a quick response to the manifestations of the crisis in order to further enable the functioning of the crisis. The methodical approaches to the systematization of Production processes of enterprises of heavy engineering, which are distributed according to the types of Production at each stage of the Production cycle, are improved, and they allow to formulate a concretized list of basic and auxiliary Production processes as objects of reengineering. The dissertation substantiates the methodical approaches to the analysis of the patterns of construction and formation of the content content of the model of Production reengineering at the enterprises of heavy mechanical engineering, which takes into account the use of tools of Concentration and specialization of Production and is based on the experience of process management of domestic enterprises, due to which it is possible to adapt the developed model for various enterprises of mechanical engineering and their associations using certain stages of the project of reengineering of Production va modeling of Production processes in accordance with their role in the Production cycle of heavy machinery enterprises, which simplifies the process management system and reduces the cost of providing processes. There is determined that the core capabilities of reengineering in the crisis overcoming are: improving the basic performance of the enterprise by optimizing its Production processes, improving Production efficiency by redesigning logistics and technological processes, changing the structure of fixed assets and working capital in carrying Concentration of Production. The diagnosis of generalized financial and economic indicators of heavy engineering industry determine the main objects of reengineering the Production:fixed assets (workshops, Production space, equipment, intangible assets); Production technology; internal logistics; organization of personnel; system of organization of raw material supply. The developed model of reengineering of Production in crisis management enables structured crisis management tools, extending them through innovative approaches. Model reengineering of Production involves the use of Concentration, specialization and diversification within the association and each company separately, implementation of lean Production, quality control systems and the creation of technological and engineering centers. Crisis management using reengineering is carried out by optimizing Production processes, improving logistics, introducing a system of motivation, and improving the personnel supply system. The stages of implementation of the project of reengineering of Production at heavy machinery enterprises were formulated and substantiated. At the preparatory stage, the company's diagnosis and construction of the project objectives tree are underway. The implementation phase includes modeling processes, determining options for conducting Concentration, identifying and describing risks, forecasting results. The implementation phase involves concentrating, specializing and diversifying Production, re-designing processes, creating incentive systems and quality management, optimizing staffing structure. The final stage is presented by the calculation of the project's performance indicators and the comparison of the performance with the expected. The paper assessed the efficiency of project implementation reengineering of Production at enterprises of heavy engineering associations using the calculation of discounted cash flow, net present value, profitability index and internal rate of return. It is possible to find out what are the main factors of success: determination and consideration of risk exposure, ensuring a continuous process of project management and engagement group of specialists from different spheres of Production, the use of innovative redesign of manufacturing processes, efficiency of use of radical crisis management tools for fixing achieved change. The methodical provision of crisis management by industrial enterprises is improved on the basis of the developed model of reengineering of Production by expanding the functionality methods for optimizing Production processes and interprocess relations, Concentration and specialization of Production. For the developed model, the means of implementing the strategic objectives of the project of reengineering of Production are systematized, in accordance with the system approach in grouping executed operations in terms of content and objects, which allows to monitor and coordinate the implementation of strategic objectives at all stages of the project reengineering Production
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r d spillovers and the geography of innovation and Production
The American Economic Review, 1996Co-Authors: David B Audretsch, Maryann P FeldmanAbstract:Previous research has indicated that investment in R&D by private firms and universities can lead to knowledge spillover, which can lead to exploitation from other third-party firms. If the ability of these third-party firms to acquire knowledge spillovers is influenced by their proximity to the knowledge source, then geographic clustering should be observable, especially in industries where access to knowledge spillovers is vital. The spatial distribution of innovation activity and the geographic Concentration of Production are examined, using three sources of economic knowledge: industry R&D, skilled labor, and the size of the pool of basic science for a specific industry. Results show that the propensity for innovative activity to cluster spatially is more attributable to the influence of knowledge spillovers and not merely the geographic Concentration of Production. (SFL)