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Richard Kinkead - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • neuronal Control of Breathing sex and stress hormones
    Comprehensive Physiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mary Behan, Richard Kinkead
    Abstract:

    There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the Control of Breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal Control of Breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory Control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory Control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory Control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in Breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.

  • Comprehensive Physiology - Neuronal Control of Breathing: Sex and Stress Hormones
    Comprehensive Physiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mary Behan, Richard Kinkead
    Abstract:

    There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the Control of Breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal Control of Breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory Control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory Control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory Control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in Breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.

  • chronic intermittent hypoxia elicits serotonin dependent plasticity in the central neural Control of Breathing
    The Journal of Neuroscience, 2001
    Co-Authors: Liming Ling, Richard Kinkead, David D Fuller, Karen B Bach, Burdette E Olson, Gordon S Mitchell
    Abstract:

    We tested the hypothesis that chronic intermittent hypoxia (CIH) elicits plasticity in the central neural Control of Breathing via serotonin-dependent effects on the integration of carotid chemoafferent inputs. Adult rats were exposed to 1 week of nocturnal CIH (11–12% O2/air at 5 min intervals; 12 hr/night). CIH and untreated rats were then anesthetized, paralyzed, vagotomized, and artificially ventilated. Time-dependent hypoxic responses were assessed in the phrenic neurogram during and after three 5 min episodes of isocapnic hypoxia. Integrated phrenic amplitude (∫Phr) responses during hypoxia were greater after CIH at arterial oxygen pressures (PaO2) between 25 and 45 mmHg ( p < 0.05), but not at higher PaO2 levels. CIH did not affect hypoxic phrenic burst frequency responses, although the post-hypoxia frequency decline that is typical in rats was abolished. ∫Phr and frequency responses to electrical stimulation of the carotid sinus nerve were enhanced by CIH ( p < 0.05). Serotonin-dependent long-term facilitation (LTF) of ∫Phr was enhanced after CIH at 15, 30, and 60 min after episodic hypoxia ( p < 0.05). Pretreatment with the serotonin receptor antagonists methysergide (4 mg/kg, i.v.) and ketanserin (2 mg/kg, i.v.) reversed CIH-induced augmentation of the short-term hypoxic phrenic response and restored the post-hypoxia frequency decline in CIH rats. Whereas methysergide abolished CIH-enhanced phrenic LTF, the selective 5-HT2antagonist ketanserin only partially reversed this effect. The results suggest that CIH elicits unique forms of serotonin-dependent plasticity in the central neural Control of Breathing. Enhanced LTF after CIH may involve an upregulation of a non-5-HT2 serotonin receptor subtype or subtypes.

Mary Behan - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • neuronal Control of Breathing sex and stress hormones
    Comprehensive Physiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mary Behan, Richard Kinkead
    Abstract:

    There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the Control of Breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal Control of Breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory Control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory Control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory Control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in Breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.

  • Comprehensive Physiology - Neuronal Control of Breathing: Sex and Stress Hormones
    Comprehensive Physiology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Mary Behan, Richard Kinkead
    Abstract:

    There is a growing public awareness that hormones can have a significant impact on most biological systems, including the Control of Breathing. This review will focus on the actions of two broad classes of hormones on the neuronal Control of Breathing: sex hormones and stress hormones. The majority of these hormones are steroids; a striking feature is that both groups are derived from cholesterol. Stress hormones also include many peptides which are produced primarily within the paraventricular nucleus of the hypothalamus (PVN) and secreted into the brain or into the circulatory system. In this article we will first review and discuss the role of sex hormones in respiratory Control throughout life, emphasizing how natural fluctuations in hormones are reflected in ventilatory metrics and how disruption of their endogenous cycle can predispose to respiratory disease. These effects may be mediated directly by sex hormone receptors or indirectly by neurotransmitter systems. Next, we will discuss the origins of hypothalamic stress hormones and their relationship with the respiratory Control system. This relationship is 2-fold: (i) via direct anatomical connections to brainstem respiratory Control centers, and (ii) via steroid hormones released from the adrenal gland in response to signals from the pituitary gland. Finally, the impact of stress on the development of neural circuits involved in Breathing is evaluated in animal models, and the consequences of early stress on respiratory health and disease is discussed.

  • Sex steroid hormones and the neural Control of Breathing.
    Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2003
    Co-Authors: Mary Behan, Andrea G Zabka, Cathy F Thomas, Gordon S Mitchell
    Abstract:

    We review evidence that sex steroid hormones including estrogen, progesterone and testosterone are involved in the central neural Control of Breathing. Sex hormones may exert their effects on respiratory motoneurons via neuromodulators, in particular, the serotonergic system. Recent studies have shown that levels of serotonin (5HT) in the hypoglossal and phrenic nuclei are greater in female than in male rats. Serotonin-dependent plasticity in hypoglossal and phrenic motor output also differs in male and female rats. Changing levels of gonadal hormones throughout the estrus cycle coincide with changing levels of 5HT in respiratory motor nuclei, and gonadectomy in male rats results in a decrease in 5HT-dependent plasticity in respiratory motor output. We speculate that sex steroid hormones are critically involved in adaptations in the neural Control of Breathing throughout life, and that decreasing levels of these hormones with increasing age may have a negative influence on the respiratory Control system in response to challenge.

David Gozal - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • The role of nitric oxide in the neural Control of Breathing.
    Respiratory physiology & neurobiology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Stephen R Reeves, Narong Simakajornboon, David Gozal
    Abstract:

    The Control of Breathing has been a long examined enigma. Despite the critical biological significance of respiratory Control, the framework of the molecular interactions which generate and regulate these incredible phenomena are only beginning to be delineated. Recent advances in the understanding the role of nitric oxide (NO) as a signaling molecule have facilitated our understanding of the high level complexities and multiple interacting pathways in many biological systems including those underlying neural Control of ventilation. In this review, we will examine the current understanding of the contribution of NO and NO-related compounds to the neural Control of Breathing. We will focus our attention on the role played by NO in peripheral chemoreceptor Control of ventilation and also explore the contribution of NO-mediated systems in central nervous system pathways underlying the Control of ventilation. Additionally, the importance of NO and NO derivatives in synaptic plasticity and adaptive mechanisms to long-term perturbations during development will also be addressed.

Steve F. Perry - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Neuroendocrine Control of Breathing in fish
    Molecular and cellular endocrinology, 2020
    Co-Authors: Yihang K. Pan, Steve F. Perry
    Abstract:

    Beginning with the discovery more than 35 years ago that oxygen chemoreceptors of the fish gill are enriched with serotonin, numerous studies have examined the importance of this, and other neuroendocrine factors in piscine chemoreceptor function, and in particular on the chemoreceptor-mediated reflex Control of Breathing. However, despite these studies, there is continued debate as to the role of neuroendocrine factors in the initiation or modulation of Breathing during environmental disturbances or physical activity. In this review, we summarize the state-of-knowledge surrounding the neuroendocrine Control of oxygen chemoreception in fish and the associated reflex adjustments to ventilation. We focus on neurohumoral substances that either are present in chemosensory cells or those that are localised elsewhere but have also been implicated in the direct Control of Breathing. These substances include serotonin, catecholamines (adrenaline and noradrenaline), acetylcholine, purines and gaseous neurotransmitters. Despite the growing indirect evidence for an involvement of these neuroendocrine factors in chemoreception and ventilatory Control, direct evidence awaits the incorporation of novel methods currently under development.

  • a role for nitric oxide in the Control of Breathing in zebrafish danio rerio
    The Journal of Experimental Biology, 2015
    Co-Authors: Cosima S Porteus, William K. Milsom, Jacob Pollack, Velislava Tzaneva, Raymond W M Kwong, Yusuke Kumai, Sara J Abdallah, Giacomo Zaccone, Eugenia Rita Lauriano, Steve F. Perry
    Abstract:

    Nitric oxide (NO) is a gaseous neurotransmitter, which, in adult mammals, modulates the acute hypoxic ventilatory response; its role in the Control of Breathing in fish during development is unknown. We addressed the interactive effects of developmental age and NO in the Control of piscine Breathing by measuring the ventilatory response of zebrafish (Danio rerio) adults and larvae to NO donors and by inhibiting endogenous production of NO. In adults, sodium nitroprusside (SNP), a NO donor, inhibited ventilation; the extent of the ventilatory inhibition was related to the pre-existing ventilatory drive, with the greatest inhibition exhibited during exposure to hypoxia (PO2=5.6 kPa). Inhibition of endogenous NO production using L-NAME suppressed the hypoventilatory response to hyperoxia, supporting an inhibitory role of NO in adult zebrafish. Neuroepithelial cells (NECs), the putative oxygen chemoreceptors of fish, contain neuronal nitric oxide synthase (nNOS). In zebrafish larvae at 4 days post-fertilization, SNP increased ventilation in a concentration-dependent manner. Inhibition of NOS activity with L-NAME or knockdown of nNOS inhibited the hypoxic (PO2=3.5 kPa) ventilatory response. Immunohistochemistry revealed the presence of nNOS in the NECs of larvae. Taken together, these data suggest that NO plays an inhibitory role in the Control of ventilation in adult zebrafish, but an excitatory role in larvae.

Chi-sang Poon - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.