The Experts below are selected from a list of 78 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Harriet Meinander - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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heat and moisture transmission properties of clothing systems evaluated by using a sweating thermal manikin under different environmental conditions
International Journal of Clothing Science and Technology, 2008Co-Authors: Damjana Celcar, Harriet Meinander, Jelka GersakAbstract:Purpose – The paper aims to investigate thermal comfort properties, such as heat and moisture transmission through male business clothing systems, by using a sweating thermal manikin Coppelius that simulates heat and moisture production in a similar way to the human body and measures the influence of clothing on heat exchange in different environmental and sweating conditions.Design/methodology/approach – Ten different combination of male business clothing systems were measured using the sweating manikin, under three environmental conditions (10°C/50 per cent RH, 25°C/50 per cent RH and −5°C), and at 0 and 50 gm−2 h−1 sweating levels, in order to evaluate the influence of environmental and sweating conditions on thermal comfort properties of clothing systems.Findings – The results show how business clothing systems influence on the dry and evaporative heat loss between the manikin surface and environment in different environmental and sweating conditions.Practical implications – When using sweating therma...
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the influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2004Co-Authors: Harriet Meinander, Mari HellstenAbstract:One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and –50 °C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials. protective clothing cold protection thermal manikin sweating
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The influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2004Co-Authors: Harriet Meinander, Mari HellstenAbstract:One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials.
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loggers protective clothing stijdied with tiie sweating thermal manikin and during wear trials
1994Co-Authors: Harriet MeinanderAbstract:The sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, described in 13/, was used to determine the simultaneous heat and water vapour transmission through 2-layer and 3-layer clothing systems. Underneath the protective clothing was a long underwear and a long underwear + a long thermodress, respectively. The environment conditions were chosen to correspond to loggers' work conditions, i.e. the.2-layer clothings were measured in +20, +10 and 0 °C and the 3-layer clothings in +10, 0 and -10°C. For each clothing combination three different sweating levels were applied: 0, 100 and 200 g/m 2 -h. The measurements gave the following information under each test condition: heat supply P (W/m 2 ) required to keep the manikins skin temperature constant at +33 °C, thermal insulation IT for" dry tests or ITccxr for sweating tests (m 2 .oCIW) /3/, water vapour permeability~ in % of supplied water, and the regulatory effects (evaporative and wetting) of sweating on the heat loss Pe and Pw (W/m 2 ). The test time was 3 hours for sweating and 2 hours for dry measurements, and two parallell measurements were done for each clothing/test condition combination. Four loggers in different parts of Finland participated in the field trial during the winter 1993-94. They were provided with jackets made in the three materials, and reported subjective data on their functional properties. Different trousers were not compared in the field trial, as their most important functional requirement is protection and the thermal comfort properties are of less importance. RESULTS The dry thermal insulation IT of the three tested types of clothing was on the same level, between 0,216 and 0,2~8 m 2.oCIW for the 2-layer and 0,290 and 0,298 m2.oCIW for the 3-Iayer combination, measured in +10 °C. In water vapour permeability Me' there was however a big difference between the garments. The highest values were achieved for the 2-layer clothing combination and in +20 °C with 100 g/m2-h sweating: 74,5 % for the polyester, 68,7 % for the laminate but only 28,6 for the plastic coated nylon clothing (in the lower temperatures and with the 200 g!m2·h sweating, the condensation in the plastic coated clothing combinations was so severe, that the tests had to be interrupted due to water dropping from the manikin). The addition of a third clothing layer reduced the water vapour permeability about 10 %-units. Changes in test conditions cause considerable changes in the test results. The required heat supply increses with decreasing temperature and with increasing sweating level, and consequently the thermal insulation decreases. The percent water vapour permeability is higher for the lower sweating level, but the absolute value of evaporation is higher when sweating is high. A decrease in the ambient temperature always causes a decrease in the water vapour pennebility, eg. the 2-layer polyester clothing transmits 57,8 % of the supplied 200 g/m 2 -h
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loggers protective clothing stijdied with tiie sweating thermal manikin and during wear trials
1994Co-Authors: Harriet MeinanderAbstract:The sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, described in 13/, was used to determine the simultaneous heat and water vapour transmission through 2-layer and 3-layer clothing systems. Underneath the protective clothing was a long underwear and a long underwear + a long thermodress, respectively. The environment conditions were chosen to correspond to loggers' work conditions, i.e. the.2-layer clothings were measured in +20, +10 and 0 °C and the 3-layer clothings in +10, 0 and -10°C. For each clothing combination three different sweating levels were applied: 0, 100 and 200 g/m 2 -h. The measurements gave the following information under each test condition: heat supply P (W/m 2 ) required to keep the manikins skin temperature constant at +33 °C, thermal insulation IT for" dry tests or ITccxr for sweating tests (m 2 .oCIW) /3/, water vapour permeability~ in % of supplied water, and the regulatory effects (evaporative and wetting) of sweating on the heat loss Pe and Pw (W/m 2 ). The test time was 3 hours for sweating and 2 hours for dry measurements, and two parallell measurements were done for each clothing/test condition combination. Four loggers in different parts of Finland participated in the field trial during the winter 1993-94. They were provided with jackets made in the three materials, and reported subjective data on their functional properties. Different trousers were not compared in the field trial, as their most important functional requirement is protection and the thermal comfort properties are of less importance. RESULTS The dry thermal insulation IT of the three tested types of clothing was on the same level, between 0,216 and 0,2~8 m 2.oCIW for the 2-layer and 0,290 and 0,298 m2.oCIW for the 3-Iayer combination, measured in +10 °C. In water vapour permeability Me' there was however a big difference between the garments. The highest values were achieved for the 2-layer clothing combination and in +20 °C with 100 g/m2-h sweating: 74,5 % for the polyester, 68,7 % for the laminate but only 28,6 for the plastic coated nylon clothing (in the lower temperatures and with the 200 g!m2·h sweating, the condensation in the plastic coated clothing combinations was so severe, that the tests had to be interrupted due to water dropping from the manikin). The addition of a third clothing layer reduced the water vapour permeability about 10 %-units. Changes in test conditions cause considerable changes in the test results. The required heat supply increses with decreasing temperature and with increasing sweating level, and consequently the thermal insulation decreases. The percent water vapour permeability is higher for the lower sweating level, but the absolute value of evaporation is higher when sweating is high. A decrease in the ambient temperature always causes a decrease in the water vapour pennebility, eg. the 2-layer polyester clothing transmits 57,8 % of the supplied 200 g/m 2 -h
Mari Hellsten - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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the influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2004Co-Authors: Harriet Meinander, Mari HellstenAbstract:One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and –50 °C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials. protective clothing cold protection thermal manikin sweating
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The influence of sweating on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing studied with a sweating thermal manikin
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2004Co-Authors: Harriet Meinander, Mari HellstenAbstract:One of the objectives of the European SUBZERO project was to study the influence of sweat evaporation and condensation on the heat transmission properties of cold protective clothing. With the sweating thermal manikin Coppelius, water vapour transfer through and water condensation in the clothing can be determined simultaneously with the thermal insulation. In this study, 4 cold protective ensembles, intended for use temperatures between 0 and -50 degrees C, were measured with the dry manikin and at 2 different sweating rates. In addition, the ensembles were measured with non-sweating thermal manikins and in wear trials.
Ingvar Holmér - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a thermal manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)
Holmér Ingvar - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Effect of Different Fabric Skin Combinations on Predicted Sweating Skin Temperature of a Thermal Manikin
'Zhejiang University Press', 2010Co-Authors: Wang Faming, Kuklane Kalev, Gao Chuansi, Holmér IngvarAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2010Co-Authors: Wang Faming, Kuklane Kalev, Gao Chuansi, Holmér IngvarAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however
Faming Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Development of Empirical Equations to Predict Sweating Skin Surface Temperature for Thermal Manikins in Warm Environments.
2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:Clothing evaporative resistance is one of the most important parameters for clothing comfort. The clothing evaporation resistance can be measured on a sweating guarded hotplate, a sweating thermal manikin or a human subject. The sweating thermal manikin gives the most accurate value on evaporative resistance of the whole garment ensemble compared to the other two methods. The determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a thermal manikin requires sweating simulation. This can be achieved by either a pre-wetted fabric skin on top of the manikin (TORE), or a waterproof but permeable Gore-tex skin filled with water inside. The addition of a fabric skin can introduce a temperature difference between the manikin surface and the sweating skin surface. However, calculations on clothing evaporative resistance have often been based on the thermal manikin surface temperature. A previous study showed that the temperature differences can cause an error up to 35.9 % on the clothing evaporative resistance. In order to reduce such an error, an empirical equation to predict the skin surface temperature might be helpful. In this study, a cotton knit fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two types of sweating. The cotton fabric skin was rinsed with tap water and centrifuged in a washing machine for 4 seconds to ensure no water drip. A Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin ‘Tore’ in order to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins ‘Coppelius’ and ‘Walter’. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. ‘Newton’. Six temperature sensors (Sensirion Inc, Switzerland) were attached on six sites of the skin outer surface by white thread rings to record the skin surface temperature. Twelve skin tests for each skin combination were performed at three different ambient temperatures: 34, 25 and 20 oC. Two empirical equations to predict the skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin ‘Tore’ were Tsk=34.0-0.0146HL and Tsk=34.0-0.0190HL, respectively. Further study should validate these two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a thermal manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated thermal manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to thermal manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many thermal manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the thermal manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)