The Experts below are selected from a list of 234 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Anne E. Giblin - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating denitrification in North Atlantic Continental Shelf sediments
Biogeochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Sybil P. Seitzinger, Anne E. GiblinAbstract:A model of coupled nitrification/denitrification was developed for Continental Shelf sediments to estimate the spatial distribution of denitrification throughout Shelf regions in the North Atlantic basin. Using data from a wide range of Continental Shelf regions, we found a linear relationship between denitrification and sediment oxygen uptake. This relationship was applied to specific Continental Shelf regions by combining it with a second regression relating sediment oxygen uptake to primary production in the overlying water. The combined equation was: denitrification (mmol N m^−2 d^−1)=0.019^* phytoplankton production (mmol C m^−2 d^−1). This relationship suggests that approximately 13% of the N incorporated into phytoplankton in Shelf waters is eventually denitrified in the sediments via coupled nitrification/denitrification, assuming a C:N ratio of 6.625:1 for phytoplankton. The model calculated denitrification rates compare favorably with rates reported for several Shelf regions in the North Atlantic. The model-predicted average denitrification rate for Continental Shelf sediments in the North Atlantic Basin is 0.69 mmol N m^− 2 d^−1. Denitrification rates (per unit area) predicted by the model are highest for the Continental Shelf region in the western North Atlantic between Cape Hatteras and South Florida and lowest for Hudson Bay, the Baffin Island region, and Greenland. Within latitudinal belts, average denitrification rates were lowest in the high latitudes, intermediate in the tropics and highest in the mid-latitudes. Although denitrification rates per unit area are lowest in the high latitudes, the total N removal by denitrification (53 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) is similar to that in the mid-latitudes (60 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) due to the large area of Continental Shelf in the high latitudes. The Gulf of St. Lawrence/Grand Banks area and the North Sea are responsible for seventy-five percent of the denitrification in the high latitude region. N removal by denitrification in the western North Atlantic (96 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) is two times greater than in the eastern North Atlantic (47 × 10^10 mol N y^−1). This is primarily due to differences in the area of Continental Shelf in the two regions, as the average denitrification rate per unit area is similar in the western and eastern North Atlantic. We calculate that a total of 143 × 10^10 mol N y^−1 is removed via coupled nitrification/denitrification on the North Atlantic Continental Shelf. This estimate is expected to underestimate total sediment denitrification because it does not include direct denitrification of nitrate from the overlying water. The rate of coupled nitrification/denitrification calculated is greater than the nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and river sources combined, and suggests that onwelling of nutrient rich slope water is a major source of N for denitrification in Shelf regions. For the two regions where N inputs to a Shelf region from onwelling have been measured, onwelling appears to be able to balance the denitrification loss.
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estimating denitrification in north atlantic Continental Shelf sediments
Biogeochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Sybil P. Seitzinger, Anne E. GiblinAbstract:A model of coupled nitrification/denitrification was developed for Continental Shelf sediments to estimate the spatial distribution of denitrification throughout Shelf regions in the North Atlantic basin. Using data from a wide range of Continental Shelf regions, we found a linear relationship between denitrification and sediment oxygen uptake. This relationship was applied to specific Continental Shelf regions by combining it with a second regression relating sediment oxygen uptake to primary production in the overlying water. The combined equation was: denitrification (mmol N m-2 d-1) = 0.019* phytoplankton production (mmol C m-2d-1). This relationship suggests that approximately 13% of the N incorporated into phytoplankton in Shelf waters is eventually denitrified in the sediments via coupled nitrification/denitrification, assuming a C:N ratio of 6.625:1 for phytoplankton. The model calculated denitrification rates compare favorably with rates reported for several Shelf regions in the North Atlantic
Sybil P. Seitzinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Estimating denitrification in North Atlantic Continental Shelf sediments
Biogeochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Sybil P. Seitzinger, Anne E. GiblinAbstract:A model of coupled nitrification/denitrification was developed for Continental Shelf sediments to estimate the spatial distribution of denitrification throughout Shelf regions in the North Atlantic basin. Using data from a wide range of Continental Shelf regions, we found a linear relationship between denitrification and sediment oxygen uptake. This relationship was applied to specific Continental Shelf regions by combining it with a second regression relating sediment oxygen uptake to primary production in the overlying water. The combined equation was: denitrification (mmol N m^−2 d^−1)=0.019^* phytoplankton production (mmol C m^−2 d^−1). This relationship suggests that approximately 13% of the N incorporated into phytoplankton in Shelf waters is eventually denitrified in the sediments via coupled nitrification/denitrification, assuming a C:N ratio of 6.625:1 for phytoplankton. The model calculated denitrification rates compare favorably with rates reported for several Shelf regions in the North Atlantic. The model-predicted average denitrification rate for Continental Shelf sediments in the North Atlantic Basin is 0.69 mmol N m^− 2 d^−1. Denitrification rates (per unit area) predicted by the model are highest for the Continental Shelf region in the western North Atlantic between Cape Hatteras and South Florida and lowest for Hudson Bay, the Baffin Island region, and Greenland. Within latitudinal belts, average denitrification rates were lowest in the high latitudes, intermediate in the tropics and highest in the mid-latitudes. Although denitrification rates per unit area are lowest in the high latitudes, the total N removal by denitrification (53 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) is similar to that in the mid-latitudes (60 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) due to the large area of Continental Shelf in the high latitudes. The Gulf of St. Lawrence/Grand Banks area and the North Sea are responsible for seventy-five percent of the denitrification in the high latitude region. N removal by denitrification in the western North Atlantic (96 × 10^10 mol N y^−1) is two times greater than in the eastern North Atlantic (47 × 10^10 mol N y^−1). This is primarily due to differences in the area of Continental Shelf in the two regions, as the average denitrification rate per unit area is similar in the western and eastern North Atlantic. We calculate that a total of 143 × 10^10 mol N y^−1 is removed via coupled nitrification/denitrification on the North Atlantic Continental Shelf. This estimate is expected to underestimate total sediment denitrification because it does not include direct denitrification of nitrate from the overlying water. The rate of coupled nitrification/denitrification calculated is greater than the nitrogen inputs from atmospheric deposition and river sources combined, and suggests that onwelling of nutrient rich slope water is a major source of N for denitrification in Shelf regions. For the two regions where N inputs to a Shelf region from onwelling have been measured, onwelling appears to be able to balance the denitrification loss.
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estimating denitrification in north atlantic Continental Shelf sediments
Biogeochemistry, 1996Co-Authors: Sybil P. Seitzinger, Anne E. GiblinAbstract:A model of coupled nitrification/denitrification was developed for Continental Shelf sediments to estimate the spatial distribution of denitrification throughout Shelf regions in the North Atlantic basin. Using data from a wide range of Continental Shelf regions, we found a linear relationship between denitrification and sediment oxygen uptake. This relationship was applied to specific Continental Shelf regions by combining it with a second regression relating sediment oxygen uptake to primary production in the overlying water. The combined equation was: denitrification (mmol N m-2 d-1) = 0.019* phytoplankton production (mmol C m-2d-1). This relationship suggests that approximately 13% of the N incorporated into phytoplankton in Shelf waters is eventually denitrified in the sediments via coupled nitrification/denitrification, assuming a C:N ratio of 6.625:1 for phytoplankton. The model calculated denitrification rates compare favorably with rates reported for several Shelf regions in the North Atlantic
Joanna Mossop - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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17. Regulating Uses Of Marine Biodiversity On The Outer Continental Shelf
Law Technology and Science for Oceans in Globalisation, 2010Co-Authors: Joanna MossopAbstract:This chapter explores the consequences of the legal framework for regulation of the outer Continental Shelf. It outlines the rights of coastal states to regulate various activities on the outer Continental Shelf, with particular attention to activities impacting on marine biodiversity. The chapter also focuses on issues relating to the intersection between the high seas and the outer Continental Shelf regime that are unfortunately ambiguous under the LOS Convention. It addresses the following questions: (1) in issuing regulations regarding the uses of the outer Continental Shelf, to what extent can a coastal state make regulations affecting activities in the water column; and (2) if a coastal state suspects a foreign vessel is interfering with its rights over the Continental Shelf, does the coastal state have a right to board, inspect and arrest the suspect vessel. Keywords: coastal states; LOS Convention; marine biodiversity; outer Continental Shelf
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Protecting Marine Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
Ocean Development and International Law, 2007Co-Authors: Joanna MossopAbstract:States are expending significant effort to chart the extent of their Continental shelves where these extend beyond 200 nautical miles. As more is understood about marine biodiversity on the outer Continental Shelf, states may wish to regulate the use of biodiversity for the purposes of conservation or for future exploitation. This article identifies potential threats to marine biodiversity on the Continental Shelf, explores whether conservation is a legitimate purpose for exercising coastal state rights over the outer Continental Shelf under the Law of the Sea Convention, and considers the various legal rules that coastal states may use to protect marine biodiversity. The article concludes that the Continental Shelf regime is undesirably vague in some instances but that coastal states have a legal basis for taking action to regulate activities that impact the marine biodiversity of the outer Continental Shelf.
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Protecting Marine Biodiversity on the Continental Shelf Beyond 200 Nautical Miles
2007Co-Authors: Joanna MossopAbstract:States are expending significant effort to chart the extent of their Continental shelves where these extend beyond 200 nautical miles. As more is understood about marine biodiversity on the outer Continental Shelf, states may wish to regulate the use of biodiversity for the purposes of conservation or for future exploitation. This article identifies potential threats to marine biodiversity on the Continental Shelf, explores whether conservation is a legitimate purpose for exercising coastal state rights over the outer Continental Shelf under the Law of the Sea Convention, and considers the various legal rules that coastal states may use to protect marine biodiversity. This article concludes that the Continental Shelf regime is undesirably vague in some instances but that coastal states have a legal basis for taking action to regulate activities that impact the marine biodiversity of the outer Continental Shelf.
Antonios Tzanakopoulos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The North Sea Continental Shelf Cases: Landmark or High Watermark?
2017Co-Authors: Nikiforos Panagis, Antonios TzanakopoulosAbstract:This contribution discusses the judgment of the International Court of Justice in the North Sea Continental Shelf cases between Denmark and the Netherlands on the one hand, and Germany on the other. After setting out the background to the dispute and the judgment of the Court, it focuses on the Court's discussion of the sources of international law and their relationship, as well as on the definition and the rules for the delimitation of the Continental Shelf. It concludes that the cases are indeed a landmark as to the former set of issues, but much less so as to the latter. It was rather the high watermark of geomorphological approaches to the Continental Shelf and of equitable principles for its delimitation, but the law has now moved on despite habitual incantations of the catchy expressions used by the Court with respect to the Continental Shelf.
David Monahan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Continental Shelf Limits - The Practical Realization of the Continental Shelf Limit
Continental Shelf Limits, 2000Co-Authors: Chris M. Carleton, David MonahanAbstract:The first steps in establishing the case for a possible Continental Shelf claim beyond 200 nautical miles (M) were covered in the previous chapter. The requirement for an initial assessment of existing data and information before proceeding with the practical stage of new data acquisition and assessment to determine the actual legal limit of the Continental margin is clear. This chapter deals with the three possible cases: (case A) no extended Continental Shelf, (case B) foot of the slope plus 60 M, and (case C) limits based on the foot of the slope and sediment thickness. Finally, the chapter deals with the delimitation of the two possible outer limit lines that are required to be implemented by coastal States, provided their Continental margins extend up to or beyond those two limiting lines. Figure 17.1 illustrates how those limits could be combined to form a coastal State's Continental Shelf limit. . . . The Continental Shelf of a coastal State comprises the sea-bed and subsoil of the submarine areas that extend beyond its territorial sea throughout the natural prolongation of its land territory to the outer edge of the Continental margin, or to a distance of 200 nautical miles (M) from the baselines from which the breadth of the territorial sea is measured where the outer edge of the Continental margin does not extend up to that distance. . . . This provision, in principle, provides every coastal State with a Continental Shelf extending at least 200 M seaward. In practice, there are a number of constraints which result in the situation where a coastal State's entitlement to a Continental Shelf does not extend beyond 200 M. Let us therefore consider the procedure that each coastal State should follow to enable it to reach this conclusion. If a coastal State's entitlement to a Continental Shelf does not extend beyond 200 M measured from the territorial sea baseline, it can be assumed that the maritime zone calculated out to that distance will be subsumed within an exclusive economic zone regime, provided the coastal State claims such a zone, under part V of UNCLOS.
