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Phillip Morris - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a high throughput method for the quantification of proanthocyanidins in forage crops and its application in assessing variation in Condensed Tannin content in breeding programmes for lotus corniculatus and lotus uliginosus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: A H Marshall, Phillip Morris, David Bryant, Galina Latypova, Barbara Hauck, P Olyott, Mark P. RobbinsAbstract:Lotus corniculatus and Lotus uliginosus are agronomically important forage crops used in ruminant livestock production. The Condensed Tannin (CT) content, dry matter (DM) production, and persistence of these species are key characteristics of interest for future exploitation of these crops. Here we present field data on 19 varieties of L. corniculatus, 2 varieties of L. uliginosus and, additionally, a glasshouse experiment using 6 varieties of L. corniculatus and 2 varieties of L. uliginosus. Current methods for the quantification of Condensed Tannins in crop species are slow and labor intensive and are generally based upon polymer hydrolysis following the extraction of chlorophyll in a liquid phase. Presented here is a high-throughput protocol for Condensed Tannin quantification suitable for microtiter plates based upon the precipitation of Condensed Tannin polymers in complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) with subsequent hydrolysis of precipates using butan 1-ol/ hydrochloric acid.
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in vitro degradability of mature and immature leaves of tropical forage legumes differing in Condensed Tannin and non starch polysaccharide content and composition
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 2003Co-Authors: Rolando Barahona, Emir Owen, Nelmy Narvaez, Carlos E Lascano, Phillip Morris, Michael K TheodorouAbstract:Barahona, R., Lascano, C. E., Narvaez, N., Owen, E., Morris, P., Theodorou, M. K. (2003). In vitro degradability of mature and immature leaves of tropical forage legumes differing in Condensed Tannin and non-starch polysaccharide content and composition. Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 83, (12), 1256-1266. Sponsorship: DFID Livestock Programme
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sn a maize bhlh gene modulates anthocyanin and Condensed Tannin pathways in lotus corniculatus
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003Co-Authors: Mark P. Robbins, Phillip Morris, Francesco Paolocci, Johnwayne Hughes, Valentina Turchetti, Gordon G Allison, Sergio Arcioni, F DamianiAbstract:Robbins, M. P., Paolocci, F., Hughes, J-W., Turchetti, V., Allison, G. G., Arcioni, S., Morris, P., Damiani, F. (2003). Sn, a maize bHLH gene, modulates anthocyanin and Condensed Tannin pathways in Lotus corniculatus. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54, (381), 239-248. Sponsorship: BBSRC/Consiglio Nazionale della Richerche.
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responses of lotus corniculatus to environmental change 2 effect of elevated co2 temperature and drought on tissue digestion in relation to Condensed Tannin and carbohydrate accumulation
Journal of the Science of Food and Agriculture, 1999Co-Authors: Eunice B Carter, Michael K Theodorou, Phillip MorrisAbstract:Clonal plants of three genotypes of Lotus corniculatus (cv Leo) were grown in eight controlled environments under combinations of two temperature regimes, two CO2 concentrations and two watering regimes. Condensed Tannins (proanthocyanidins), in-vitro digestibility, initial rates of gas evolution (as an indicator of the initial rates of fermentation of the substrate), volatile fatty acid evolution, and non-structural carbohydrate (NSC) levels were determined in leaves, stems and roots at full flowering. Under control conditions (average midsummer conditions in the United Kingdom) the total Condensed Tannin content of leaves varied six-fold between genotypes but Condensed Tannin contents in stems and roots were similar. Condensed Tannin levels were significantly increased in leaves and stems of all three genotypes by doubling the CO2 concentration while raising the temperature towards the optimum for growth significantly reduced Condensed Tannin levels. Drought stress significantly reduced Condensed Tannin levels in leaves and, particularly, in roots. Nutritive value was inversely related to Condensed Tannin levels in leaves and a negative relationship was observed between Condensed Tannin concentrations of more than 25–30 g kg−1 dry matter and the initial rates of gas evolution when subjected to in-vitro fermentation with rumen micro-organisms. In leaves, digestibility was significantly increased by drought and by increasing temperature but reduced by high CO2. In stems, digestibility was significantly increased by drought, but not significantly affected by increasing temperature, or by high CO2 alone. In roots, digestibility was significantly increased by drought, and decreased by increasing temperature or CO2. Increasing the growth temperature towards optimum growth reduced the content of NSC in all tissues with the greatest changes occurring in root tissue. Doubling the CO2 concentration increased NSC levels in leaves and stems with starch content more than doubled under high CO2 while, in roots, increased levels were only observed in combination with drought stress. There was a linear correlation between Condensed Tannin concentration and total NSC that was positive for leaves, neutral for stems and negative for roots. The relationship between carbohydrate levels and rates of gas production was negative for leaves and positive for stem and roots. © 1999 Society of Chemical Industry
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non starch polysaccharide composition and in vitro fermentability of tropical forage legumes varying in phenolic content
Animal Feed Science and Technology, 1995Co-Authors: A C Longland, Michael K Theodorou, Ruth Sanderson, S J Lister, Ciaran J Powell, Phillip MorrisAbstract:The fermentation kinetics of leaves of eleven tropical forage legumes varying in phenolic and Condensed Tannin content were investigated. The leaf samples were from Acacia cyanophylla, Chamaecytisus palmensis, Calliandra sp., Dioclea guianensis, Flemingia macrophylla, Leucaena leucocephala, Sesbania sesban, S. goetzei and three accessions of Tadehagi sp. (accession numbers 13269, 13275 and 23227). The phenolic, Condensed Tannin (bound Condensed Tannin and extractable Condensed Tannin) and non-starch polysaccharide (NSP ≡ to dietary fibre) contents of leaves were determined. Leaves were incubated at 39 °C with rumen micro-organisms in a habitat-simulating medium and the fermentation kinetics investigated using a pressure transducer. The NSP content of leaves both pre-and post-incubation was quantified and proportional losses of the NSP constituents calculated. The NSP content of leaves ranged from 124–252 mg g−1 dry matter, the major components in each case being cellulose-derived glucose and the uronic acids. In all samples, the most degradable NSP constituent was the uronic acids, closely followed by arabinose; cellulose-derived glucose and xylose were the least degradable NSP components. Samples ranked in terms of asymptotic gas-pool in descending order as follows: L. leucocephala = C. palmensis > D. guianensis > S. sesban > A. cyanophylla > S. goetzei > Tadehagi sp., (23227) > Tadehagi sp., (13269) > F. macrophylla > Calliandra sp. > Tadehagi sp., (13275). There were significant relationships between gas accumulation throughout the incubation and the NSP loss (NSPL) values at the end of the incubation. Moreover, the gas pool at the end of the incubation period and NSPL were significantly correlated (r = 0.90) with a yield constant (ml gas g−1 NSP loss) of 200 ml. Furthermore, there were significant (P ≤ 0.05) negative relationships between both gas accumulation and NSPL and the phenolic and Condensed Tannin content of leaves.
Yoshio Nakano - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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preparation of adsorbent for phosphate recovery from aqueous solutions based on Condensed Tannin gel
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Takeshi Ogata, Shintaro Morisada, Yasumi Oinuma, Yoshimi Seida, Yoshio NakanoAbstract:Abstract We have synthesized an iron-loaded Tannin gel as an adsorbent for phosphate recovery in aqueous solutions. The use of the Tannin gel prepared from Condensed Tannin, which is a ubiquitous and inexpensive natural polymer, is not only cost effective and environment-friendly, but interesting because the phosphate-adsorbed gel can be expected to use directly as a fertilizer. The amount of iron loaded into the Tannin gel oxidized by nitric acid was much larger than that into the non-oxidized Tannin gel. This increase in the amount of the loaded iron resulted in the significant increase in the adsorption amount of phosphate onto the gel. Mossbauer spectroscopy indicated that the morphology of iron in the gel is a mono-type complex, which is formed as a result of the reaction between Fe(III) and the oxidized Tannin gel with carbonyl groups. The iron-loaded Tannin gel showed the adsorption selectivity for phosphate over other anions and the pH independence of phosphate adsorption in the wide range of initial pH 3–12. The phosphate adsorption isotherm for the iron-loaded Tannin gel followed the Freundlich equation with constants of K F = 2.66 and 1/ n = 0.31, rather than the Langmuir equation. The adsorption amount of phosphate on iron weight basis for the iron-loaded Tannin gel is 31.3 mg-P/g-Fe, which indicates that iron in the gel was efficiently used for the phosphate adsorption compared with other phosphate adsorbents, such as iron hydroxides.
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kinetic analysis of palladium ii adsorption process on Condensed Tannin gel based on redox reaction models
Water Research, 2007Co-Authors: Yeon-ho Kim, Takeshi Ogata, Yoshio NakanoAbstract:Abstract We have developed a novel recovery system of palladium (Pd) from wastes such as spent catalysts or scraps, using Tannin gel particles synthesized from Condensed-Tannin molecules. The Pd(II) ionic species are reduced to metallic Pd(0) on the network of the Tannin gel: a two-electron transfer from the Tannin gel to Pd(II). The kinetic study of the electron transfer was performed with a multiple reaction model containing an intermediate step (formation of a ligand-substituted Pd(II)–Tannin inner sphere complex), resulting in a better fit with the experimental results than with the single reaction model (outer sphere redox reaction), which means that the inner sphere redox mechanism is an appropriate reaction model for the Pd(II) adsorption process. Because the intermediate is included in the adsorption amount, the adsorption process can be divided into two steps: fast adsorption by the ligand substitution at the initial stage and slow adsorption by the subsequent redox reaction after the ligand substitution reaches an equilibrium state, with different adsorption rates between the Pd(II) ionic species ( PdCl + > PdCl 2 > PdCl 3 - , PdCl 4 2 - ) .
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selective recovery process for gold utilizing a functional gel derived from natural Condensed Tannin
Journal of Chemical Engineering of Japan, 2007Co-Authors: Takeshi Ogata, Yeon-ho Kim, Yoshio NakanoAbstract:A Tannin gel was prepared from Condensed Tannin (wattle Tannin), which is a ubiquitous and inexpensive natural material extracted from the leaves or barks of plants. The Tannin gel has the ability to adsorb and reduce the metal ions with a redox potential higher than that of the Tannin gel. The selective recovery of Au from a mixed solution of various precious metal ions (Au, Pd, Pt, and Rh) was performed using such features of the Tannin gel. The predominant species of each precious metal ion are AuCl4–, PdCl42–, PtCl62–, and RhCl52– at pH 1.0 and pCl 1.0. The redox potential of the AuCl4–/Au couple is much higher than that of the Tannin gel, while the other precious metals such as the PtCl62–/PtCl42– couple, PdCl42–/Pd couple, and RhCl52–/Rh couple have redox potentials lower than that of the Tannin gel. Under the conditions of pH 1.0 and pCl 1.0, the entire amount of Au in the solution was adsorbed perfectly by the Tannin gel, while the other precious metals were hardly adsorbed. The adsorbed Au was reduced to metallic Au on the Tannin gel. Thus the selective adsorption and reduction of Au could be achieved by controlling the predominant ions of each precious metal ion in the solution.
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mechanisms of gold recovery from aqueous solutions using a novel Tannin gel adsorbent synthesized from natural Condensed Tannin
Water Research, 2005Co-Authors: Takeshi Ogata, Yoshio NakanoAbstract:We report a novel recovery system for gold (Au), which is one of the precious metals contained in electronic scrap, utilizing Tannin gel particles. Tannin gel particles were prepared by a process of cross-linking of Condensed Tannin (wattle Tannin), which is a ubiquitous and inexpensive natural material having many hydroxyl groups. The adsorption mechanism of gold onto Tannin gel particles was elucidated: the adsorption of gold takes place through the reduction of trivalent gold ions to metallic gold on the surface of Tannin gel particles, which is accompanied by the simultaneous oxidization of the hydroxyl groups of Tannin gel. Additionally, the adsorption capacity of gold was found to be extremely high, 8000 mg-Au/g-dry gel. The outstanding characteristics of Tannin gel particles for gold offers the possibility of efficient recovery of other precious metals.
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Adsorption mechanism of palladium by redox within Condensed-Tannin gel
Water research, 2005Co-Authors: Yeon-ho Kim, Yoshio NakanoAbstract:Condensed-Tannin gel particles with polyhydroxyphenyl groups were synthesized as the adsorbent for the new recovery system of palladium (Pd), which was simple and generated little secondary waste in comparison with the conventional recovery processes. The properties of Condensed-Tannin gel particles for the Pd adsorption were examined in PdCl2 aqueous solution and it was found that Pd(II) was adsorbed onto the Tannin gel particles as a reduced metallic Pd through redox reaction mechanism: chloropalladium(II) species were reduced to Pd(0), while hydroxyl groups of Condensed-Tannin gel were oxidized during the adsorption. Additionally, it was observed that Pd(II) species containing fewer Cl, such as PdCl2(H2O)2 and PdCl(H2O)3+, were more favorable for the adsorption than PdCl3(H2O)− and PdCl42−. By utilizing such characteristics of Tannin gel particles, it is expected that they can be applied to recover Pd efficiently and simply with low cost.
Kurt S Pregitzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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genotypic variation for Condensed Tannin production in trembling aspen populus tremuloides salicaceae under elevated co2 and in high and low fertility soil
American Journal of Botany, 1999Co-Authors: Jennifer L Mansfield, Peter S Curtis, Donald R Zak, Kurt S PregitzerAbstract:The carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis suggests that leaf carbon to nitrogen ratios influence the synthesis of secondary compounds such as Condensed Tannins. We studied the effects of rising atmospheric carbon dioxide on carbon to nitrogen ratios and Tannin production. Six genotypes of Populus tremuloides were grown under elevated and ambient CO(2) partial pressure and high- and low-fertility soil in field open-top chambers in northern lower Michigan, USA. During the second year of exposure, leaves were harvested three times (June, August, and September) and analyzed for Condensed Tannin concentration. The carbon/nutrient balance hypothesis was supported overall, with significantly greater leaf Tannin concentration at high CO(2) and low soil fertility compared to ambient CO(2) and high soil fertility. However, some genotypes increased Tannin concentration at elevated compared to ambient CO(2), while others showed no CO(2) response. Performance of lepidopteran leaf miner (Phyllonorycter tremuloidiella) larvae feeding on these plants varied across genotypes, CO(2), and fertility treatments. These results suggest that with rising atmospheric CO(2), plant secondary compound production may vary within species. This could have consequences for plant-herbivore and plant-microbe interactions and for the evolutionary response of this species to global climate change.
Mark P. Robbins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a high throughput method for the quantification of proanthocyanidins in forage crops and its application in assessing variation in Condensed Tannin content in breeding programmes for lotus corniculatus and lotus uliginosus
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2008Co-Authors: A H Marshall, Phillip Morris, David Bryant, Galina Latypova, Barbara Hauck, P Olyott, Mark P. RobbinsAbstract:Lotus corniculatus and Lotus uliginosus are agronomically important forage crops used in ruminant livestock production. The Condensed Tannin (CT) content, dry matter (DM) production, and persistence of these species are key characteristics of interest for future exploitation of these crops. Here we present field data on 19 varieties of L. corniculatus, 2 varieties of L. uliginosus and, additionally, a glasshouse experiment using 6 varieties of L. corniculatus and 2 varieties of L. uliginosus. Current methods for the quantification of Condensed Tannins in crop species are slow and labor intensive and are generally based upon polymer hydrolysis following the extraction of chlorophyll in a liquid phase. Presented here is a high-throughput protocol for Condensed Tannin quantification suitable for microtiter plates based upon the precipitation of Condensed Tannin polymers in complex with bovine serum albumin (BSA) with subsequent hydrolysis of precipates using butan 1-ol/ hydrochloric acid.
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sn a maize bhlh gene modulates anthocyanin and Condensed Tannin pathways in lotus corniculatus
Journal of Experimental Botany, 2003Co-Authors: Mark P. Robbins, Phillip Morris, Francesco Paolocci, Johnwayne Hughes, Valentina Turchetti, Gordon G Allison, Sergio Arcioni, F DamianiAbstract:Robbins, M. P., Paolocci, F., Hughes, J-W., Turchetti, V., Allison, G. G., Arcioni, S., Morris, P., Damiani, F. (2003). Sn, a maize bHLH gene, modulates anthocyanin and Condensed Tannin pathways in Lotus corniculatus. Journal of Experimental Botany, 54, (381), 239-248. Sponsorship: BBSRC/Consiglio Nazionale della Richerche.
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genetic modification of Condensed Tannin biosynthesis in lotus corniculatus 1 heterologous antisense dihydroflavonol reductase down regulates Tannin accumulation in hairy root cultures
Theoretical and Applied Genetics, 1994Co-Authors: T R Carron, Mark P. Robbins, Phillip MorrisAbstract:An antisense dihydroflavonol reductase (DFR) gene-construct made using the cDNA for DFR from Antirrhinum majus was introduced into the genome of a series of clonal genotypes of Lotus corniculatus via Agrobacterium rhizogenes. After initial screening, 17 antisense and 11 control transformation events were analysed and Tannin levels found to be reduced in antisense root cultures. The effect of this antisense construct, (pMAJ2), which consisted of the 5′ half of the DFR cDNA sequence, was compared in three different recipient Lotus genotypes. This construct effectively down-regulated Tannin biosynthesis in two of the recepient genotypes (s33 and s50); however, this construct was relatively ineffective in a third genotype (s41) which accumulated high levels of Condensed Tannins in derived transgenic root cultures. Four pMAJ2 antisense and three control lines derived from clonal genotypes s33 and s50 were selected and studied in greater detail. The antisense DFR construct was found to be integrated into the genome of the antisense “hairy root” cultures, and the antisense RNA was shown to be expressed. Tannin levels were much lower in antisense roots compared to the controls and this reduction in Tannin levels was accompanied by a change in Condensed Tannin subunit composition.
G L Hosfield - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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antioxidant activity of extracts Condensed Tannin fractions and pure flavonoids from phaseolus vulgaris l seed coat color genotypes
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Clifford W Beninger, G L HosfieldAbstract:Twelve different seed coat color genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were extracted and pure flavonoids isolated from 10 of these. The seed coat methanol extracts, Tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids all displayed antioxidant activity in a fluorescence-based liposome assay. The relatively high activity of the Condensed Tannin (proanthocyanidin) fractions indicates that these may play an important role in the overall activity of the extracts. This activity also indicates that although these polyphenols cause problems in digestibility, they may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects. The pure anthocyanins delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (1), petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2), and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (3) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4) isolated from seed coats also had significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe2+ control. The activity of kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (5) was not different from that of the Fe2+ control. These findings suggest that variously colored dry bean...
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antioxidant activity of extracts Condensed Tannin fractions and pure flavonoids from phaseolus vulgaris l seed coat color genotypes
Journal of Agricultural and Food Chemistry, 2003Co-Authors: Clifford W Beninger, G L HosfieldAbstract:Twelve different seed coat color genotypes of Phaseolus vulgaris L. were extracted and pure flavonoids isolated from 10 of these. The seed coat methanol extracts, Tannin fractions, and pure flavonoids all displayed antioxidant activity in a fluorescence-based liposome assay. The relatively high activity of the Condensed Tannin (proanthocyanidin) fractions indicates that these may play an important role in the overall activity of the extracts. This activity also indicates that although these polyphenols cause problems in digestibility, they may be important dietary supplements with beneficial health effects. The pure anthocyanins delphinidin 3-O-glucoside (1), petunidin 3-O-glucoside (2), and malvidin 3-O-glucoside (3) and the flavonol quercetin 3-O-glucoside (4) isolated from seed coats also had significantly higher antioxidant activity than the Fe(2+) control. The activity of kaempferol 3-O-glucoside (5) was not different from that of the Fe(2+) control. These findings suggest that variously colored dry beans may be an important source of dietary antioxidants.