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German E. Berrios - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Schizophrenia: A Conceptual History
International journal of psychology and psychological therapy, 2003Co-Authors: German E. Berrios, Rogelio Luque, José M. VillagránAbstract:The current concept of schizophrenia is regarded as the consequence of a linear progress from different definitions concluding in the present. According to the “continuity hypothesis” schizophrenia has always existed and 19 th and 20 th centuries alienists have polished away its blemishes and impurities, culminating in the DSM-IV definition which can therefore be considered as a paragon of a real, recognizable, unitary and stable object of inquiry. However, historical research shows that there is little Conceptual continuity between Morel, Kraepelin, Bleuler and Schneider. Two consequences follow from this finding. One is that the idea of a linear progression culminating in the present is a myth. The other that the current view of schizophrenia is not the result of one definition and one object of inquiry successively studied by various psychiatric groups bat a patchwork made out of clinical features plucked from different definitions. The History of schizophrenia can be best described as the History of a set of research programmes running in parallel rather than serialism and each based on a different concept of disease, of mental symptom and of mind. In this paper some of these programmes are discussed.
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Erotomania: a Conceptual History
History of Psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: German E. Berrios, Noel KennedyAbstract:Four historical convergences are identified in the History of erotomania. According to the first, which lasted from Classical times to the early eighteenth century, erotomania was a 'general disease caused by unrequited love'. According to the second, erotomania was a disease of 'excessive physical love (nymphomania)'; this view remained active well into the nineteenth century. The third convergence focuses on the view that erotomania is a form of 'mental disorder', and this was held throughout the twentieth century. The fourth and current definition (a development of the third stage) sees erotomania as a 'the delusional belief of being loved by someone else'. Differences between Anglo-Saxon and French views cast doubt on the meaning or coherence of the much-abused English eponym 'de Clerambault syndrome'. Erotomania is a construct, a mirror reflecting Western views on spiritual and physical love, sex, and gender inequality and abuse. On account of this, it is unlikely that there will ever be a final, 'scientific' definition rendering erotomania into a 'natural kind' and making it susceptible to brain localization and biological treatment.
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Erotomania: a Conceptual History.
History of psychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: German E. Berrios, Noel KennedyAbstract:Four historical convergences are identified in the History of erotomania. According to the first, which lasted from Classical times to the early eighteenth century, erotomania was a 'general disease caused by unrequited love'. According to the second, erotomania was a disease of 'excessive physical love (nymphomania)'; this view remained active well into the nineteenth century. The third convergence focuses on the view that erotomania is a form of 'mental disorder', and this was held throughout the twentieth century. The fourth and current definition (a development of the third stage) sees erotomania as a 'the delusional belief of being loved by someone else'. Differences between Anglo-Saxon and French views cast doubt on the meaning or coherence of the much-abused English eponym 'de Clérambault syndrome'. Erotomania is a construct, a mirror reflecting Western views on spiritual and physical love, sex, and gender inequality and abuse. On account of this, it is unlikely that there will ever be a final, 'scientific' definition rendering erotomania into a 'natural kind' and making it susceptible to brain localization and biological treatment.
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Assessment and measurement in neuropsychiatry: a Conceptual History.
Seminars in clinical neuropsychiatry, 2002Co-Authors: German E. Berrios, Ivana S. MarkováAbstract:Since the time the parent discipline of psychiatry became organized as a profession, one of its ludi saeculares (neuropsychiatry) has enjoyed at least 4 vogues. On each, neuropsychiatry has been known to ally itself to a cause: currently it is the big business of neurobiology. This move can be seen as scientific progress or as a side-effect of the (professional rather than scientific) infighting that affected neuromedicine during the late 19(th) century and which led to the construction of the notion of "neurological disease." Alienists responded to this variously: some, like Kahlbaum and Kraepelin accepted the split and returned to the more botanico approach; others, like Ziehen chose psychology; yet others, like Freud, delved in hermeneutics; lastly, there were those, like Meynert, Wernicke, Von Monakow, and Liepmann who sought an accommodation with neurology. Born out of this compromise, neuropsychiatry has remained a blurred activity (whose definitions range from "psychiatry of neurology" to a crusade for the "naturalization of the mind"). Neuropsychiatric assessment is a methodology designed to collect information about patients whose mental symptoms are thought to be caused by brain disease. When it first appeared, it was torn by the debate between "nomothetic versus idiographic" science. For a time, the neuropsychiatry assessment techniques stuck to the old personalized narratives characteristic of 19(th) century "casenotes" (trying to meet its descriptive, explanatory, therapeutic, legal, and ethical obligations). But during the late 19(th) century, measurement and quantification became part of the new rhetoric of science. Soon enough this affected psychology in general and neuropsychology in particular and neuropsychiatric assessment followed suit. It has changed little since except that now and again old tests and markers are replaced by more "reliable" ones and phenomenological data are squeezed out further. Its laudable enthusiasm for objectivity and truth was ab initio justified by 19(th) century Positivism; currently, it seems to be supported by a naive version of Popperian falsificationism. In the meantime, the scientific worth of the neuropsychiatric assessment remains unclear; indeed, in an age of evidence-based medicine, it is surprising that both its informational and communicational value and its efficiency as a general epistemic tool have not been subjected to any serious empirical testing.
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Anxiety disorders: a Conceptual History.
Journal of Affective Disorders, 1999Co-Authors: German E. BerriosAbstract:1. Matters historiographical According to the first, these are all linguistic constructions (e.g. Sarbin, 1964, 1968) whose content When writing on how the so-called ‘anxiety fully changes from generation to generation, accorddisorders’ came to be constructed, the historian faces ing to the second, clinical categories reflect stable, three difficulties: identifying the object of research, platonic objects more or less fixed in their ontology choosing the appropriate historiographical approach, (like plants or animals); the third, to be followed in and setting limits to the data domain. this paper, is that most ‘clinical’ categories (and the The object of research is not as clear cut as it phenomena related to ‘anxiety’ is one of them) have might seem. For it would be a bad historian who a neurobiological substratum but that the experiential simply accepted ‘official’ definitions, for example, and behavioural signals they generate are culturally DSM IV: ‘The following disorders are contained in formatted at a very early stage. In practice, this this section: Panic Disorder Without Agoraphobia, means that the historian must assume such categories Panic Disorder With Agoraphobia, Agoraphobia not to be fixed for ever but undergo secular changes Without History of Panic Disorder, Specific Phobia, in form and content which should depend both on Social Phobia, Obsessive–Compulsive Disorder, change in biological programming and societal Posttraumatic Stress Disorder, Acute Stress Disorchange (Berrios, 1996a). Lastly, the object of inquiry der, Generalized Anxiety Disorder, Anxiety Disorder and the historiographical approach will determine the Due to a General Medical Condition, Substanceboundaries of the data domain: in the case of the Induced Anxiety Disorder, and Anxiety anxiety disorders this should certainly go beyond the Disorder . . . ’ (emphases in original) (American minutes of the DSM IV Work Group who drafted the Psychiatric Association, 1994). The reason for not section on Anxiety Disorders. accepting this list as the object of research is that, from an important perspective, writing on the History of the DSM IV definition of anxiety disorders is not 2. Matters historical the same as writing on the History of the anxiety disorders in general. This ‘important perspective’ None of the clinical phenomena or ‘symptoms’ relates to up to three historiographical assumptions now included under the various ‘anxiety disorders’ is as to the nature of clinical (nosological) categories. new. What has changed is their relative emphasis, the permutations and combinations in which they are
H.g.j. Kaal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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A Conceptual History of livability: Dutch scientists, politicians, policy makers and citizens and the quest for a livable city
City, 2011Co-Authors: H.g.j. KaalAbstract:The quest for livability is currently a key urban issue throughout the world. Judging from policy programs, political manifestos and business philosophies, maintaining or improving a city's degree of livability appears to be one of the main concerns of a variety of actors, ranging from the spheres of local and state government to civil society and business. Critical urban geographers have characterized livability as a ‘discursive frame that both enables and legitimates entrepreneurial policy initiatives’. Building on this critical interpretation of livability discourse this paper studies livability from the perspective of (urban) democracy. Through an investigation of the Conceptual History of livability in the Netherlands, views on urban governance and citizenship are identified. The paper makes clear that over the past half a century, the concept of livability has played various roles in different contexts. In the late 1950s, livability emerged as a key concept in Dutch rural geography against the backg...
Manher Jariwala - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Teaching the Conceptual History of Physics to Physics Teachers
Science & Education, 2015Co-Authors: Peter Garik, Luciana Garbayo, Yann Benétreau-dupin, Charles Winrich, Andrew Duffy, Nicholas Gross, Manher JariwalaAbstract:For nearly a decade we have taught the History and philosophy of science as part of courses aimed at the professional development of physics teachers. The focus of the History of science instruction is on the stages in the development of the concepts and theories of physics. For this instruction, we designed activities to help the teachers organize their understanding of this historical development. The activities include scientific modeling using archaic theories. We conducted surveys to gauge the impact on the teachers of including the Conceptual History of physics in the professional development courses. The teachers report greater confidence in their knowledge of the History of physics, that they reflect on this History for their teaching, and that they use of the History of physics for their classroom instruction. In this paper, we provide examples of our activities, the rationale for their design, and discuss the outcomes for the teachers of the instruction.
Peter Garik - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Teaching the Conceptual History of Physics to Physics Teachers
Science & Education, 2015Co-Authors: Peter Garik, Luciana Garbayo, Yann Benétreau-dupin, Charles Winrich, Andrew Duffy, Nicholas Gross, Manher JariwalaAbstract:For nearly a decade we have taught the History and philosophy of science as part of courses aimed at the professional development of physics teachers. The focus of the History of science instruction is on the stages in the development of the concepts and theories of physics. For this instruction, we designed activities to help the teachers organize their understanding of this historical development. The activities include scientific modeling using archaic theories. We conducted surveys to gauge the impact on the teachers of including the Conceptual History of physics in the professional development courses. The teachers report greater confidence in their knowledge of the History of physics, that they reflect on this History for their teaching, and that they use of the History of physics for their classroom instruction. In this paper, we provide examples of our activities, the rationale for their design, and discuss the outcomes for the teachers of the instruction.
Gonzalo Capellán De Miguel - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The concept of democracy: moments, meanings and images in the “long term” (a proposed rethinking of Conceptual History in the Ibero-American world)
Journal of Iberian and Latin American Studies, 2018Co-Authors: Gonzalo Capellán De MiguelAbstract:ABSTRACTIn recent years there has been a notable increase in the practice of Conceptual History in the Ibero-American world. There has been a particular focus on the use of fundamental concepts previous and subsequent to the Independences (1750–1850). This work is a proposal to broaden the temporal framework of analysis, until the Second World War at least. It also suggests the introduction of three central aspects: incorporation of images as a complement to texts in the analysis of concepts; identification of the historical moments at which there occurs a change in the dominant semantic of each concept; and consideration of the Ibero-American sphere, not in isolation but in interaction with the global world. To illustrate this new approach, we provide a case study related to a paradigmatic key concept of modernity: Democracy.
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The Notion of Modernity in Nineteenth-Century Spain An Example of Conceptual History
Contributions to the History of Concepts, 2005Co-Authors: Javier Fernández Sebastián, Gonzalo Capellán De MiguelAbstract:This article has two main aims. First, it provides a brief account of the terms modernidad (modernity) and modernismo (modernism) in the Spanish context from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Second, it seeks to illustrate the way in which Conceptual History is being approached in a Spanish context. It draws upon the collaborative efforts of a group of over 30 scholars who have sought to explore the political lexicon of 19th-century Spain. The article deploys the analytical categories and methodological tools associated with the followers of Begriffsgeschichte and of the Cambridge school. Our conclusion is that an examination of these two terms reveals that the emphasis upon Spanish singularity has been exaggerated and that, despite the historical backwardness of the country, Spain played an outstanding role in the creation of the language of modernity and postmodernity. key words: Cambridge school, Conceptual History, Jose Ortega y Gasset, modernity, 19th-century Spain The aim of this article is twofold. First, it attempts to give a brief account of the semantic evolution of the terms modernidad (modernity) and modernismo (modernism) in the Spanish context from the end of the 18th to the beginning of the 20th century. But, second, we would like this article to be seen as an illustration of our particular way of approaching the study of Conceptual History. In fact,
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The Notion of Modernity in 19th-Century Spain An Example of Conceptual History
European Journal of Political Theory, 2004Co-Authors: Javier Fernández Sebastián, Gonzalo Capellán De MiguelAbstract:This article has two main aims. First, it provides a brief account of the terms modernidad (modernity) and modernismo (modernism) in the Spanish context from the end of the 18th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Second, it seeks to illustrate the way in which Conceptual History is being approached in a Spanish context. It draws upon the collaborative efforts of a group of over 30 scholars who have sought to explore the political lexicon of 19th-century Spain. The article deploys the analytical categories and methodological tools associated with the followers of Begriffsgeschichte and of the Cambridge school. Our conclusion is that an examination of these two terms reveals that the emphasis upon Spanish singularity has been exaggerated and that, despite the historical backwardness of the country, Spain played an outstanding role in the creation of the language of modernity and postmodernity.