The Experts below are selected from a list of 324 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Baojun Zhao - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Matte Entrainment by SO_2 Bubbles in Copper Smelting Slag
    JOM, 2019
    Co-Authors: Xiangfeng Cheng, Zhixiang Cui, Leonel Contreras, Anh Nguyen, Mao Chen, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    The attachment of Copper matte by bubbles in slags, during the Copper Smelting process, plays a key role in the Copper loss. This paper aims to provide an in-depth insight into the Copper matte entrainment by bubbles in the Copper production. The bubble size distribution and matte film thickness as well as the bubble detachment height were considered based on industrial and laboratory slag samples. The results indicated that most SO_2 micro-bubbles in both slag samples were below 650  µ m, which could penetrate the interface and thus transport matte into the slag phase. The matte film thickness surrounding the micro-bubbles tended to be less than 30  µ m and became thinner with increasing bubble size. Furthermore, micro-bubbles larger than 350  µ m could theoretically rise by 0.5 m in the slag phase even with the drag force of the matte droplets.

  • Chemical Degradation Mechanisms of Magnesia–Chromite Refractories in the Copper Smelting Furnace
    JOM, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mao Chen, Yang Jiang, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    Magnesia–chromite refractory has been extensively used in the Copper-making industry. It is necessary to understand the degradation mechanisms of the current refractory to develop new refractories. In the present study, post mortem refractories from a Smelting furnace were analyzed and compared with the results of static corrosion tests on magnesia–chromite refractories in the laboratory at high temperatures. The microstructure and phase composition were carefully investigated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis to understand the degradation mechanisms of the magnesia–chromite refractory in Copper Smelting conditions. The degradation mechanisms between the magnesia–chromite refractory and the Copper Smelting slag and CuO transformed from matte are discussed based on the analysis of the post mortem refractory samples and laboratory tests. These results will enable optimization of the industrial process and development of new refractories for Copper Smelting furnaces.

  • An Investigation of the Behavior of the Surficial Longitudinal Wave in a Bottom-Blown Copper Smelting Furnace
    JOM, 2018
    Co-Authors: Lang Shui, Xiaodong Ma, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    In a bottom-blown Copper Smelting furnace, the longitudinal wave formed on the bath surface plays an important role in slag tapping and settling of matte droplets entrapped in the slag layer. This study employs a laboratory-scale cold model of a bottom-blown Copper Smelting furnace to investigate the features of the longitudinal wave on the molten bath surface during Smelting. Experimental variables, including the gas flow rate, water level, oil level, and oil viscosity, are adjusted in different combinations to simulate corresponding industrial conditions. The features of the longitudinal wave, including the amplitude and frequency, are recorded at several critical points, and the trends of these features along the length of the furnace are summarized to understand the transmission behavior of the longitudinal wave.

  • An Investigation of the Behavior of the Surficial Longitudinal Wave in a Bottom-Blown Copper Smelting Furnace
    JOM, 2018
    Co-Authors: Lang Shui, Xiaodong Ma, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    In a bottom-blown Copper Smelting furnace, the longitudinal wave formed on the bath surface plays an important role in slag tapping and settling of matte droplets entrapped in the slag layer. This study employs a laboratory-scale cold model of a bottom-blown Copper Smelting furnace to investigate the features of the longitudinal wave on the molten bath surface during Smelting. Experimental variables, including the gas flow rate, water level, oil level, and oil viscosity, are adjusted in different combinations to simulate corresponding industrial conditions. The features of the longitudinal wave, including the amplitude and frequency, are recorded at several critical points, and the trends of these features along the length of the furnace are summarized to understand the transmission behavior of the longitudinal wave.

  • Degradation Mechanisms of Refractories in a Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Furnace
    The Minerals Metals & Materials Series, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mao Chen, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    The first bottom blown Copper Smelting furnace (BBF) has been successfully operated for 10 years at Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals. In addition to many advantages of the BBF reported previously, stable operation with spinel-containing slags enabled the BBF refractories to achieve three-year campaign life. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the magnesia-chromite refractory will be able to further prolong the service life of the refractories and develop new refractories. In the present study, the post-mortem refractories were collected from different locations of the BBF during the annual maintenance. It is the first systematic study for the used refractories of a BBF. The phases present in the refractories and their compositions have been determined by Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis. The degradation mechanisms of the refractories are discussed based on the analyses. The results will be used to optimize the operation and select proper refractories in the furnaces.

Mao Chen - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Matte Entrainment by SO_2 Bubbles in Copper Smelting Slag
    JOM, 2019
    Co-Authors: Xiangfeng Cheng, Zhixiang Cui, Leonel Contreras, Anh Nguyen, Mao Chen, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    The attachment of Copper matte by bubbles in slags, during the Copper Smelting process, plays a key role in the Copper loss. This paper aims to provide an in-depth insight into the Copper matte entrainment by bubbles in the Copper production. The bubble size distribution and matte film thickness as well as the bubble detachment height were considered based on industrial and laboratory slag samples. The results indicated that most SO_2 micro-bubbles in both slag samples were below 650  µ m, which could penetrate the interface and thus transport matte into the slag phase. The matte film thickness surrounding the micro-bubbles tended to be less than 30  µ m and became thinner with increasing bubble size. Furthermore, micro-bubbles larger than 350  µ m could theoretically rise by 0.5 m in the slag phase even with the drag force of the matte droplets.

  • Chemical Degradation Mechanisms of Magnesia–Chromite Refractories in the Copper Smelting Furnace
    JOM, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mao Chen, Yang Jiang, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    Magnesia–chromite refractory has been extensively used in the Copper-making industry. It is necessary to understand the degradation mechanisms of the current refractory to develop new refractories. In the present study, post mortem refractories from a Smelting furnace were analyzed and compared with the results of static corrosion tests on magnesia–chromite refractories in the laboratory at high temperatures. The microstructure and phase composition were carefully investigated by electron probe x-ray microanalysis to understand the degradation mechanisms of the magnesia–chromite refractory in Copper Smelting conditions. The degradation mechanisms between the magnesia–chromite refractory and the Copper Smelting slag and CuO transformed from matte are discussed based on the analysis of the post mortem refractory samples and laboratory tests. These results will enable optimization of the industrial process and development of new refractories for Copper Smelting furnaces.

  • Degradation Mechanisms of Refractories in a Bottom Blown Copper Smelting Furnace
    The Minerals Metals & Materials Series, 2018
    Co-Authors: Mao Chen, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    The first bottom blown Copper Smelting furnace (BBF) has been successfully operated for 10 years at Dongying Fangyuan Nonferrous Metals. In addition to many advantages of the BBF reported previously, stable operation with spinel-containing slags enabled the BBF refractories to achieve three-year campaign life. Understanding of the degradation mechanisms of the magnesia-chromite refractory will be able to further prolong the service life of the refractories and develop new refractories. In the present study, the post-mortem refractories were collected from different locations of the BBF during the annual maintenance. It is the first systematic study for the used refractories of a BBF. The phases present in the refractories and their compositions have been determined by Electron Probe X-Ray Microanalysis. The degradation mechanisms of the refractories are discussed based on the analyses. The results will be used to optimize the operation and select proper refractories in the furnaces.

  • Introduction of Matte Droplets in Copper Smelting Slag
    The Minerals Metals & Materials Series, 2017
    Co-Authors: Xiangfeng Cheng, Zhixiang Cui, Leonel Contreras, Mao Chen, Anh V. Nguyen, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    Smelting is an important process in Copper production to produce matte and slag. The slag, containing about 1–12% Cu, can be further processed to recover the Copper contaminated, but recycle of the slag concentrate reduces overall productivity and efficiency of the operation. The best solution is to minimize the Copper loss to the slag. The entrained matte droplets in Copper Smelting slag may originate from a few sources. The present study aims to investigate possible Copper matte loss mechanisms by visualization of room temperature experiments and high-temperature examination. It is believed that the gas bubbles from the matte phase disperse the matte droplets into the slag causing entrained matte in slag. Analyses of quenched slags from industrial operation and laboratory experiments confirmed that matte droplets in the slag are extensively associated with the gas bubbles. Water model is used to simulate the procedure and the bubble behaviors at the liquid-liquid interface are observed experimentally with a high-speed camera.

  • Phase equilibria studies of ZnO-containing slags at Copper Smelting conditions
    2016
    Co-Authors: Hongquan Liu, Mao Chen, Z. Cui, Baojun Zhao
    Abstract:

    The major chemical components of Copper Smelting slags are "FeO" and SiO2 with relative low-concentrations of CaO, MgO and Al2O3 introduced from concentrates, flux and refractories. In bottom-blown Copper Smelting process where low-grade and complex concentrates are used, significant amounts of ZnO was found to be present in both solid and liquid of the slag. The bottom-blown Copper Smelting furnace at Dongying Fangyuan usually operates at the temperatures below the liquidus of the slag which results in the presence of spinel solid phase. It is important to obtain the accurate phase equilibrium information to predict and control the proportion of the primary phase in Copper Smelting slag. In the present study, the phase equilibria and liquidus temperatures of the systems ZnO-"FeO"-SiO2-Al2O3-MgO-CaO have been experimentally investigated at Po2 10-8 atm. The experimental procedures include master slags preparation, high-temperature equilibration, quenching and electron probe x-ray microanalysis (EPMA). The effects of ZnO, Al2O3, MgO and CaO on phase equilibria and liquidus temperatures of the Copper Smelting slags have been extensively investigated. It was found that spinel, tridymite and willemite are the major primary phase fields in the composition range related to the Copper Smelting slags. The introduction of ZnO, Al2O3, MgO or CaO generally increases the liquidus temperature in the spinel phase field. The partitioning of ZnO between liquid phase and solid phases in these systems have been also discussed. The new experimental data will be used for the optimizations of Copper Smelting process and thermodynamic modelling.

Jokilaakso Ari - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021
    Co-Authors: Chen Yujie, Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari, Zhao Zongwen, Liang Yanjie, Ouyang Hongchuan, Peng Bing, Zhou Songlin, Chen Tao, Peng Ning
    Abstract:

    The Smelting technology and flue dust treatment have an influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of flue dusts collected in Copper Smelting. We characterized flue dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting (BBS) process and from a Flash Smelting (FS) process by determining their comprehensive physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Annual flue dust generation data showed that the rate of the BBS process (2 to 3 pct) was clearly lower than that of FS process (5 to 6 pct). The results revealed that Copper Smelting flue dusts from the FS exhibited a larger entrainment of solids and a smaller particle size than the BBS. The crystallographic and chemical compositions of the samples indicated that the FS flue dusts have a higher degree of crystallinity than those of the BBS. Fe3O4, CuSO4 and PbSO4, Fe3O4, CuFe5O8 were the predominant crystalline phases in the FS and BBS flue dusts, respectively. In the FS and BBS flue dusts, amorphous multicomponent Cu-Zn-FeOx and Cu-Zn-S phases were formed, respectively. Mineralogical examinations and a stepwise chemical extraction confirmed that the majority of arsenic existed in amorphous form and mostly as pentavalent As5+ arsenate or As2O5 except that in BBS-ESPD.Peer reviewe

  • Recycling of tellurium via Copper Smelting processes
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020
    Co-Authors: Klemettinen Lassi, Avarmaa Katri, Sukhomlinov Dmitry, O'brien Hugh, Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari
    Abstract:

    The modern world continuously demands more raw materials for manufacturing all kinds of products. Nowadays, the lifetime of a single product can be very short, as is the case with electronic appliances. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste categories, and one of the most promising recycling routes for WEEE is to use it as a feed material in pyrometallurgical Copper Smelting. This article presents new experimental observations regarding the behavior of tellurium in secondary Copper Smelting process, and compares the results to primary Smelting experiments. In secondary Smelting conditions, most of tellurium distributed into the Copper phase, and the distribution coefficient between Copper and slag decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In the primary Smelting experiments, most of tellurium was vaporized into flue dusts, and the distribution coefficient between Copper matte and slag increased with increasing oxygen pressure, i.e. increasing matte grade.Peer reviewe

  • Behavior of Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Manganese and Lanthanum in Black Copper Smelting
    'MDPI AG', 2020
    Co-Authors: Danczak Anna, Klemettinen Lassi, Taskinen Pekka, Kurhila Matti, Lindberg Daniel, Jokilaakso Ari
    Abstract:

    Recycling of metals from different waste streams must be increased in the near future for securing the availability of metals that are critical for high-tech applications, such as batteries for e-mobility. Black Copper Smelting is a flexible recycling route for many different types of scrap, including Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and some end-of-life energy storage materials. Fundamental thermodynamic data about the behavior of battery metals and the effect of slag additives is required for providing data necessary for process development, control, and optimization. The goal of our study is to investigate the suitability of black Copper Smelting process for recycling of battery metals lithium, cobalt, manganese, and lanthanum. The experiments were performed alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−11‒10−8 atm. The slags studied contained 0 to 6 wt% of MgO. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques were utilized for phase composition quantifications. The results reveal that most cobalt can be recovered into the Copper alloy in extremely reducing process conditions, whereas lithium, manganese, and lanthanum deport predominantly in the slag at all investigated oxygen partial pressures.Peer reviewe

  • Modelling Copper Smelting–the flash Smelting plant, process and equipment
    'Informa UK Limited', 2020
    Co-Authors: Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari, Lindberg Daniel, Xia Jiliang
    Abstract:

    The effectivity of present Copper Smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since early ‘60s, the tools for improving the processing conditions and Smelting vessel design included scale modelling and manual computing of homogeneous multicomponent equilibria. The scale models were isothermal, room temperature constructions where water or air was used as medium and dimensionless numbers ensured scale down and scale up similarities. Today, numerical modelling has opened new insight into the high temperature process modelling where chemical reactions and their heat sinks and sources can be included in the simulations. The utilisation of computational thermodynamics enables a rigorous management of the phase equilibria in industrial multi-components slag-matte-metal systems. This development will be visualised in the framework of various enabling techniques.Peer reviewe

  • Behavior of tin and antimony in secondary Copper Smelting process
    'MDPI AG', 2019
    Co-Authors: Klemettinen Lassi, Avarmaa Katri, Taskinen Pekka, O’brien Hugh, Jokilaakso Ari
    Abstract:

    Different types of metal-bearing wastes, such as WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), are important urban minerals in modern society, and the efficient recycling and reuse of their metal values is of key interest. Pyrometallurgical Copper Smelting is one of the most prominent ways of treating WEEE, however, more accurate experimental data is needed regarding the behavior of different elements during each process stage. This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) Copper Smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10 −10 –10 −5 atm, covering the different process steps in Copper Smelting. The basis of the equilibrium system was metallic Copper–iron silicate slag, with the addition of alumina and potassium oxide to account for the presence of these compounds in the actual industrial process. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of both trace metals, L Cu/slag = [wt % Me] Copper /(wt % Me) slag , increased significantly as a function of decreasing oxygen pressure, and the addition of basic potassium oxide also had an increasing effect on the distribution coefficient. A brief comparison between EPMA and LA-ICP-MS (electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), the two in situ analytical techniques used, was also presented and discussed.Peer reviewe

Ari Jokilaakso - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace
    Metallurgical and Materials Transactions B-process Metallurgy and Materials Processing Science, 2020
    Co-Authors: Chen Yujie, Ari Jokilaakso, Pekka Taskinen, Zongwen Zhao, Yan Jie Liang, Hongchuan Ouyang, Bing Peng, Songlin Zhou, Tao Chen, Ning Peng
    Abstract:

    The Smelting technology and flue dust treatment have an influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of flue dusts collected in Copper Smelting. We characterized flue dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting (BBS) process and from a Flash Smelting (FS) process by determining their comprehensive physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Annual flue dust generation data showed that the rate of the BBS process (2 to 3 pct) was clearly lower than that of FS process (5 to 6 pct). The results revealed that Copper Smelting flue dusts from the FS exhibited a larger entrainment of solids and a smaller particle size than the BBS. The crystallographic and chemical compositions of the samples indicated that the FS flue dusts have a higher degree of crystallinity than those of the BBS. Fe3O4, CuSO4 and PbSO4, Fe3O4, CuFe5O8 were the predominant crystalline phases in the FS and BBS flue dusts, respectively. In the FS and BBS flue dusts, amorphous multicomponent Cu-Zn-FeOx and Cu-Zn-S phases were formed, respectively. Mineralogical examinations and a stepwise chemical extraction confirmed that the majority of arsenic existed in amorphous form and mostly as pentavalent As5+ arsenate or As2O5 except that in BBS-ESPD.

  • modelling Copper Smelting the flash Smelting plant process and equipment
    Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2020
    Co-Authors: Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso, Daniel Lindberg, Jiliang Xia
    Abstract:

    The effectivity of present Copper Smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since early ‘60s, the tools for improving t...

  • Recycling of tellurium via Copper Smelting processes
    SN Applied Sciences, 2020
    Co-Authors: Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’brien, Dmitry Sukhomlinov, Pekka Taskinen, Katri Avarmaa, Ari Jokilaakso
    Abstract:

    The modern world continuously demands more raw materials for manufacturing all kinds of products. Nowadays, the lifetime of a single product can be very short, as is the case with electronic appliances. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste categories, and one of the most promising recycling routes for WEEE is to use it as a feed material in pyrometallurgical Copper Smelting. This article presents new experimental observations regarding the behavior of tellurium in secondary Copper Smelting process, and compares the results to primary Smelting experiments. In secondary Smelting conditions, most of tellurium distributed into the Copper phase, and the distribution coefficient between Copper and slag decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In the primary Smelting experiments, most of tellurium was vaporized into flue dusts, and the distribution coefficient between Copper matte and slag increased with increasing oxygen pressure, i.e. increasing matte grade.

  • Modelling Copper Smelting – the flash Smelting plant, process and equipment
    Mineral Processing and Extractive Metallurgy, 2019
    Co-Authors: Pekka Taskinen, Ari Jokilaakso, Daniel Lindberg, Jiliang Xia
    Abstract:

    The effectivity of present Copper Smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since early ‘60s, the tools for improving t...

  • Behavior of Tin and Antimony in Secondary Copper Smelting Process
    MDPI AG, 2019
    Co-Authors: Lassi Klemettinen, Hugh O’brien, Pekka Taskinen, Katri Avarmaa, Ari Jokilaakso
    Abstract:

    Different types of metal-bearing wastes, such as WEEE (Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), are important urban minerals in modern society, and the efficient recycling and reuse of their metal values is of key interest. Pyrometallurgical Copper Smelting is one of the most prominent ways of treating WEEE, however, more accurate experimental data is needed regarding the behavior of different elements during each process stage. This article investigates the behavior of tin and antimony, both commonly present as trace elements in electrical and electronic waste, in secondary (i.e., sulfur-free) Copper Smelting conditions. The experiments were conducted in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−10–10−5 atm, covering the different process steps in Copper Smelting. The basis of the equilibrium system was metallic Copper–iron silicate slag, with the addition of alumina and potassium oxide to account for the presence of these compounds in the actual industrial process. The results showed that the distribution coefficients of both trace metals, LCu/slag = [wt % Me]Copper/(wt % Me)slag, increased significantly as a function of decreasing oxygen pressure, and the addition of basic potassium oxide also had an increasing effect on the distribution coefficient. A brief comparison between EPMA and LA-ICP-MS (electron probe microanalysis and laser ablation–inductively coupled plasma–mass spectrometry), the two in situ analytical techniques used, was also presented and discussed

Taskinen Pekka - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Characterization of Copper Smelting Flue Dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting Furnace and a Flash Smelting Furnace
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2021
    Co-Authors: Chen Yujie, Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari, Zhao Zongwen, Liang Yanjie, Ouyang Hongchuan, Peng Bing, Zhou Songlin, Chen Tao, Peng Ning
    Abstract:

    The Smelting technology and flue dust treatment have an influence on the physical and chemical characteristics of flue dusts collected in Copper Smelting. We characterized flue dusts from a Bottom-Blowing Bath Smelting (BBS) process and from a Flash Smelting (FS) process by determining their comprehensive physical, chemical, and mineralogical characteristics. Annual flue dust generation data showed that the rate of the BBS process (2 to 3 pct) was clearly lower than that of FS process (5 to 6 pct). The results revealed that Copper Smelting flue dusts from the FS exhibited a larger entrainment of solids and a smaller particle size than the BBS. The crystallographic and chemical compositions of the samples indicated that the FS flue dusts have a higher degree of crystallinity than those of the BBS. Fe3O4, CuSO4 and PbSO4, Fe3O4, CuFe5O8 were the predominant crystalline phases in the FS and BBS flue dusts, respectively. In the FS and BBS flue dusts, amorphous multicomponent Cu-Zn-FeOx and Cu-Zn-S phases were formed, respectively. Mineralogical examinations and a stepwise chemical extraction confirmed that the majority of arsenic existed in amorphous form and mostly as pentavalent As5+ arsenate or As2O5 except that in BBS-ESPD.Peer reviewe

  • Recycling of tellurium via Copper Smelting processes
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020
    Co-Authors: Klemettinen Lassi, Avarmaa Katri, Sukhomlinov Dmitry, O'brien Hugh, Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari
    Abstract:

    The modern world continuously demands more raw materials for manufacturing all kinds of products. Nowadays, the lifetime of a single product can be very short, as is the case with electronic appliances. Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) is one of the fastest growing waste categories, and one of the most promising recycling routes for WEEE is to use it as a feed material in pyrometallurgical Copper Smelting. This article presents new experimental observations regarding the behavior of tellurium in secondary Copper Smelting process, and compares the results to primary Smelting experiments. In secondary Smelting conditions, most of tellurium distributed into the Copper phase, and the distribution coefficient between Copper and slag decreased with increasing oxygen partial pressure. In the primary Smelting experiments, most of tellurium was vaporized into flue dusts, and the distribution coefficient between Copper matte and slag increased with increasing oxygen pressure, i.e. increasing matte grade.Peer reviewe

  • Precious metal recoveries in secondary Copper Smelting with high-alumina slags
    'Springer Science and Business Media LLC', 2020
    Co-Authors: Avarmaa Katri, Klemettinen Lassi, O’brien Hugh, Taskinen Pekka
    Abstract:

    Waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) represents a significant urban resource for precious metals. To maximize the recoveries and sustainable use of these metals, their behavior needs to be characterized in the secondary Copper Smelting of WEEE. The current study experimentally determined the distributions of gold, silver, platinum and palladium between Copper alloy and FeOx–SiO2–Al2O3/FeOx–SiO2–Al2O3–CaO slags (LCu/s[M] = [M]Copper/[M]Slag) over the oxygen partial pressure range of 10−5 – 10−10 atm at 1300 °C. In addition, the equilibria of Copper alloy, slag and Al–Fe spinel system are presented and discussed. The experiments were conducted employing an equilibration—drop-quenching technique followed by major element analysis with Electron Probe MicroAnalysis (EPMA) and trace element analysis with sensitive Laser Ablation Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS). The results showed that the distribution coefficient of silver increased from 10 to 103 as a function of decreasing oxygen partial pressure. For gold, platinum and palladium, the distribution coefficients were at minimum 105. Lime addition improved the recovery of silver notably and had a small positive effect on gold recovery into Copper. Overall, the precious metals can be recovered very efficiently in Copper alloy via secondary Copper Smelting with alumina-rich iron-silicate slags.Peer reviewe

  • Behavior of Battery Metals Lithium, Cobalt, Manganese and Lanthanum in Black Copper Smelting
    'MDPI AG', 2020
    Co-Authors: Danczak Anna, Klemettinen Lassi, Taskinen Pekka, Kurhila Matti, Lindberg Daniel, Jokilaakso Ari
    Abstract:

    Recycling of metals from different waste streams must be increased in the near future for securing the availability of metals that are critical for high-tech applications, such as batteries for e-mobility. Black Copper Smelting is a flexible recycling route for many different types of scrap, including Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (WEEE) and some end-of-life energy storage materials. Fundamental thermodynamic data about the behavior of battery metals and the effect of slag additives is required for providing data necessary for process development, control, and optimization. The goal of our study is to investigate the suitability of black Copper Smelting process for recycling of battery metals lithium, cobalt, manganese, and lanthanum. The experiments were performed alumina crucibles at 1300 °C, in oxygen partial pressure range of 10−11‒10−8 atm. The slags studied contained 0 to 6 wt% of MgO. Electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) and laser ablation-inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry (LA-ICP-MS) techniques were utilized for phase composition quantifications. The results reveal that most cobalt can be recovered into the Copper alloy in extremely reducing process conditions, whereas lithium, manganese, and lanthanum deport predominantly in the slag at all investigated oxygen partial pressures.Peer reviewe

  • Modelling Copper Smelting–the flash Smelting plant, process and equipment
    'Informa UK Limited', 2020
    Co-Authors: Taskinen Pekka, Jokilaakso Ari, Lindberg Daniel, Xia Jiliang
    Abstract:

    The effectivity of present Copper Smelting technologies have their roots in industrial and laboratory-scale experience accumulated over the past decades. Since early ‘60s, the tools for improving the processing conditions and Smelting vessel design included scale modelling and manual computing of homogeneous multicomponent equilibria. The scale models were isothermal, room temperature constructions where water or air was used as medium and dimensionless numbers ensured scale down and scale up similarities. Today, numerical modelling has opened new insight into the high temperature process modelling where chemical reactions and their heat sinks and sources can be included in the simulations. The utilisation of computational thermodynamics enables a rigorous management of the phase equilibria in industrial multi-components slag-matte-metal systems. This development will be visualised in the framework of various enabling techniques.Peer reviewe