The Experts below are selected from a list of 276 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Sabrina Spatari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the contemporary european Copper cycle waste management subsystem
    Ecological Economics, 2002
    Co-Authors: M Bertram, T E Graedel, Helmut Rechberger, Sabrina Spatari
    Abstract:

    Abstract A comprehensive Copper mass balance for waste management in Europe has been carried out, including municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), and end-of-life vehicles (ELV). The recycling efficiency of the current waste management system in Europe was quantified and the sources of Copper Scrap used for secondary Copper production were determined. Additionally, an assessment of Copper losses to the environment from incinerators and landfills was undertaken. As a final step, select parameters were varied to test the sensitivity of Copper waste generation results to the uncertainties in the data. The total flows of Copper into the European waste management system consists of 920 Gg/y domestic Copper waste and of 300 Gg/y imported old Scrap, of which 740 Gg/y are recycled and 480 Gg/y are landfilled. In Europe 2 kg per capita of Copper waste is generated annually. WEEE and ELV are the most important domestic waste streams from the perspective of Copper contents. They contain 67% of the total Copper throughput, but only make up 4% of the mass of total waste generation. Because WEEE is the fastest growing waste category, this finding emphasizes the need for efficient WEEE recycling strategies. The overall recycling efficiency for Europe for Copper in all types of waste, excluding prompt Scrap and Scrap imports, is 48%, with a range of 5–58% depending on the country. This shows further potential for increased recycling activities in the future. Emissions of Copper to the environment are under 5 Gg/y but several new sources for emissions are not yet quantified. Uncertainties in waste generation rate and composition for some waste categories (WEEE, C&D) are high, and additional analysis is needed to confirm the above findings.

R. Gana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous iodide using the anode-support system
    Hydrometallurgy, 1999
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, M. Figueroa, V. Arancibia, M. Baeza
    Abstract:

    The preferred process for the production of cuprous oxide powder is by the anodic dissolution of Copper in an alkaline solution of sodium chloride. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a cuprous oxide process suitable for use on an industrial scale usiing the anode-support system, i.e. an anode comprising a titanium mesh basket loaded with small pieces of high-grade Copper Scrap. Laboratory investigations with this type of anode together with a titanium mesh cathode were conducted using cells having capacities up to 400 dm3. The recommended operating conditions based on 120 h runs using the 400 dm3 cell are as follows: NaCl: 250 g dm−3; c.d.: 6 A dm−2; CI: 0.37 A dm−3; temperature: 80°C; pH 10. Of particular importance, especially as regards the quality of the product and cell scale-up, is the relationship between the current and the volume of the electrolyte, denoted as Cl and expressed as A dm−3. The use of anode and cathode diaphragms of polypropylene obviated the need for additives to counteract Copper redox reactions in the cell. The power yield was 0.8–0.9 kWh kg−1. The product was well within ASTM specification D912-65 for Cu2O for use in antifouling paints.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous oxide and metallic nickel in a two-compartment cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, M. Figueroa, A. Aragón, M. T. San Martín, Lina Kattan
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present investigation was to develop an electrochemical process to obtain simultaneously cuprous oxide powder and metallic nickel in a two-compartment cell. Nafion® 901 bimembrane (Dupont, USA) was employed to separate the compartments to avoid the diffusion of nickel ions from the catholyte to the anolyte. A continuous addition of sodium hydroxide solution to the anodic compartment was necessary to form in situ the cuprous oxide by chemical reaction with the cuprous chlorocomplexes generated at the anode. As an anode system, a titanium basket filled with Copper Scrap wire was utilized. The anodic operating conditions were: NaCl 250 g dm^−3, pH 10, 80°C, c.d. 6 A dm^−2 and current concentration 0.4 A dm^−3, The cathodic parameters were: Ni^2i 74 g dm^−3, H_3B0_330 g dm^−3, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.5 g dm^−3, coumarin 0.15 g dm^−3, pH2, 50°C, c.d. 6 A dm^−2 Good quality red-violet cuprous oxide powder, meeting ASTM specifications D912-65 to be used in antifouling paints and metallic nickel (> 99.96% Ni) was obtained.

  • Direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap using a titanium anode-support system in a monopolar cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: M. Figueroa, R. Gana, Lina Kattan, Alessandro Parodi
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the application of an anode-support system to the direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap (> 95%) in sulphuric acid medium. The authors have established that it is possible to utilize a basket of titanium mesh as the anode-support, with chopped Scrap inside the basket. It is feasible to utilize this system under the same operational conditions used for the industrial electrorefining of Copper with conventional cast anodes. The proposed system avoids all the pyrometallurgical stages needed to produce the traditional cast anodes used in Copper electrorefining and acts only as electrical contact between the anodic Copper mass and the external current. Cathodes of good quality (> 99.98% Cu) were obtained after 14-day electrolyses, with a current yield of 98.5–99.0% and inventory savings of 48–57% referred to the conventional process using casting anodes.

  • Direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap using an anode-support system in a bipolar cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1993
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, Lina Kattan, M. Figueroa, S Castro
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the application of an anode-support system (AS) to the direct electrorefining of chopped Copper Scrap using the bipolar connection (series system). The authors have determined that it is possible to utilize a specially designed basket made with sheet (cathodic face) and mesh (anodic side) titanium, under the same operating conditions used for the industrial electrorefining of Copper with conventional cast anodes. Titanium material remains passive and acts only as electrical contact between the anodic Copper pieces and the external current source. Electrolysis of 72 h duration could be carried out using the AS system loaded with Scrap Copper pieces, with a current efficiency in the range 91–92% and a power requirement of 0.14 kWh (kg Cu)−1. The AS system involves less Copper inventory in the cell room in the order of 45–55% compared with the traditional bipolar electrorefining process. In addition, no pyrometallurgical operations are necessary.

M Bertram - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the contemporary european Copper cycle waste management subsystem
    Ecological Economics, 2002
    Co-Authors: M Bertram, T E Graedel, Helmut Rechberger, Sabrina Spatari
    Abstract:

    Abstract A comprehensive Copper mass balance for waste management in Europe has been carried out, including municipal solid waste, construction and demolition waste, wastes from electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE), and end-of-life vehicles (ELV). The recycling efficiency of the current waste management system in Europe was quantified and the sources of Copper Scrap used for secondary Copper production were determined. Additionally, an assessment of Copper losses to the environment from incinerators and landfills was undertaken. As a final step, select parameters were varied to test the sensitivity of Copper waste generation results to the uncertainties in the data. The total flows of Copper into the European waste management system consists of 920 Gg/y domestic Copper waste and of 300 Gg/y imported old Scrap, of which 740 Gg/y are recycled and 480 Gg/y are landfilled. In Europe 2 kg per capita of Copper waste is generated annually. WEEE and ELV are the most important domestic waste streams from the perspective of Copper contents. They contain 67% of the total Copper throughput, but only make up 4% of the mass of total waste generation. Because WEEE is the fastest growing waste category, this finding emphasizes the need for efficient WEEE recycling strategies. The overall recycling efficiency for Europe for Copper in all types of waste, excluding prompt Scrap and Scrap imports, is 48%, with a range of 5–58% depending on the country. This shows further potential for increased recycling activities in the future. Emissions of Copper to the environment are under 5 Gg/y but several new sources for emissions are not yet quantified. Uncertainties in waste generation rate and composition for some waste categories (WEEE, C&D) are high, and additional analysis is needed to confirm the above findings.

M. Figueroa - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous iodide using the anode-support system
    Hydrometallurgy, 1999
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, M. Figueroa, V. Arancibia, M. Baeza
    Abstract:

    The preferred process for the production of cuprous oxide powder is by the anodic dissolution of Copper in an alkaline solution of sodium chloride. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a cuprous oxide process suitable for use on an industrial scale usiing the anode-support system, i.e. an anode comprising a titanium mesh basket loaded with small pieces of high-grade Copper Scrap. Laboratory investigations with this type of anode together with a titanium mesh cathode were conducted using cells having capacities up to 400 dm3. The recommended operating conditions based on 120 h runs using the 400 dm3 cell are as follows: NaCl: 250 g dm−3; c.d.: 6 A dm−2; CI: 0.37 A dm−3; temperature: 80°C; pH 10. Of particular importance, especially as regards the quality of the product and cell scale-up, is the relationship between the current and the volume of the electrolyte, denoted as Cl and expressed as A dm−3. The use of anode and cathode diaphragms of polypropylene obviated the need for additives to counteract Copper redox reactions in the cell. The power yield was 0.8–0.9 kWh kg−1. The product was well within ASTM specification D912-65 for Cu2O for use in antifouling paints.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous oxide and metallic nickel in a two-compartment cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, M. Figueroa, A. Aragón, M. T. San Martín, Lina Kattan
    Abstract:

    The purpose of the present investigation was to develop an electrochemical process to obtain simultaneously cuprous oxide powder and metallic nickel in a two-compartment cell. Nafion® 901 bimembrane (Dupont, USA) was employed to separate the compartments to avoid the diffusion of nickel ions from the catholyte to the anolyte. A continuous addition of sodium hydroxide solution to the anodic compartment was necessary to form in situ the cuprous oxide by chemical reaction with the cuprous chlorocomplexes generated at the anode. As an anode system, a titanium basket filled with Copper Scrap wire was utilized. The anodic operating conditions were: NaCl 250 g dm^−3, pH 10, 80°C, c.d. 6 A dm^−2 and current concentration 0.4 A dm^−3, The cathodic parameters were: Ni^2i 74 g dm^−3, H_3B0_330 g dm^−3, sodium lauryl sulphate 0.5 g dm^−3, coumarin 0.15 g dm^−3, pH2, 50°C, c.d. 6 A dm^−2 Good quality red-violet cuprous oxide powder, meeting ASTM specifications D912-65 to be used in antifouling paints and metallic nickel (> 99.96% Ni) was obtained.

  • Direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap using a titanium anode-support system in a monopolar cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1994
    Co-Authors: M. Figueroa, R. Gana, Lina Kattan, Alessandro Parodi
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the application of an anode-support system to the direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap (> 95%) in sulphuric acid medium. The authors have established that it is possible to utilize a basket of titanium mesh as the anode-support, with chopped Scrap inside the basket. It is feasible to utilize this system under the same operational conditions used for the industrial electrorefining of Copper with conventional cast anodes. The proposed system avoids all the pyrometallurgical stages needed to produce the traditional cast anodes used in Copper electrorefining and acts only as electrical contact between the anodic Copper mass and the external current. Cathodes of good quality (> 99.98% Cu) were obtained after 14-day electrolyses, with a current yield of 98.5–99.0% and inventory savings of 48–57% referred to the conventional process using casting anodes.

  • Direct electrorefining of Copper Scrap using an anode-support system in a bipolar cell
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1993
    Co-Authors: R. Gana, Lina Kattan, M. Figueroa, S Castro
    Abstract:

    This paper describes the application of an anode-support system (AS) to the direct electrorefining of chopped Copper Scrap using the bipolar connection (series system). The authors have determined that it is possible to utilize a specially designed basket made with sheet (cathodic face) and mesh (anodic side) titanium, under the same operating conditions used for the industrial electrorefining of Copper with conventional cast anodes. Titanium material remains passive and acts only as electrical contact between the anodic Copper pieces and the external current source. Electrolysis of 72 h duration could be carried out using the AS system loaded with Scrap Copper pieces, with a current efficiency in the range 91–92% and a power requirement of 0.14 kWh (kg Cu)−1. The AS system involves less Copper inventory in the cell room in the order of 45–55% compared with the traditional bipolar electrorefining process. In addition, no pyrometallurgical operations are necessary.

J Ji - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous oxide using the anode-support system
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1993
    Co-Authors: M. G. Figueroa, R. E. Gana, W. C. Cooper, J Ji
    Abstract:

    The preferred process for the production of cuprous oxide powder is by the anodic dissolution of Copper in an alkaline solution of sodium chloride. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a cuprous oxide process suitable for use on an industrial scale usiing the anode-support system, i.e. an anode comprising a titanium mesh basket loaded with small pieces of high-grade Copper Scrap. Laboratory investigations with this type of anode together with a titanium mesh cathode were conducted using cells having capacities up to 400 dm^3. The recommended operating conditions based on 120 h runs using the 400 dm^3 cell are as follows: NaCl: 250 g dm^−3; c.d.: 6 A dm^−2; CI: 0.37 A dm^−3; temperature: 80°C; pH 10. Of particular importance, especially as regards the quality of the product and cell scale-up, is the relationship between the current and the volume of the electrolyte, denoted as Cl and expressed as A dm^−3. The use of anode and cathode diaphragms of polypropylene obviated the need for additives to counteract Copper redox reactions in the cell. The power yield was 0.8–0.9 kWh kg^−1. The product was well within ASTM specification D912-65 for Cu_2O for use in antifouling paints.

  • Electrochemical production of cuprous oxide using the anode-support system
    Journal of Applied Electrochemistry, 1993
    Co-Authors: M. G. Figueroa, R. E. Gana, W. C. Cooper, J Ji
    Abstract:

    The preferred process for the production of cuprous oxide powder is by the anodic dissolution of Copper in an alkaline solution of sodium chloride. The purpose of the present investigation was to develop a cuprous oxide process suitable for use on an industrial scale usiing the anode-support system, i.e. an anode comprising a titanium mesh basket loaded with small pieces of high-grade Copper Scrap. Laboratory investigations with this type of anode together with a titanium mesh cathode were conducted using cells having capacities up to 400 dm3. The recommended operating conditions based on 120 h runs using the 400 dm3 cell are as follows: NaCl: 250 g dm−3; c.d.: 6 A dm−2; CI: 0.37 A dm−3; temperature: 80{\textdegree}C; pH 10. Of particular importance, especially as regards the quality of the product and cell scale-up, is the relationship between the current and the volume of the electrolyte, denoted as Cl and expressed as A dm−3. The use of anode and cathode diaphragms of polypropylene obviated the need for additives to counteract Copper redox reactions in the cell. The power yield was 0.8--0.9 kWh kg−1. The product was well within ASTM specification D912-65 for Cu2O for use in antifouling paints.