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Thomas H. Ollendick - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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virtual reality one session treatment of child Specific Phobia of dogs a controlled multiple baseline case series
Behavior Therapy, 2020Co-Authors: Lara J Farrell, Kirra A. Krisch, Allison M Waters, Taka Miyamoto, Caroline L Donovan, Thomas H. OllendickAbstract:Abstract Specific Phobia (SP) typically onsets in childhood and frequently predicts other mental health disorders later in life. Fortunately, childhood SP can be effectively treated with cognitive behavior therapy (CBT), including the exposure-based one-session treatment (OST) approach. Despite empirical support for CBT and OST, clinicians, for various reasons, frequently fail to implement exposure-based therapy in routine clinical practice, including perceived difficulties in implementing exposure. Virtual reality (VR) exposure therapy may overcome some of these challenges and provides an alternative modality of therapy. This preliminary study examined the efficacy of VR OST for 8 children with a SP of dogs (aged 8–12 years) (M = age 10.25; SD = 2.11) using a multiple-baseline controlled case series. Following a stable baseline period of either 2, 3, or 4 weeks, it was expected that Specific Phobia severity would significantly decline after VR OST and remain improved over the 3-week maintenance phase. Assessments were conducted posttreatment and at 1-month follow up (study end-point). It was found that Phobia symptoms remained relatively stable across the baselines, with significant reductions from pretreatment to posttreatment and to follow-up on clinician severity ratings (pre- to post- g = 1.12; pre- to follow-up g = 2.40), target symptom ratings (g = 1.14; 1.29), and behavioral avoidance (g = -1.27; -1.96). The treatment was also associated with clinically significant outcomes, whereby at one-month follow up, 75% of children were considered “recovered” and 88% completed the BAT (interacted with their feared stimuli). This study provides support for the effectiveness of VR OST.
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brief intensive and concentrated treatment of Specific Phobia in a child with minimally verbal autism spectrum disorder
Clinical Case Studies, 2020Co-Authors: Ashley Muskett, Sarah R Radtke, Thomas H. OllendickAbstract:This case study illustrates a brief, intensive, cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) for a young male client with a Specific Phobia of dogs and comorbid autism spectrum disorder (ASD). CBT has been s...
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parents perceptions of novel treatments for child and adolescent Specific Phobia and anxiety disorders
Child Psychiatry & Human Development, 2016Co-Authors: Carly Roberts, Lara J Farrell, Allison M Waters, Ella L Oar, Thomas H. OllendickAbstract:This study aimed to examine parents' perceptions of established treatments, including cognitive behaviour therapy (CBT) and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), relative to novel treatments of D-cycloserine (DCS) and attention bias modification (ABM) augmented CBT to determine if novel treatments are perceived as more or less favorable than established treatments. Participants included parents of children with a Specific Phobia, enrolled in one of two randomized controlled trials of either one-session augmented DCS (n = 38, Gold Coast) or ABM augmented one-session treatment (n = 34, Brisbane), as well as parents from a community sample (n = 38). Parents of children with a Specific Phobia perceived CBT most favorably. There was no difference between the sites on perceptions of ABM. However, parents of children enrolled in the DCS trial perceived DCS more favorably than parents of children enrolled in the ABM trial and the community sample. These results demonstrate parents' greater acceptance of psychological treatments over pharmacological treatments for the treatment of childhood Phobias, highlighting the importance of educating parents to novel treatments.
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Fear: Autism Spectrum Disorder and/or Specific Phobia
Handbook of Autism and Anxiety, 2014Co-Authors: Thompson E. Davis, Thomas H. OllendickAbstract:This chapter examines the diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Specific Phobia, their potential comorbidity, and assessment and treatment recommendations. Fear is an appropriate emotional response in certain situations. Problematic fear, however, in the form of a Specific Phobia is not. At times, it can be difficult to diagnose Specific Phobia in those with ASD, given the unique sensory experiences, rigidity, verbal deficiencies, and social, communication, and intellectual challenges frequently associated with an ASD diagnosis. For context, an overview of normal, healthy fear development is contrasted against the development and phenomenology of Specific Phobias in otherwise neurotypical individuals, followed by what is currently known about the development and phenomenology of Specific Phobia in individuals with ASD. Following brief recommendations for assessing and treating individuals with Specific Phobia comorbid with ASD, we conclude with commentary and thoughts on the future of these two diagnoses in the newly available Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5; Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders).
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fear autism spectrum disorder and or Specific Phobia
2014Co-Authors: Thompson E. Davis, Thomas H. OllendickAbstract:This chapter examines the diagnoses of autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and Specific Phobia, their potential comorbidity, and assessment and treatment recommendations. Fear is an appropriate emotional response in certain situations. Problematic fear, however, in the form of a Specific Phobia is not. At times, it can be difficult to diagnose Specific Phobia in those with ASD, given the unique sensory experiences, rigidity, verbal deficiencies, and social, communication, and intellectual challenges frequently associated with an ASD diagnosis. For context, an overview of normal, healthy fear development is contrasted against the development and phenomenology of Specific Phobias in otherwise neurotypical individuals, followed by what is currently known about the development and phenomenology of Specific Phobia in individuals with ASD. Following brief recommendations for assessing and treating individuals with Specific Phobia comorbid with ASD, we conclude with commentary and thoughts on the future of these two diagnoses in the newly available Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-5th edition (DSM-5; Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders).
Jürgen Margraf - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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affective styles in panic disorder and Specific Phobia changes through cognitive behavior therapy and prediction of remission
Behavior Therapy, 2020Co-Authors: Christina Totzeck, Tobias Teismann, Stefan G Hofmann, Ruth Von Brachel, Xiao Chi Zhang, Andre Wannemuller, Verena Pflug, Jürgen MargrafAbstract:Abstract Affective styles appear to be relevant to the development of psychopathology, especially anxiety disorders. The aim of the current study was to investigate changes in affective styles in patients with panic disorder and Specific Phobia, as a result of undergoing cognitive-behavioral therapy, and to identify a possible link between certain affective styles and remission. The sample consisted of outpatients (N = 101) suffering from panic disorder, Specific Phobia, or agoraPhobia who completed the Affective Style Questionnaire (ASQ) before and after therapy, as well as at a 6-month follow-up assessment. Multivariate analyses of variance were conducted to test for changes due to therapy. Logistic regression analyses were calculated to test for the impact of affective styles on remission from anxiety disorders, and hierarchical regression analyses were calculated to examine the association between changes in affective styles and symptom reduction. Results indicated significant increases on the ASQ subscales adjusting and tolerating after therapy. Concealing did not decrease significantly after therapy. In addition, higher scores on adjusting significantly predicted remission from anxiety disorders. Finally, we found a significant association between increases on the adjusting scale and the reduction of anxiety symptoms.
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The moderating role of avoidance behavior on anxiety over time: Is there a difference between social anxiety disorder and Specific Phobia?
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Myriam Rudaz, Jürgen Margraf, Eni S. Becker, Thomas Ledermann, Michelle G. CraskeAbstract:Theories of anxiety disorders and Phobias have ascribed a critical role to avoidance behavior in explaining the persistence of fear and anxiety, but knowledge about the role of avoidance behavior in the maintenance of anxiety in social anxiety disorder relative to Specific Phobia is lacking. This study examined the extent to which avoidance behavior moderates the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and 18 months later in women with a diagnosed social anxiety disorder (n = 91) and women with a diagnosed Specific Phobia (n = 130) at baseline. Circumscribed avoidance of social and Specific situations were clinician-rated using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Lifetime (ADIS-IV-L), and general anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Moderated regression analyses revealed that (a) general anxiety at baseline predicted general anxiety at follow-up in both women with a Specific Phobia and women with a social anxiety disorder and (b) avoidance behavior moderated this relationship in women with a Specific Phobia but not in women with a social anxiety disorder. Specifically, high avoidance behavior was found to amplify the effect between general anxiety at baseline and follow-up in Specific Phobia. Reasons for the absence of a similar moderating effect of avoidance behavior within social anxiety disorder are discussed.
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dysfunctional attitudes and anxiety sensitivity in the manifestation and first onset of social anxiety disorder versus Specific Phobia and healthy a prospective longitudinal study
Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Myriam Rudaz, Jürgen Margraf, Eni S. Becker, Thomas Ledermann, A Meyer, Michelle G. CraskeAbstract:This study evaluated the role of two cognitive vulnerability factors, anxiety sensitivity and dysfunctional attitudes, in the prediction of the manifestation and onset of social anxiety disorder relative to Specific Phobia and relative to healthy controls. Women, aged between 18 and 24 years, were studied at baseline and 18 months later using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Lifetime-ADIS-IV-L and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-ASI and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-DAS. First, 52 women with current social anxiety disorder were compared to 97 women with current Specific Phobia and 1124 healthy controls (cross-sectional analysis). Second, 24 women with a first incidence of social anxiety disorder were compared to 55 women with a first incidence of Specific Phobia and 684 healthy controls (longitudinal analysis). Multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for baseline anxiety and depressive severity, revealed that a) dysfunctional attitudes were elevated in women with current social anxiety disorder versus healthy controls as well as women with current Specific Phobia in the cross-sectional analysis and b) dysfunctional attitudes were elevated in women who subsequently developed social anxiety disorder versus healthy controls in the longitudinal analysis. However, dysfunctional attitudes were not predictive for women who developed social anxiety disorder during the study relative to women who developed Specific Phobia. The results suggest that dysfunctional attitudes are a marker of severity for social anxiety disorder relative to other Phobias and a risk factor for Phobias more generally. Anxiety sensitivity seems not to contribute to the manifestation and onset of social anxiety disorders.
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Specific Phobia predicts psychopathology in young women
Social Psychiatry and Psychiatric Epidemiology, 2009Co-Authors: Julia Trumpf, Jürgen Margraf, Noortje Vriends, Andrea H. Meyer, E.s. BeckerAbstract:Background Although Specific Phobia is characterized by an early age at onset and by high rates of comorbidity, few studies have examined comorbid relationships prospectively.
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Predictors of Specific Phobia in young women: A prospective community study
Journal of Anxiety Disorders, 2009Co-Authors: Julia Trumpf, Jürgen Margraf, Noortje Vriends, Andrea H. Meyer, Eni S. BeckerAbstract:Potential predictors of incidence of Specific Phobia were investigated within the conceptual framework of the vulnerability-stress model. At two time points separated by approximately 17 months, a community sample of 1261 German women (18-25 years of age) completed a structured interview. A broad range of potential stress- and vulnerability-related predictors was recorded at initial assessment. The strongest predictors of incidence were: high levels of preexisting psychopathology, a lack of coping skills, and a negative cognitive style. Assessing individual differences in stress and vulnerability thus seem to offer additional information about etiology of Specific Phobia beyond traditional learning theory. Incorporating the role of these risk factors may be useful for identifying individuals who are at increased risk and improving measures of prevention.
Hans-ulrich Wittchen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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networks of phobic fear functional connectivity shifts in two subtypes of Specific Phobia
Neuroscience Letters, 2018Co-Authors: Maria R Stefanescu, Kevin Hilbert, Hans-ulrich Wittchen, Ralph J Endres, Ulrike LuekenAbstract:Abstract Anxiety disorders can be conceptualized by an abnormal interplay of emotion-processing brain circuits; however, knowledge of brain connectivity measures in Specific Phobia is still limited. To explore functional interactions within selected fear-circuitry structures (anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), amygdala, insula), we re-examined three task-based fMRI studies using a symptom provocation approach (n = 94 subjects in total) on two different Phobia subtypes (animal subtype as represented by snake Phobia (SP) and blood-injection-injury subtype as represented by dental Phobia (DP)), and a non-phobic healthy control group (HC). Functional connectivity (FC) analyses detected a negative coupling between the amygdala and the ACC in HC for both classes of phobic stimuli, while SP and DP lacked this inhibitory relationship during visual stimulus presentation. However, a negative FC between the insula and the amygdala was observed in DP during visual symptom provocation, which reversed to a positive FC under auditory symptom provocation pointing to effects depending on stimulus modality in DP. SP showed significantly higher FC towards snake-anxiety eliciting stimuli than HC on an average measure of FC, while DP showed a similar pattern under auditory stimulation only. These findings altogether indicate FC shifts during symptom provocation in Specific Phobia possibly reflecting impaired emotion regulation processes within fear-circuitry networks. FC hence could represent a prime target for neuroscience-informed augmentation strategies when treating pathological forms of fear.
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IMPACT OF Specific Phobia ON THE RISK OF ONSET OF MENTAL DISORDERS: A 10-YEAR PROSPECTIVE-LONGITUDINAL COMMUNITY STUDY OF ADOLESCENTS AND YOUNG ADULTS
Depression and Anxiety, 2016Co-Authors: Roselind Lieb, Andrea H. Meyer, Marcel Miché, Andrew T. Gloster, Katja Beesdo-baum, Hans-ulrich WittchenAbstract:Background The role of Specific Phobia as a potentially important psychopathological precursor condition to more severe mental disorders is understudied. We examined the prospective-longitudinal association of early childhood/adolescent Phobia with subsequent mental disorders and the proportion of outcome disease incidence attributable to Specific Phobia simultaneously for a broad range of disorders. Methods N = 2210 14- to 24-year-old community subjects were followed up for 10 years. DSM-IV-Specific Phobia as exposure and a broad range of DSM-IV mental disorders as outcomes were assessed with the DSM-IV/M-CIDI. Logistic regressions, adjusting for confounders, were used to estimate the associations of Specific Phobia with the subsequent onset of outcome disorders. Results Baseline Specific Phobia predicted the subsequent first onset of anxiety disorders [panic disorder: risk ratio (RR) = 4.38, 95% confidence interval (2.34, 8.21); generalized anxiety disorder: RR = 4.10 (2.19, 7.69); posttraumatic stress disorder: RR = 2.15 (1.13, 4.10); obsessive–compulsive disorder: RR = 3.79 (1.63, 8.82)], affective disorders [major depression: RR = 1.54 (1.16, 2.03); bipolar disorder: RR = 2.20 (1.10, 4.41); dysthymia: RR = 2.75 (1.48, 5.11)], pain disorder: RR = 1.52 (1.14, 2.02), and eating disorders: RR = 2.27 (1.14, 4.51). Population attributable fractions (PAFs; i.e., proportion of outcome disease incidence in the total population attributable to Specific Phobia) were highest for panic disorder (PAF = 22.9), generalized anxiety disorder (PAF = 32.3), and obsessive–compulsive disorders (PAF = 30.2). Conclusion This study provides strong evidence that Specific Phobia is an early onset disorder predicting the subsequent onset of a range of disorders. Future studies should examine the underlying mechanisms and the potential of using Specific Phobia as a target for prevention of subsequent psychopathology.
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neurostructural correlates of two subtypes of Specific Phobia a voxel based morphometry study
Psychiatry Research-neuroimaging, 2015Co-Authors: Kevin Hilbert, Hans-ulrich Wittchen, Ricarda Evens, Nina Isabel Maslowski, Ulrike LuekenAbstract:The animal and blood-injection-injury (BII) subtypes of Specific Phobia are both characterized by subjective fear but distinct autonomic reactions to threat. Previous functional neuroimaging studies have related these characteristic responses to shared and non-shared neural underpinnings. However, no comparative structural data are available. This study aims to fill this gap by comparing the two subtypes and also comparing them with a non-phobic control group. Gray and white matter data of 33 snake Phobia subjects (SP), 26 dental Phobia subjects (DP), and 37 healthy control (HC) subjects were analyzed with voxel-based morphometry. Especially DP differed from HC and SP by showing significantly increased grey matter volumes in widespread areas including the right subgenual anterior cingulate gyrus, left insula, left orbitofrontal and left prefrontal (PFC) cortices. In addition, white matter volume was significantly increased in the left PFC in DP compared with SP. These results are in line with functional changes observed in dental Phobia and point toward those brain circuits associated with emotional processing and regulation. Future studies should aim to further delineate functional and structural connectivity alterations in Specific Phobia.
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neural substrates of defensive reactivity in two subtypes of Specific Phobia
Social Cognitive and Affective Neuroscience, 2014Co-Authors: Ulrike Lueken, Katja Beesdobaum, Kevin Hilbert, Nina Isabel Maslowski, Veronika Stolyar, Hans-ulrich WittchenAbstract:Depending on threat proximity, different defensive behaviours are mediated by a descending neural network involving forebrain (distal threat) vs midbrain areas (proximal threat). Compared to healthy subjects, it can be assumed that phobics are characterized by shortened defensive distances on a behavioural and neural level. This study aimed at characterizing defensive reactivity in two subtypes of Specific Phobia [snake (SP) and dental phobics (DP)]. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), n = 39 subjects (13 healthy controls, HC; 13 SP; 13 DP) underwent an event-related fMRI task employing an anticipation (5–10 s) and immediate perception phase (phobic pictures and matched neutral stimuli; 1250 ms) to modulate defensive distance. Although no differential brain activity in any comparisons was observed in DP, areas associated with defensive behaviours (e.g. amygdala, hippocampus, midbrain) were activated in SP. Decreasing defensive distance in SP was characterized by a shift to midbrain activity. Present findings substantiate differences between Phobia types in their physiological and neural organization that can be expanded to early stages of defensive behaviours. Findings may contribute to a better understanding of the dynamic organization of defensive reactivity in different types of phobic fear.
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how Specific is Specific Phobia different neural response patterns in two subtypes of Specific Phobia
NeuroImage, 2011Co-Authors: Ulrike Lueken, Johann Daniel Kruschwitz, Markus Muehlhan, Jens Siegert, Jürgen Hoyer, Hans-ulrich WittchenAbstract:Specific Phobia of the animal subtype has been employed as a model disorder exploring the neurocircuitry of anxiety disorders, but evidence is lacking whether the detected neural response pattern accounts for all animal subtypes, nor across other Phobia subtypes. The present study aimed at directly comparing two subtypes of Specific Phobia: snake Phobia (SP) representing the animal, and dental Phobia (DP) representing the blood-injection-injury subtype. Using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), brain activation and skin conductance was measured during phobogenic video stimulation in 12 DP, 12 SP, and 17 healthy controls. For SP, the previously described activation of fear circuitry structures encompassing the insula, anterior cingulate cortex and thalamus could be replicated and was furthermore associated with autonomic arousal. In contrast, DP showed circumscribed activation of the prefrontal and orbitofrontal cortex (PFC/OFC) when directly compared to SP, being dissociated from autonomic arousal. Results provide preliminary evidence for the idea that snake and dental Phobia are characterized by distinct underlying neural systems during sustained emotional processing with evaluation processes in DP being controlled by orbitofrontal areas, whereas phobogenic reactions in SP are primarily guided by limbic and paralimbic structures. Findings support the current diagnostic classification conventions, separating distinct subtypes in DSM-IV-TR. They highlight that caution might be warranted though for generalizing findings derived from animal Phobia to other phobic and anxiety disorders. If replicated, results could contribute to a better understanding of underlying neurobiological mechanisms of Specific Phobia and their respective classification.
Martin M. Antony - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Psychometric Properties and Clinical Utility of the Specific Phobia Questionnaire in an Anxiety Disorders Sample
Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 2018Co-Authors: Melina M. Ovanessian, Karen Rowa, Randi E. Mccabe, Nichole Fairbrother, Valerie Vorstenbosch, Martin M. AntonyAbstract:Despite an abundance of self-report measures that screen for the presence of Specific Phobias, there is a lack of comprehensive, well-validated screening tools for identifying a wide range of fears based on DSM-5 Specific Phobia types. The current paper reports on the psychometric properties and clinical utility of the Specific Phobia Questionnaire (SPQ), a new screening tool for assessing fear of a broad range of phobic stimuli, and the extent to which fear interferes with daily life. An exploratory factor analysis revealed five factors with internal consistency (Cronbach’s α) ranging from .64–.92. The SPQ also demonstrated good convergent and discriminant validity with measures of worry, depression, and other Specific Phobias, and good test-retest reliability. Results also suggest that SPQ scores are useful for discriminating individuals with Specific Phobias from those without Specific Phobias, and for identifying Specific Phobia types. Overall, preliminary results suggest that the SPQ can serve as a useful tool in both research and clinical settings, and inform intervention and prevention efforts.
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A Guide to Assessments That Work - Specific Phobia and Social Anxiety Disorder
A Guide to Assessments That Work, 2018Co-Authors: Karen Rowa, Randi E. Mccabe, Martin M. AntonyAbstract:Specific Phobia and social anxiety disorder (SAD) share a number of features, but the focus of fear distinguishes between these anxiety disorders. In Specific Phobia, the excessive fear is focused on a particular situation or object, whereas in SAD, it is focused on one or more social and performance situations in which the individual fears acting in a way that will be embarrassing or lead to negative evaluation by others or revealing unbecoming personal attributes. The chapter focuses on the assessment of Specific Phobia and SAD in adults. It begins with a review of the nature of the disorders, which is followed by a review of clinical assessment instruments designed for the assessment purposes of (a) diagnosis, (b) case conceptualization and treatment planning, and (c) treatment monitoring and evaluation. Recommendations are included for instruments with the greatest scientific support and for assessing these anxiety disorders in a clinically sensitive manner.
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effect of distraction and coping style on in vivo exposure for Specific Phobia of spiders
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 2001Co-Authors: Randi E. Mccabe, Martin M. Antony, Ina Leeuw, Natasha Sano, Richard P SwinsonAbstract:Recent studies have generated mixed findings regarding the effects of distraction on exposure-based treatments. Results have also been inconsistent regarding the effects of monitoring and blunting coping styles on outcome. The present study attempted to integrate these two areas of research. We hypothesized that the effect of distraction on treatment outcome might depend on coping style. Specifically, we predicted that for blunters (i.e., individuals who tend to avoid threat-related information), distraction would interfere with the effects of exposure. However, we predicted that distraction might benefit monitors (i.e., individuals who tend to seek out threat-related information). Sixty individuals with a Specific Phobia of spiders underwent a single, two-hour session of exposure treatment. During the first hour, half of the participants were distracted by listening to an audiotape and the other half underwent exposure without distraction. In the second hour, all participants underwent focused exposure. Based on measures of heart rate, subjective fear, and behavioral testing, participants improved after one hour of treatment, and improved further during the second hour. However, neither distraction, coping style, nor their interaction had a significant effect on outcome. The present study provides support for the benefits of behavioral treatment for Specific Phobias. However, our hypotheses regarding distraction and coping style were not confirmed.
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Heterogeneity among Specific Phobia types in DSM-IV.
Behaviour Research and Therapy, 1997Co-Authors: Martin M. Antony, Timothy A. Brown, David H. BarlowAbstract:Abstract Recently, it has been suggested that situational Specific Phobias (e.g., Phobias of driving, flying, enclosed places) are more closely related to agoroPhobia than are other Specific Phobia types. The present study investigated this hypothesis by examining heterogeneity among the four main DSM-IV Specific Phobia types, particularly with respect to variables believed to be associated with agoraPhobia. Using interviews and behavioral testing, 60 patients with Specific Phobias of animals, heights, blood/injections, or driving were compared with respect to etiology, age of onset, physiological response, predictability of panic attacks, and focus of apprehension. Fifteen patients suffering from panic disorder with agoraPhobia served as a comparison group for some measures. Relative to the other Specific Phobias, driving Phobias were most strongly associated with a later age of onset, similar to that of individuals with agoraPhobia. Height Phobias were also associated with a late age of onset as well as a more internal focus of apprehension, relative to other groups. Finally, individuals in the blood/injection Phobia group reported a more internal focus of apprehension than those in other groups and were the only group to report a history of fainting in the phobic situation. Overall, the results did not support the hypothesis that situational Phobias are a variant of agoraPhobia. In fact, on several of the variables for which groups did differ, individuals with height Phobias (a Phobia from the natural environment type) showed a pattern most similar to individuals with agoraPhobia. The implications of these results for the classification of Specific Phobias are discussed.
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Response to hyperventilation and 5.5% CO2 inhalation of subjects with types of Specific Phobia, panic disorder, or no mental disorder.
American Journal of Psychiatry, 1997Co-Authors: Martin M. Antony, Timothy A. Brown, David H. BarlowAbstract:Obiective : This study tested the hypothesis that compared to other DSM-IV Specific Phobia types, situational Specific Phobias have more in common with panic disorder and agoraPhobia. Method: Responses to hyperventilation and CO 2 inhalation were compared across groups of patients with the four main DSM-IV Specific Phobia types, a group with panic disorder, and a group of comparison subjects with no anxiety disorder (N=15 per group). Results: Although these challenges have been shown previously to distinguish patients with panic disorder from other groups, no groups differed significantly in their responses to hyperventilation. In addition, whereas the patients with panic disorder responded more to the CO 2 challenge than did the normal subjects, the Specific Phobia groups did not differ from one another or from the other groups on most measures. For the few CO 2 measures on which Specific Phobia groups differed, patients with situational and natural environment Phobias showed the greatest response. Conclusions: Overall, these findings provided only limited support for the hypothesis that situational Specific Phobias are related to panic disorder.
Michelle G. Craske - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The moderating role of avoidance behavior on anxiety over time: Is there a difference between social anxiety disorder and Specific Phobia?
PLOS ONE, 2017Co-Authors: Myriam Rudaz, Jürgen Margraf, Eni S. Becker, Thomas Ledermann, Michelle G. CraskeAbstract:Theories of anxiety disorders and Phobias have ascribed a critical role to avoidance behavior in explaining the persistence of fear and anxiety, but knowledge about the role of avoidance behavior in the maintenance of anxiety in social anxiety disorder relative to Specific Phobia is lacking. This study examined the extent to which avoidance behavior moderates the relationship between general anxiety at baseline and 18 months later in women with a diagnosed social anxiety disorder (n = 91) and women with a diagnosed Specific Phobia (n = 130) at baseline. Circumscribed avoidance of social and Specific situations were clinician-rated using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Lifetime (ADIS-IV-L), and general anxiety was measured using the Beck Anxiety Inventory (BAI). Moderated regression analyses revealed that (a) general anxiety at baseline predicted general anxiety at follow-up in both women with a Specific Phobia and women with a social anxiety disorder and (b) avoidance behavior moderated this relationship in women with a Specific Phobia but not in women with a social anxiety disorder. Specifically, high avoidance behavior was found to amplify the effect between general anxiety at baseline and follow-up in Specific Phobia. Reasons for the absence of a similar moderating effect of avoidance behavior within social anxiety disorder are discussed.
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dysfunctional attitudes and anxiety sensitivity in the manifestation and first onset of social anxiety disorder versus Specific Phobia and healthy a prospective longitudinal study
Psychology, 2016Co-Authors: Myriam Rudaz, Jürgen Margraf, Eni S. Becker, Thomas Ledermann, A Meyer, Michelle G. CraskeAbstract:This study evaluated the role of two cognitive vulnerability factors, anxiety sensitivity and dysfunctional attitudes, in the prediction of the manifestation and onset of social anxiety disorder relative to Specific Phobia and relative to healthy controls. Women, aged between 18 and 24 years, were studied at baseline and 18 months later using the Anxiety Disorders Interview Schedule-Lifetime-ADIS-IV-L and the Anxiety Sensitivity Index-ASI and the Dysfunctional Attitude Scale-DAS. First, 52 women with current social anxiety disorder were compared to 97 women with current Specific Phobia and 1124 healthy controls (cross-sectional analysis). Second, 24 women with a first incidence of social anxiety disorder were compared to 55 women with a first incidence of Specific Phobia and 684 healthy controls (longitudinal analysis). Multiple logistic regression analyses, adjusted for baseline anxiety and depressive severity, revealed that a) dysfunctional attitudes were elevated in women with current social anxiety disorder versus healthy controls as well as women with current Specific Phobia in the cross-sectional analysis and b) dysfunctional attitudes were elevated in women who subsequently developed social anxiety disorder versus healthy controls in the longitudinal analysis. However, dysfunctional attitudes were not predictive for women who developed social anxiety disorder during the study relative to women who developed Specific Phobia. The results suggest that dysfunctional attitudes are a marker of severity for social anxiety disorder relative to other Phobias and a risk factor for Phobias more generally. Anxiety sensitivity seems not to contribute to the manifestation and onset of social anxiety disorders.
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Specific Phobia a review of dsm iv Specific Phobia and preliminary recommendations for dsm v
Depression and Anxiety, 2010Co-Authors: T Richard M A Lebeau, Thomas H. Ollendick, Hans-ulrich Wittchen, M Daniel A Glenn, M Betty A Liao, Katja Beesdobaum, Michelle G. CraskeAbstract:The present review was conducted in order to evaluate the current diagnostic criteria for Specific Phobia (SP) in light of the empirical evidence gathered since DSM-IVand to propose changes to DSM-V where change is clearly and reliably indicated by the evidence. In response to questions put forth by the DSM-V Anxiety, OC Spectrum, Posttraumatic, and Dissociative Disorder Work Group, four primary areas were determined for this review: the accuracy and utility of the current SP type classification system, the validity of test anxiety as a type of SP, the boundary between agoraPhobia and SP, and the reliability and utility of the diagnostic criteria for SP. Developmental issues are addressed within each area. Literature reviews examining academic findings published between 1994 and 2009 were carried out and the results are included herein. The review presents a number of options and preliminary recommendations to be considered for DSM-V. All of these recommendations should be considered tentative as they await the field trials and expert consensus necessary prior to their inclusion in the DSM-V. The present review also reveals a great need for future research in the area of SP and directions for such research is provided. Depression and Anxiety 27:148–167, 2010. r 2010 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
