The Experts below are selected from a list of 2313 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Faming Wang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effects of moisture content and clothing fit on clothing apparent wet Thermal insulation a Thermal Manikin study
Textile Research Journal, 2016Co-Authors: Faming Wang, René M. Rossi, Wen Shi, Guowen Song, Simon AnaheimAbstract:‘Wet’ Thermal insulation, defined as the Thermal insulation when clothing gets partially or fully wet, is an important physical parameter to quantify clothing Thermal comfort. As the water/sweat gradually occupies the intra-yarn and inter-yarn air voids of the clothing material, the clothing intrinsic Thermal insulation will be diminished and, hence, contribute to the loss of total insulation. In cold conditions, a loss in total Thermal insulation caused by sweating may result in an inadequate Thermal insulation to keep Thermal balance and eventually leads to the development of hypothermia and cold injuries. Therefore, it is imperative to investigate the effect of clothing fit and moisture content on clothing ‘wet’ insulation. In this study, the ‘wet’ Thermal insulation of three two-layer clothing ensembles was determined using a Newton Thermal Manikin. Four levels of moisture content were added to the underwear: 100, 200, 500 and 700 g. The clothing apparent ‘wet’ Thermal insulation under different testi...
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physiological model controlled sweating Thermal Manikin can it replace human subjects
Journal of ergonomics, 2011Co-Authors: Faming WangAbstract:Sweating Thermal Manikins are extensively used to assess clothing before performing human trials. Because Thermal Manikins cannot simulate human physiological responses and psychological perceptions, a recent hot research on incorporating various physiological models with Thermal Manikins has been highlighted. Can such physiological model regulated sweating Manikins replace human subjects? A Thermal Manikin is an instrument which simulates an average human being in terms of body dimensions. The first Thermal Manikin was introduced in 1940s by the US Army [1]. It was a one-segment copper Manikin. Afterwards, more advanced ones such as multisegment, sweating and moveable male and female Manikins have been developed as new technologiesadvance [2-5]. The idea of incorporating a human physiological model with a sweating Manikin was first proposed in 2005 [6]. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) designed such a physiological model controlled Manikin ADAM and used it to evaluate liquid cooling garments. The controlling system is comprised of three units: the sweating Manikin, the physiological control model and the empirical Thermal comfort model. In this study, the comparison of data from model controlled Manikin and physiological data from subject tests was not accomplished due to various reasons such as different test conditions were used. Nevertheless, the comfort and Thermal sensations obtained from the model controlled Manikin showed expected trends.
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physiological model controlled sweating Thermal Manikin can it replace human subjects
Journal of ergonomics, 2011Co-Authors: Faming WangAbstract:Sweating Thermal Manikins are extensively used to assess clothing before performing human trials. Because Thermal Manikins cannot simulate human physiological responses and psychological perceptions, a recent hot research on incorporating various physiological models with Thermal Manikins has been highlighted. Can such physiological model regulated sweating Manikins replace human subjects? A Thermal Manikin is an instrument which simulates an average human being in terms of body dimensions. The first Thermal Manikin was introduced in 1940s by the US Army [1]. It was a one-segment copper Manikin. Afterwards, more advanced ones such as multisegment, sweating and moveable male and female Manikins have been developed as new technologiesadvance [2-5]. The idea of incorporating a human physiological model with a sweating Manikin was first proposed in 2005 [6]. The National Renewable Energy Laboratory (Golden, CO) designed such a physiological model controlled Manikin ADAM and used it to evaluate liquid cooling garments. The controlling system is comprised of three units: the sweating Manikin, the physiological control model and the empirical Thermal comfort model. In this study, the comparison of data from model controlled Manikin and physiological data from subject tests was not accomplished due to various reasons such as different test conditions were used. Nevertheless, the comfort and Thermal sensations obtained from the model controlled Manikin showed expected trends.
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determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating Thermal Manikin in an isoThermal condition heat loss method or mass loss method
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for Thermal Manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isoThermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a Thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating Thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isoThermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that Manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isoThermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isoThermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use. (Less)
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a Thermal Manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated Thermal Manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to Thermal Manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many Thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the Thermal Manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)
Kai Siren - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluating the Thermal comfort performance of heating systems using a Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control
Indoor and Built Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:The evaluation of the local Thermal comfort and application of Thermal Manikins can further assist the design and selection of heating systems. This study aimed at evaluating the Thermal comfort performance of different heating systems using a newly developed Thermal Manikin with an enhanced Thermal control. The heating systems for a workstation, included a conventional radiator (convector) mounted under the window, heated floor in the occupied zone and an infrared heater mounted to the ceiling. The experiments were conducted in a test room with a facade attached to a climate chamber to simulate outdoor winter conditions. In these experiments, the supplied power for the different systems was kept constant to independently quantify the differences in their Thermal comfort performance at same energy consumption. The Thermal Manikin was deployed in the occupied zone to evaluate the local and overall Thermal comfort under each system using the equivalent temperature (Teq) approach. The thermoregulatory contro...
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A Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control: Implementation and validation
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2012Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:Tens of different sorts of Thermal Manikins are employed worldwide, mainly in the evaluation of clothing Thermal insulation and Thermal environments. They are regulated Thermally using simplified control modes. This paper reports on the implementation and validation of a new thermoregulatory control mode for Thermal Manikins. The new control mode is based on a multi-segmental Pierce (MSP) model. In this study, the MSP control mode was implemented, using the LabVIEW platform, onto the control system of the Thermal Manikin ‘Therminator’. The MSP mode was then used to estimate the segmental equivalent temperature ( t _eq) along with constant surface temperature (CST) mode under two asymmetric Thermal conditions. Furthermore, subjective tests under the same two conditions were carried out using 17 human subjects. The estimated segmental t _eq from the experiments with the two modes and from the subjective assessment were compared in order to validate the use of the MSP mode for the estimation of t _eq. The results showed that the t _eq values estimated by the MSP mode were closer to the subjective mean votes under the two test conditions for most body segments and compared favourably with values estimated by the CST mode.
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design strategy for maximizing the energy efficiency of a localized floor heating system using a Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control
Energy and Buildings, 2012Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:Abstract Localized HVAC systems with the task-ambient conditioning concept represent a promising option towards energy-saving in buildings. The design of such systems needs to involve evaluation of the local Thermal comfort that corresponds to different body segments. In this work, an experimental technique using a Thermal Manikin was developed to determine the optimum configuration(s) among different variants of localized floor-heating systems for a single seated person. The experimented variants had different geometries or surface areas. Their surface temperatures were experimentally found subject to Thermal comfort criteria and under a lowered ambient temperature. In the experiments, the Thermal Manikin was regulated in a dynamic mode using a model of human thermoregulation and was employed to evaluate the fulfillment of the Thermal comfort criteria. The experimental setup was constructed to simulate a task area in a large hall space that may be feasible for shopping mall's application. The energy consumption of the floor-heating systems was measured to evaluate the energy performance of the different system variants. The results showed that in large hall space under lowered ambient temperature around 18 °C, a heated floor with certain geometries and a surface area of nearly 1 m 2 could fulfill the comfort criteria and represented the optimum configuration.
Kalev Kuklane - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Types of Thermal Manikin
Manikins for Textile Evaluation, 2017Co-Authors: Kalev Kuklane, Chuansi GaoAbstract:Owing to giving more stable and repeatable test results than human tests, Thermal Manikin is widely used in fields like clothing, automobile, building, aerospace, etc. Thermal Manikin is promising and reliable to characterize both static and dynamic heat and moisture exchange in human body-clothing-environment system, particularly in extremely hot or cold environments. Nowadays, there are hundreds of Thermal Manikins with different functions in the world and their functions become more and more humanlike, e.g., can better simulate human thermoregulations. In this chapter, we reviewed and concluded the types of Manikin in terms of anthropometric data, number of the body segment, construction, function, feedback system, working principle, control mode, etc. The state of the art and future trends of the advanced tool were summarized. With the development of manufacture technology, computer science and signal processing capacity, a more humanlike simulator can predict physiological and psychological responses of human body in various conditions. It can make significant contribution in realistic performance evaluation for protective clothing in hazardous environments, as an alternative for human beings.
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Thermal Manikin Measurements—Exact or Not?
International Journal of Occupational Safety and Ergonomics, 2015Co-Authors: Hannu Anttonen, Juhani Niskanen, Harriet Meinander, Volkmar Bartels, Kalev Kuklane, Sabine Varieras, Randi Eidsmo Reinertsen, Krzysztof SołtyńskiAbstract:According to the European prestandard ENV 342:1998, the Thermal insulation of cold-protective clothing is measured with a Thermal Manikin. Systematic studies on the reproducibility of the values, measured with different types of clothing on the commonly used standing and walking Manikins, have not been reported in the literature. Over 300 measurements were done in 8 different European laboratories. The reproducibility of the Thermal insulation test results was good. The coefficient of variation was lower than 8%. The measured clothing should fit the Manikin precisely, because poorly fitting clothing gave an error in the results. The correlation between parallel and serial insulation values was excellent and parallel values were about 20% lower than serial ones. The influence of ambient conditions was critical only in the case of air velocity. The reproducibility of Thermal insulation test results in a single laboratory was good, and the variation was lower than 3%.
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determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating Thermal Manikin in an isoThermal condition heat loss method or mass loss method
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for Thermal Manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isoThermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a Thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating Thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isoThermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that Manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isoThermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isoThermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use. (Less)
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a Thermal Manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated Thermal Manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to Thermal Manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many Thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the Thermal Manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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HEAT LOSS FROM A Thermal Manikin DURING WET TESTS WITH WALKING SIMULATION
2008Co-Authors: Kalev KuklaneAbstract:The walking tests with a Thermal Manikin TORE were carried out with THERMPROTECT WP2 clothing. The test conditions simulated the human tests of the same work package, including ambient conditions (10 and 25 °C), clothing (impermeable and permeable), wetting of cotton underwear (wet and dry) and setting the walking speed to approximately the same level. Additional tests in homogenous conditions (Ta=Tsk=34 °C) were carried out. The results agree with previous studies and form a good basis for further analysis together with human test results.
Ingvar Holmér - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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determination of clothing evaporative resistance on a sweating Thermal Manikin in an isoThermal condition heat loss method or mass loss method
Annals of Occupational Hygiene, 2011Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:This paper addresses selection between two calculation options, i.e heat loss option and mass loss option, for Thermal Manikin measurements on clothing evaporative resistance conducted in an isoThermal condition (TManikin = Ta = Tr). Five vocational clothing ensembles with a Thermal insulation range of 1.05–2.58 clo were selected and measured on a sweating Thermal Manikin ‘Tore’. The reasons why the isoThermal heat loss method generates a higher evaporative resistance than that of the mass loss method were thoroughly investigated. In addition, an indirect approach was applied to determine the amount of evaporative heat energy taken from the environment. It was found that clothing evaporative resistance values by the heat loss option were 11.2–37.1% greater than those based on the mass loss option. The percentage of evaporative heat loss taken from the environment (He,env) for all test scenarios ranged from 10.9 to 23.8%. The real evaporative cooling efficiency ranged from 0.762 to 0.891, respectively. Furthermore, it is evident that the evaporative heat loss difference introduced by those two options was equal to the heat energy taken from the environment. In order to eliminate the combined effects of dry heat transfer, condensation, and heat pipe on clothing evaporative resistance, it is suggested that Manikin measurements on the determination of clothing evaporative resistance should be performed in an isoThermal condition. Moreover, the mass loss method should be applied to calculate clothing evaporative resistance. The isoThermal heat loss method would appear to overestimate heat stress and thus should be corrected before use. (Less)
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effect of different fabric skin combinations on predicted sweating skin temperature of a Thermal Manikin
Proceedings Of The Second International Conference On Advanced Textile Materials & Manufacturing Technology; pp 184-186 (2010), 2010Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:In this study, a knit cotton fabric skin and a Gore-tex skin were used to simulate two sweating methods. The Gore-tex skin was put on top of the pre-wetted knit cotton skin on a dry heated Thermal Manikin 'Tore' to simulate senseless sweating, similar to Thermal Manikins 'Coppelius' and 'Walter'. Another simulation involved the pre-wetted fabric skin covered on top of the Gore-tex skin in order to simulate sensible sweating. This type of sweating simulation can be widely found on many Thermal Manikins worldwide, e.g. 'Newton'. Two empirical equations to predict the wet skin surface temperature were developed based on the mean Manikin surface temperature, mean fabric skin surface temperature and the total heat loss. The prediction equations for the senseless sweating and sensible sweating on the Thermal Manikin 'Tore' were T-sk=34.05-0.0193HL and T-sk=34.63-0.0178HL, respectively. It was found that the Gore-tex skin limits moisture evaporation and the predicted fabric skin temperature was greater than that in the G+C skin combination. Further study should validate those two empirical equations, however. (Less)
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A Study on Evaporative Resistances of Two Skins Designed for Thermal Manikin Tore under Different Environmental Conditions
Journal of Fiber Bioengineering and Informatics, 2008Co-Authors: Faming Wang, Kalev Kuklane, Chuansi Gao, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:A cotton skin and Gore-Tex skin were designed for Thermal Manikin "Tore" to simulate different sweating styles (wet cotton skin inside and Gore-Tex outside to simulate sweating style of Thermal Manikin "Walter", and Gore-Tex skin inside with wet cotton skin outside to simulate sweating style of Thermal Manikins "Newton". The evaporative resistances of two skin combinations with clothing ensembles were compared at two different environmental conditions. In addition, the total evaporative resistance of clothing ensemble was calculated by both heat loss method (option 1) and mass loss method (option 2) according to ASTM F 2370. We found that the effect of different sweating mechanisms on clothing evaporative resistance should be considered. The results showed that the total evaporative resistances obtained by option 2 were more accurate than values by option 1 under an isoThermal condition. It was also found that total evaporative resistance differences between two skin combinations with clothing ensembles decreased with increasing clothing ensemble layer. In a non-isoThermal condition, the total evaporative resistance calculated by option 1 was more accurate than value obtained by option 2, which was due to lower ambient temperature and condensation between each adjacent layer. (Less)
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the heating effect of phase change material pcm vests on a Thermal Manikin in a subzero environment
The 7th International Meeting on Manikins and Modelling (7I3M), 2008Co-Authors: Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:The heating effects of three PCM vests (Tmelt=32, 28 and 24 °C) were tested on a Thermal Manikin with constant temperature at 30 oC in a subzero environment (Ta=-4 °C, Va=0.4 m/s). The results showed that the heating effects lasted about 3-4 hours. The highest heating effects reduced heat loss for 20-30 W/m2 on the torso during the first two hours. The results also showed that the vest with higher melting/solidifying temperature had a greater and longer heating effect. Among the three wear scenarios, the PCM vest worn directly and closely over the stretch coverall without winter jacket revealed the highest heating effect on the torso.
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cooling effect of a pcm vest on a Thermal Manikin and on humans exposed to heat
12th International Conference on Environmental Ergonomics, 2007Co-Authors: Chuansi Gao, Kalev Kuklane, Ingvar HolmérAbstract:INTRODUCTION In hot environmental exposures, combined with physical work, such as fire fighting, military exercises and actions, and sports activities, the human body suffers heat stress, resulting in reduced working endurance, performance, comfort and an increased risk of heat illness. Cooling vests are designed as to prevent heat strain, increase work performance, and possibly create Thermal comfort. Some of them apply phase change materials (PCM; e.g., ice, gel, salt) in a vest. The cooling effect of an ice vest has been studied (Yoshimi et al 1998; Smolander et al 2004; Myhre and Muir 2005, Hunter et al 2006). Microcapsules of PCMs in clothing have been reported to provide a small, temporal heating/cooling effect during environmental transients between warm and cold chambers (Shim et al 2001). However, the cooling effect of salt vest has not been reported. The objectives of this study were to investigate physical, physiological and subjective cooling effects of a salt vest on a Thermal Manikin, and on human subjects.
Ehab Foda - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Evaluating the Thermal comfort performance of heating systems using a Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control
Indoor and Built Environment, 2014Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:The evaluation of the local Thermal comfort and application of Thermal Manikins can further assist the design and selection of heating systems. This study aimed at evaluating the Thermal comfort performance of different heating systems using a newly developed Thermal Manikin with an enhanced Thermal control. The heating systems for a workstation, included a conventional radiator (convector) mounted under the window, heated floor in the occupied zone and an infrared heater mounted to the ceiling. The experiments were conducted in a test room with a facade attached to a climate chamber to simulate outdoor winter conditions. In these experiments, the supplied power for the different systems was kept constant to independently quantify the differences in their Thermal comfort performance at same energy consumption. The Thermal Manikin was deployed in the occupied zone to evaluate the local and overall Thermal comfort under each system using the equivalent temperature (Teq) approach. The thermoregulatory contro...
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A Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control: Implementation and validation
International Journal of Biometeorology, 2012Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:Tens of different sorts of Thermal Manikins are employed worldwide, mainly in the evaluation of clothing Thermal insulation and Thermal environments. They are regulated Thermally using simplified control modes. This paper reports on the implementation and validation of a new thermoregulatory control mode for Thermal Manikins. The new control mode is based on a multi-segmental Pierce (MSP) model. In this study, the MSP control mode was implemented, using the LabVIEW platform, onto the control system of the Thermal Manikin ‘Therminator’. The MSP mode was then used to estimate the segmental equivalent temperature ( t _eq) along with constant surface temperature (CST) mode under two asymmetric Thermal conditions. Furthermore, subjective tests under the same two conditions were carried out using 17 human subjects. The estimated segmental t _eq from the experiments with the two modes and from the subjective assessment were compared in order to validate the use of the MSP mode for the estimation of t _eq. The results showed that the t _eq values estimated by the MSP mode were closer to the subjective mean votes under the two test conditions for most body segments and compared favourably with values estimated by the CST mode.
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design strategy for maximizing the energy efficiency of a localized floor heating system using a Thermal Manikin with human thermoregulatory control
Energy and Buildings, 2012Co-Authors: Ehab Foda, Kai SirenAbstract:Abstract Localized HVAC systems with the task-ambient conditioning concept represent a promising option towards energy-saving in buildings. The design of such systems needs to involve evaluation of the local Thermal comfort that corresponds to different body segments. In this work, an experimental technique using a Thermal Manikin was developed to determine the optimum configuration(s) among different variants of localized floor-heating systems for a single seated person. The experimented variants had different geometries or surface areas. Their surface temperatures were experimentally found subject to Thermal comfort criteria and under a lowered ambient temperature. In the experiments, the Thermal Manikin was regulated in a dynamic mode using a model of human thermoregulation and was employed to evaluate the fulfillment of the Thermal comfort criteria. The experimental setup was constructed to simulate a task area in a large hall space that may be feasible for shopping mall's application. The energy consumption of the floor-heating systems was measured to evaluate the energy performance of the different system variants. The results showed that in large hall space under lowered ambient temperature around 18 °C, a heated floor with certain geometries and a surface area of nearly 1 m 2 could fulfill the comfort criteria and represented the optimum configuration.
