Corporal Punishment

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Elizabeth T Gershoff - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • school Corporal Punishment and its associations with achievement and adjustment
    Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff, Kierra M P Sattler, George W Holden
    Abstract:

    Corporal Punishment in public schools is legal in nineteen states in the U.S. Over 100,000 students are disciplined with Corporal Punishment in public schools each year. Little is known about the forms school Corporal Punishment takes or about how school Corporal Punishment relates to students' outcomes. This study reports results from an anonymous online survey of emerging adults (ages 18 to 23) in the 19 states where school Corporal Punishment is legal. Of the more than 800 participants, 16% revealed that they experienced school Corporal Punishment. Propensity score matching was used to equate those who had experienced school Corporal Punishment and those who had not on a range of covariates. In regression models, having ever experienced school Corporal Punishment was linked with lower high school GPA, higher current depressive symptoms, and greater likelihood of spanking their own children in the future.

  • school Corporal Punishment in global perspective prevalence outcomes and efforts at intervention
    Psychology Health & Medicine, 2017
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff
    Abstract:

    School Corporal Punishment continues to be a legal means of disciplining children in a third of the world's countries. Although much is known about parents' use of Corporal Punishment, there is less research about school Corporal Punishment. This article summarizes what is known about the legality and prevalence of school Corporal Punishment, about the outcomes linked to it, and about interventions to reduce and eliminate school Corporal Punishment around the world.

  • school Corporal Punishment in global perspective prevalence outcomes and efforts at intervention
    Psychology Health & Medicine, 2017
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff
    Abstract:

    School Corporal Punishment continues to be a legal means of disciplining children in a third of the world’s countries. Although much is known about parents’ use of Corporal Punishment, there is les...

  • Corporal Punishment in u s public schools prevalence disparities in use and status in state and federal policy
    Social policy report, 2016
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff, Sarah Anne Font
    Abstract:

    : School Corporal Punishment is currently legal in 19 states, and over 160,000 children in these states are subject to Corporal Punishment in schools each year. Given that the use of school Corporal Punishment is heavily concentrated in Southern states, and that the federal government has not included Corporal Punishment in its recent initiatives about improving school discipline, public knowledge of this issue is limited. The aim of this policy report is to fill the gap in knowledge about school Corporal Punishment by describing the prevalence and geographic dispersion of Corporal Punishment in U.S. public schools and by assessing the extent to which schools disproportionately apply Corporal Punishment to children who are Black, to boys, and to children with disabilities. This policy report is the first-ever effort to describe the prevalence of and disparities in the use of school Corporal Punishment at the school and school-district levels. We end the report by summarizing sources of concern about school Corporal Punishment, reviewing state policies related to school Corporal Punishment, and discussing the future of school Corporal Punishment in state and federal policy.

  • the legal basis for school Corporal Punishment
    2015
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff, Kelly M Purtell, Igor Holas
    Abstract:

    Corporal Punishment has been documented as a part of the education of children around the world as far back as ancient Greece (Pate and Gould in Corporal Punishment around the World. Praeger, Santa Barbara, 2012).

Jennifer E Lansford - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • change in caregivers attitudes and use of Corporal Punishment following a legal ban a multi country longitudinal comparison
    Child Maltreatment, 2021
    Co-Authors: Liane Pena Alampay, Jennifer E Lansford, Marc H Bornstein, Lei Chang, Kirby Deaterdeckard, Jennifer Godwin, Paul Oburu, Andrew W Rothenberg, Patrick S Malone, Ann T Skinner
    Abstract:

    We examined whether a policy banning Corporal Punishment enacted in Kenya in 2010 is associated with changes in Kenyan caregivers' use of Corporal Punishment and beliefs in its effectiveness and normativeness, and compared to caregivers in six countries without bans in the same period. Using a longitudinal study with six waves of panel data (2008-2016), mothers (N = 1086) in Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, Philippines, Thailand, and United States reported household use of Corporal Punishment and beliefs about its effectiveness and normativeness. Random intercept models and multi-group piecewise growth curve models indicated that the proportion of Corporal Punishment behaviors used by the Kenyan caregivers decreased post-ban at a significantly different rate compared to the caregivers in other countries in the same period. Beliefs of effectiveness of Corporal Punishment were declining among the caregivers in all sites, whereas the Kenyan mothers reported increasing perceptions of normativeness of Corporal Punishment post-ban, different from the other sites. While other contributing factors cannot be ruled out, our natural experiment suggests that Corporal Punishment decreased after a national ban, a shift that was not evident in sites without bans in the same period.

  • change over time in parents beliefs about and reported use of Corporal Punishment in eight countries with and without legal bans
    Child Abuse & Neglect, 2017
    Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Marc H Bornstein, Kirby Deaterdeckard, Claudia Cappa, Diane L Putnick, Robert H Bradley
    Abstract:

    Abstract Stopping violence against children is prioritized in goal 16 of the Sustainable Development Goals adopted by the United Nations General Assembly in 2015. All forms of child Corporal Punishment have been outlawed in 50 countries as of October 2016. Using data from 56,371 caregivers in eight countries that participated in UNICEF’s Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey, we examined change from Time 1 (2005–6) to Time 2 (2008–13) in national rates of Corporal Punishment of 2- to 14-year-old children and in caregivers’ beliefs regarding the necessity of using Corporal Punishment. One of the participating countries outlawed Corporal Punishment prior to Time 1 (Ukraine), one outlawed Corporal Punishment between Times 1 and 2 (Togo), two outlawed Corporal Punishment after Time 2 (Albania and Macedonia), and four have not outlawed Corporal Punishment as of 2016 (Central African Republic, Kazakhstan, Montenegro, and Sierra Leone). Rates of reported use of Corporal Punishment and belief in its necessity decreased over time in three countries; rates of reported use of severe Corporal Punishment decreased in four countries. Continuing use of Corporal Punishment and belief in the necessity of its use in some countries despite legal bans suggest that campaigns to promote awareness of legal bans and to educate parents regarding alternate forms of discipline are worthy of international attention and effort along with legal bans themselves.

  • Corporal Punishment maternal warmth and child adjustment a longitudinal study in eight countries
    Journal of Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology, 2014
    Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Kenneth A Dodge, Paul Oburu, Patrick S Malone, Ann T Skinner, Chinmayi Sharma, Darren T Woodlief, Concetta Pastorelli, Emma Sorbring, Sombat Tapanya
    Abstract:

    Two key tasks facing parents across cultures are managing children's behaviors (and misbehaviors) and conveying love and affection. Previous research has found that Corporal Punishment generally is related to worse child adjustment, whereas parental warmth is related to better child adjustment. This study examined whether the association between Corporal Punishment and child adjustment problems (anxiety and aggression) is moderated by maternal warmth in a diverse set of countries that vary in a number of sociodemographic and psychological ways. Interviews were conducted with 7- to 10-year-old children (N = 1,196; 51% girls) and their mothers in 8 countries: China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Thailand, and the United States. Follow-up interviews were conducted 1 and 2 years later. Corporal Punishment was related to increases, and maternal warmth was related to decreases, in children's anxiety and aggression over time; however, these associations varied somewhat across groups. Maternal ...

  • predicting filipino mothers and fathers reported use of Corporal Punishment from education authoritarian attitudes and endorsement of Corporal Punishment
    International Journal of Behavioral Development, 2012
    Co-Authors: Rosanne M Jocson, Liane Pena Alampay, Jennifer E Lansford
    Abstract:

    The relations of education, authoritarian childrearing attitudes, and endorsement of Corporal Punishment to Filipino parents' reported use of Corporal Punishment were examined using two waves of data. Structured interviews using self-report questionnaires were conducted with 117 mothers and 98 fathers from 120 families when their children were 8 years old, and when their children were 9 years old. Path analyses showed that, among mothers, higher education predicted lower authoritarian attitudes, which in turn predicted lower reports of Corporal Punishment use. Among fathers, higher education predicted lower endorsement of Corporal Punishment, which in turn predicted lower reports of its use. Results suggest that education has an indirect relation to use of Corporal Punishment through parenting cognitions, and highlight distinctions in Filipino mothers' and fathers' parenting roles.

  • Corporal Punishment of children in nine countries as a function of child gender and parent gender
    International Journal of Pediatrics, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jennifer E Lansford, Liane Pena Alampay, Suha M Alhassan, Dario Bacchini, Anna Silvia Bombi, Marc H Bornstein, Lei Chang, Kirby Deaterdeckard, Laura Di Giunta, Kenneth A Dodge
    Abstract:

    Background. The purpose of this paper is to contribute to a global perspective on Corporal Punishment by examining differences between mothers' and fathers' use of Corporal Punishment with daughters and sons in nine countries. Methods. Interviews were conducted with 1398 mothers, 1146 fathers, and 1417 children (age range = 7 to 10 years) in China, Colombia, Italy, Jordan, Kenya, the Philippines, Sweden, Thailand, and the United States. Results. Across the entire sample, 54% of girls and 58% of boys had experienced mild Corporal Punishment, and 13% of girls and 14% of boys had experienced severe Corporal Punishment by their parents or someone in their household in the last month. Seventeen percent of parents believed that the use of Corporal Punishment was necessary to rear the target child. Overall, boys were more frequently punished Corporally than were girls, and mothers used Corporal Punishment more frequently than did fathers. There were significant differences across countries, with reports of Corporal Punishment use lowest in Sweden and highest in Kenya. Conclusion. This work establishes that the use of Corporal Punishment is widespread, and efforts to prevent Corporal Punishment from escalating into physical abuse should be commensurately widespread.

Ronald L Simons - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • consequences of Corporal Punishment among african americans the importance of context and outcome
    Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2013
    Co-Authors: Leslie Gordon Simons, Ronald L Simons
    Abstract:

    Corporal Punishment is a controversial practice used by the majority of American parents and is especially prevalent among African Americans. Research regarding its consequences has produced mixed results although it is clear that there is a need for considering the context within which Corporal Punishment is administered. To assess the impact of spanking, we employed an expanded parenting typology that includes Corporal Punishment. Longitudinal self-report data from a sample of 683 African American youth (54% female) were utilized to evaluate the relative impact of the resulting eight parenting styles on three outcomes: conduct problems, depressive symptoms, and school engagement. Results from Negative Binomial Regression Models indicate that the effect of Corporal Punishment depends upon the constellation of parenting behaviors within which it is embedded and upon the type of outcome being considered. While it is never the case that there is any added benefit of adding Corporal Punishment, it is also the case that using Corporal Punishment is not always associated with poor outcomes. Overall, however, our findings show that parenting styles that include Corporal Punishment do not produce outcomes as positive as those associated with authoritative parenting.

  • the effect of Corporal Punishment and verbal abuse on delinquency mediating mechanisms
    Journal of Youth and Adolescence, 2012
    Co-Authors: Sara Z Evans, Leslie Gordon Simons, Ronald L Simons
    Abstract:

    While the link between parenting and delinquency is well established, there is less consensus among scholars with regards to the processes that account for this link. The current study had two objectives. The first was to disentangle the effects of African American parents’ use of Corporal Punishment and verbal abuse on the conduct problems of their preteen children. The second was to investigate the mechanisms that explain this relationship, such as having low self-control or a hostile view of relationships, whereby these harsh parenting practices increase a youth’s involvement in problem behavior. Further, we are interested in specifically addressing how these mechanisms may operate differently for males versus females. Analyses utilized structural equation modeling and longitudinal data spanning approximately 2.5 years from a sample of 704 (54.2 % female) African American children ages 10–12. The results indicated that verbal abuse was a more important predictor of conduct problems than Corporal Punishment. Additionally, we found that the mechanisms that mediated the impact of verbal abuse and Corporal Punishment on conduct problems varied by gender. For males, most of the effect of verbal abuse was mediated by low self-control, whereas anger/frustration was the primary mediator for females. Implications of these results and directions for future study are also discussed.

  • a cross cultural examination of the link between Corporal Punishment and adolescent antisocial behavior
    Criminology, 2000
    Co-Authors: Ronald L Simons, Kueihsiu Lin, Leslie C Gordon, Rand D Conger
    Abstract:

    Several studies with older children have reported a positive relationship between parental use of Corporal Punishment and child conduct problems. This has lead some social scientists to conclude that physical discipline fosters antisocial behavior. In an attempt to avoid the methodological difficulties that have plagued past research on this issue, the present study used a proportional measure of Corporal Punishment, controlled for earlier behavior problems and other dimensions of parenting, and tested for interaction and curvilinear effects. The analyses were performed using a sample of Iowa families that displayed moderate use of Corporal Punishment and a Taiwanese sample that demonstrated more frequent and severe use of physical discipline, especially by fathers. For both samples, level of parental warmth/control (i.e., support, monitoring, and inductive reasoning) was the strongest predictor of adolescent conduct problems. There was little evidence of a relationship between Corporal Punishment and conduct problems for the Iowa sample. For the Taiwanese families, Corporal Punishment was unrelated to conduct problems when mothers were high on warmth/control, but positively associated with conduct problems when they were low on warmtwcontrol, An interaction between Corporal Punishment and warmth/Wcontro1 was found for Taiwanese fathers as well. For these fathers, there was also evidence of a curvilinear relationship, with the association between Corporal Punishment and conduct problems becoming much stronger at extreme levels of Corporal Punishment. Overall, the results are consistent with the hypothesis that it is when parents engage in severe forms of Corporal Punishment, or administer physical discipline in the absence of parental warmth and involvement, that children feel angry and unjustly treated, defy parental authority, and engage in antisocial behavior.

  • harsh Corporal Punishment versus quality of parental involvement as an explanation of adolescent maladjustment
    Journal of Marriage and Family, 1994
    Co-Authors: Ronald L Simons, Christine Johnson, Rand D Conger
    Abstract:

    The majority of United States parents support the principle of Corporal Punishment and utilize such methods to discipline their children (Straus & Gelles, 18; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980). Childrearing experts (Balter, 1989; Dreikurs, 1964; Ginott, 1961; Kersey, 1991; Leach, 1989: Spock, 1988) and social scientists (Gilmartin, 1979; Hyman, 1978; Maurer, 1974; Steinmetz, 1979; Straus, 1991; White & Straus; 1981), on the other hand, have long argued that children exposed to harsh Corporal Punishment are apt to manifest a variety of emotional and behavioral problems. Several of these individuals have called on U.S. policymakers to follow the example of some; European countries that have banned the use of Corporal Punishment by teachers and parents. Much of the evidence proffered as support for the idea that Corporal Punishment places a child at risk for maladjustment comes from research on physically abused children. Critics have noted that most of these studies suffer from serious methodological limitations that preclude firm conclusions. The difficulties most often cited relate to sampling, measurement, and failure to utilize control groups (Aber & Cichetti, 1984; Gray, 1988; Lane & Davis, 1987; Widom, 1989b). Even if such methodological concerns were eliminated, however, these studies would remain problematic as they fail to control for dimensions of parenting (e.g., rejection, uninvolvement) that are apt to be correlated with the use of harsh Corporal Punishment. This omission is critical given that it may be these other aspects of parenting, rather than severe physical Punishment per se, that give rise to many of the problems displayed by abused children. The present study attempts to address this deficiency. Structural equation modeling (SEM) is used to investigate the unique effects of Corporal Punishment and parental involvement on adolescent aggression, delinquency, and psychological distress. The following section briefly reviews arguments and research linking harsh Corporal Punishment to the development of emotional and behavioral difficulties. Reasons are presented for believing that the relationship between these two phenomena has been overstated, and competing hypotheses are identified regarding the impact of Corporal Punishment and parental involvement on various dimensions of adolescent adjustment. THE CONSEQUENCES OF HARSH Corporal Punishment It is often contended that harsh parenting practices are transmitted across generations (Gelles 1979, 1980; Steinmetz, 1987; Straus & Smith 1990a). This idea has been labeled the "cycle o violence" hypothesis. Consistent with this view. several studies have reported that individuals who were subjected to severe physical discipline as children are at risk for utilizing similar parenting strategies with their own offspring (Egeland, Jacobvitz, B Papatola, 1987; Herrenkohl, Herrenkohl, & Toedter, 1983; Simons, Whitbeck Conger, & Wu, 1991; Straus, Gelles, & Steinmetz, 1980; Straus & Smith, 1990b). This relationship has been shown to remain even after controlling for personality, emotional well-being, socioeconomic status, and various aspects of the parenting received as a child besides level of Corporal Punishment, for instance, degree of parental warmth/involvement (Simons, Beaman, Conger, & Chao, 1993a; Simons et al., 1991). Thus it appears that children exposed to harsh Corporal Punishment learn that severe, coercive measures are a normal part of parenting, and, as adults, are apt to enact these parenting scripts in interaction with their offspring. Indeed, based upon their review, Kaufman and Zigler (1989) estimated that harshly treated children are approximately 5 times more likely to engage in abusive parenting than individuals who were not victims of severe Corporal Punishment. Several social scientists have argued that strict physical discipline fosters a broader set of problems than simply commitment to harsh Corporal Punishment as an approach to parenting. …

Rachel Jewkes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

George W Holden - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • school Corporal Punishment and its associations with achievement and adjustment
    Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 2019
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff, Kierra M P Sattler, George W Holden
    Abstract:

    Corporal Punishment in public schools is legal in nineteen states in the U.S. Over 100,000 students are disciplined with Corporal Punishment in public schools each year. Little is known about the forms school Corporal Punishment takes or about how school Corporal Punishment relates to students' outcomes. This study reports results from an anonymous online survey of emerging adults (ages 18 to 23) in the 19 states where school Corporal Punishment is legal. Of the more than 800 participants, 16% revealed that they experienced school Corporal Punishment. Propensity score matching was used to equate those who had experienced school Corporal Punishment and those who had not on a range of covariates. In regression models, having ever experienced school Corporal Punishment was linked with lower high school GPA, higher current depressive symptoms, and greater likelihood of spanking their own children in the future.

  • does conservative protestantism moderate the association between Corporal Punishment and child outcomes
    Journal of Marriage and Family, 2011
    Co-Authors: Christopher G Ellison, Marc A Musick, George W Holden
    Abstract:

    Using longitudinal data from a sample of 456 focal children in the National Survey of Families and Households (NSFH), this study examined two research questions: (a) Does Corporal Punishment of young children (ages 2-4 at baseline) predict increases in levels of externalizing and internalizing problems over a 5‐year study period? (b) Does the religion of the mother--specifically, her conservative Protestant affiliation and conservative beliefs about the Bible--moderate the estimated net effects of Corporal Punishment? Results revealed that early spanking alone was not associated with adjustment difficulties, but spanking that persisted into or began in middle childhood was associated with difficulties. In contrast to their counterparts from other (or no) religious backgrounds, children whose mothers belonged to conservative Protestant groups exhibited minimal adverse effects of Corporal Punishment. Several conclusions, limitations, and promising directions for future research are identified.

  • parenting influences from the pulpit religious affiliation as a determinant of parental Corporal Punishment
    Journal of Family Psychology, 1999
    Co-Authors: Elizabeth T Gershoff, Pamela C Miller, George W Holden
    Abstract:

    This study examined religious affiliation as a source of differences in beliefs about and reported use of Corporal Punishment by 132 mothers and fathers of 3-year-old children. Conservative Protestants reported using Corporal Punishment more than parents of other religious groups, but no religious differences were found in parents' reported use of 8 other disciplinary techniques. Conservative Protestants' belief in the instrumental benefits of Corporal Punishment was associated with their frequency of Corporal Punishment use. More than parents of other religious affiliations, Conservative Protestants intended to use Corporal Punishment for children's moral, social, prudential, and escalated misbehaviors and expected it to prevent future transgressions. Religious affiliation, particularly a Conservative Protestant one, appears to have a strong and consistent effect on child rearing.

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