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Xingyue Liu - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a new species of the fishfly genus ctenochauliodes van der weele megaloptera Corydalidae from vietnam
Oriental Insects, 2021Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Fumio Hayashi, Agostino LetardiAbstract:Ctenochauliodes van der Weele is an oriental endemic fishfly genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), currently with 13 species. Here, we report a new species of Ctenochauliodes, namely Cten...
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A new fishfly species (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) from Eocene Baltic amber
Palaeoentomology, 2020Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Jörg AnsorgeAbstract:The fossil record of Megaloptera (Insecta: Holometabola: Neuropterida) is very limited. Both megalopteran families, i.e., Corydalidae and Sialidae, have been found in the Eocene Baltic amber, comprising two named species in one genus of Corydalidae (Chauliodinae) and four named species in two genera of Sialidae. Here we report a new species of Chauliodinae from the Baltic amber, namely Nigronia prussia sp. nov.. The new species possesses a spotted hind wing with broad band-like marking, a well-developed stem of hind wing MA subdistally with a short crossvein to MP, a single straight RP branch separated between 1ra-rp and 2ra-rp in hind wing, and the hind wing A3 with anterior branch proximally touching A2. A tentative placement of the new species in Nigronia Banks, 1908, which is an extant genus endemic to eastern North America, is discussed in detail. Our finding provides new evidence indicating that the fishflies related to the extant species from eastern North America had occurred in Europe during the Early Tertiary.
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First development and characterization of 27 novel microsatellite markers in the dobsonfly Neoneuromus ignobilis (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) at genome-scale level
Applied Entomology and Zoology, 2020Co-Authors: Aili Lin, Wei Shujun, Li-jun Cao, Xingyue LiuAbstract:The dobsonfly species Neoneuromus ignobilis Navas (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) is endemic to but widely distributed from eastern and southeastern Asia, being an important insect indicator for freshwater biomonitoring. At present, there is no report on the development of microsatellites of Megaloptera. Here, we developed 27 novel microsatellite markers of N. ignobilis from 850,920 candidate microsatellites with the stringent screening criteria considering the amplification success rate, the presence or absence of stutter peaks, the peak intensity, the polymorphism of the loci, the heterozygosity, and the number of alleles. The allele number of 27 microsatellite markers ranges from 3 to 12 with an average value of 6.19 per locus. The observed heterozygosity (HO) and expected heterozygosity (HE) revealed a range from 0.000 to 0.947 and 0.000 to 0.842, respectively. We constructed three panels (MP panel, most polymorphic; SS panel, most stringent strategy; ALL panel, total 27 microsatellite markers) and compared the analyses on population genetic diversity and structure. The result showed that the MP panel can significantly improve the analyses of individual assignment and genetic diversity. Accordingly, we advocate selecting the most polymorphic microsatellite marker for analyzing population genetics based on microsatellite data. The present work represents the first study on the microsatellite development of Megaloptera.
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First description of the larvae of the fishfly genus Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae).
Zootaxa, 2019Co-Authors: Fumio Hayashi, Xingyue LiuAbstract:Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) is a fishfly genus endemic to the Oriental Region with only one recognized species, Anachauliodes laboissierei (Navas, 1913). Currently, the immature stages of this genus are completely unknown. Here we describe the larvae of A. laboissierei for the first time. The larval characters, especially the strongly developed respiratory tubes on the abdominal segment VIII, support a close relationship between Anachauliodes and the eastern Nearctic Chauliodes Latreille, 1796.
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A new species of the fishfly genus Neochauliodes van der Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from India.
Zootaxa, 2019Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Fumio HayashiAbstract:Neochauliodes van der Weele is the most species-rich genus of Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). However, to date there are only five species of Neochauliodes recorded from India. Herein, we report a new species of Neochauliodes, N. flinti sp. nov., from northeastern India. An updated key to the species of Neochauliodes from India and adjacent regions of South Asia is also given.
Ding Yang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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RESEARCH ARTICLE Wing Base Structural Data Support the Sister Relationship of Megaloptera and
2016Co-Authors: Neuroptera Neuropterida, Chenjing Zhao, Xingyue Liu, Ding YangAbstract:The phylogenetic status and the monophyly of the holometabolous insect order Megaloptera has been an often disputed and long unresolved problem. The present study attempts to infer phylogenetic relationships among three orders, Megaloptera, Neuroptera, and Raphidioptera, within the superorder Neuropterida, based on wing base structure. Cladistic analyses were carried out based on morphological data from both the fore- and hindwing base. A sister relationship between Megaloptera and Neuroptera was recovered, and the monophyly of Megaloptera was corroborated. The division of the order Megaloptera, the traditional higher classification, into Corydalidae (Corydalinae + Chauliodinae) and Sialidae, was also supported by our wing base data analyses
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the complete mitochondrial genome of a fishfly dysmicohermes ingens chandler megaloptera Corydalidae chauliodinae
Mitochondrial DNA, 2016Co-Authors: Yuyu Wang, Ding YangAbstract:AbstractThe complete mt genome of a fishfly species, Dysmicohermes ingens (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), was sequenced. The 16,271 bp long genome has the standard metazoan complement of 37 genes and an A+T-rich region, in the insect ancestral genome arrangement. All protein coding genes (PCGs) initiate with ATN except that cox1 initiates with CGA and nad1 initiates with TTG. This is the first report that cox1 uses CGA as the start codon in Neuropterida. The control region occupying 1495 bp is comparatively simple, with no conserved blocks or long tandem repeats.
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Early Evolution and Historical Biogeography of Fishflies (Megaloptera: Chauliodinae): Implications from a Phylogeny Combining Fossil and Extant Taxa
2015Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Yongjie Wang, Chungkun Shih, Dong Ren, Ding YangAbstract:Fishflies (Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) are one of the main groups of the basal holometabolous insect order Megaloptera, with ca. 130 species distributed worldwide. A number of genera from the Southern Hemisphere show remarkably disjunctive distributions and are considered to be the austral remnants or ‘‘living fossils’ ’ of Gondwana. Hitherto, the evolutionary history of fishflies remains largely unexplored due to limited fossil record and incomplete knowledge of phylogenetic relationships. Here we describe two significant fossil species of fishflies, namely Eochauliodes striolatus gen. et sp. nov. and Jurochauliodes ponomarenkoi Wang & Zhang, 2010 (original designation for fossil larvae only), from the Middl
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Homology of the genital sclerites of Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) and their phylogenetic relevance
Systematic Entomology, 2015Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Ding Yang, Horst Aspöck, Ulrike AspöckAbstract:The genitalia of Megaloptera are crucial for taxonomic identification and represent a significant component of characters for phylogenetic interpretation of this order. However, several complex genital structures, especially those related to segments 9 and 11 in Megaloptera, have yet to be subjected to a comprehensive survey of homology. The terminology for genital sclerites has been variously and even incorrectly used by different authors, a fact which could lead to much confusion about character evolution. In this paper, we first present a comprehensive morphological comparison of the sclerites of male and female genital segments in 23 megalopteran genera representing all major lineages of Corydalinae, Chauliodinae and Sialidae. Accordingly, we then provide new interpretations on the homology of the genital sclerites which often appear to be considerably different among Megaloptera. Based on our new and revised homology assessments, we conclude that: (i) the small to medium-sized sclerite beneath the ectoprocts in males of Sialidae represents the fused gonocoxites 11; (ii) the male gonocoxites 11 in Corydalidae are largely reduced and are sometimes retained as a small sclerite beneath the anus; (iii) the predominant sternite-like sclerite of the female abdominal segment 8 represents the fused gonocoxites 8; and (iv) a pair of sclerites amalgamated with the lateral arms of male gonocoxites 10 in Chauliodinae is the gonocoxites 9. Furthermore, based on our genital homology assessments, we reconstruct an intergeneric phylogeny including all genera of Megaloptera using genital characters in a parsimonious analysis to test their phylogenetic relevance. The phylogeny herein recovered is largely congruent with the results from several previous studies, thus underlying the significant phylogenetic relevance of the megalopteran genital sclerites. The present work provides new insights into the evolution of insect genitalia.
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molecular systematics of the fishfly genus anachauliodes kimmins 1954 megaloptera Corydalidae chauliodinae
Zootaxa, 2015Co-Authors: Lu Yue, Fumio Hayashi, Xingyue Liu, Mengqing Wang, Ding YangAbstract:The fishfly genus Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 is endemic to the Oriental region and currently includes two species, Anachauliodes tonkinicus Kimmins, 1954 and A. sinensis Yang & Yang, 1992. These species are similar morphologically. We sequenced three mitochondrial genes: COI, ND2 and 16S rRNA in order to clarify the specific identity of these two species. Our results do not support the separation of these two species. We were also not able to find any morphological characters during comparison of Anachauliodes specimens from various localities useful in distinguishing these two species. Based on these results, we synonymize A. tonkinicus and A. sinensis and recognize A. laboissierei (Navas, 1913), comb. nov. & stat. rev. as the only valid species of Anachauliodes .
Fumio Hayashi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a new species of the fishfly genus ctenochauliodes van der weele megaloptera Corydalidae from vietnam
Oriental Insects, 2021Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Fumio Hayashi, Agostino LetardiAbstract:Ctenochauliodes van der Weele is an oriental endemic fishfly genus (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae), currently with 13 species. Here, we report a new species of Ctenochauliodes, namely Cten...
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First description of the larvae of the fishfly genus Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae).
Zootaxa, 2019Co-Authors: Fumio Hayashi, Xingyue LiuAbstract:Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 (Megaloptera: Corydalidae: Chauliodinae) is a fishfly genus endemic to the Oriental Region with only one recognized species, Anachauliodes laboissierei (Navas, 1913). Currently, the immature stages of this genus are completely unknown. Here we describe the larvae of A. laboissierei for the first time. The larval characters, especially the strongly developed respiratory tubes on the abdominal segment VIII, support a close relationship between Anachauliodes and the eastern Nearctic Chauliodes Latreille, 1796.
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A new species of the fishfly genus Neochauliodes van der Weele (Megaloptera: Corydalidae) from India.
Zootaxa, 2019Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Fumio HayashiAbstract:Neochauliodes van der Weele is the most species-rich genus of Chauliodinae (Megaloptera: Corydalidae). However, to date there are only five species of Neochauliodes recorded from India. Herein, we report a new species of Neochauliodes, N. flinti sp. nov., from northeastern India. An updated key to the species of Neochauliodes from India and adjacent regions of South Asia is also given.
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molecular systematics of the fishfly genus anachauliodes kimmins 1954 megaloptera Corydalidae chauliodinae
Zootaxa, 2015Co-Authors: Lu Yue, Fumio Hayashi, Xingyue Liu, Mengqing Wang, Ding YangAbstract:The fishfly genus Anachauliodes Kimmins, 1954 is endemic to the Oriental region and currently includes two species, Anachauliodes tonkinicus Kimmins, 1954 and A. sinensis Yang & Yang, 1992. These species are similar morphologically. We sequenced three mitochondrial genes: COI, ND2 and 16S rRNA in order to clarify the specific identity of these two species. Our results do not support the separation of these two species. We were also not able to find any morphological characters during comparison of Anachauliodes specimens from various localities useful in distinguishing these two species. Based on these results, we synonymize A. tonkinicus and A. sinensis and recognize A. laboissierei (Navas, 1913), comb. nov. & stat. rev. as the only valid species of Anachauliodes .
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systematics and biogeography of the dobsonfly genus nevromus rambur megaloptera Corydalidae corydalinae from the oriental realm
Systematic Entomology, 2012Co-Authors: Xingyue Liu, Fumio Hayashi, C A Viraktamath, Ding YangAbstract:The Asian endemic dobsonfly genus Nevromus Rambur is revised. Six species of Nevromus are described or re-described, and illustrated. Nevromus aspoeck Liu, Hayashi & Yang sp.n., Nevromus austroindicus Liu & Viraktamath sp.n. and Nevromus gloriosoi Liu, Hayashi & Yang sp.n. are described from southernmost Yunnan of China and northern Thailand, southern India, and Borneo, respectively. A new combination Nevromus intimus (McLachlan) comb.n. is also identified. An interspecific phylogeny of Nevromus is reconstructed based on the adult morphological data, resulting in identification/recognition of two main clades, i.e. the mainland clade and the insular clade. Combining this phylogeny and the updated geographical distribution, an Indian origin and a historically widespread distribution in southern Eurasia is proposed for Nevromus. The deep divergence between the mainland and insular clades within Nevromus might have happened during the separation of Sundaland from Eurasia. The Tertiary orogenic events after the collision between the Indian subcontinent and Eurasia probably affected the speciation within the mainland clade of Nevromus, whereas the island formation of Borneo, Java and Sumatra shaped the fauna within the insular clade of this genus. The biogeographical pattern of Nevromus revealed in this study appears to have more general significance for understanding the faunal origin and diversification of the habitat-specific or poorly dispersing insects from the Oriental realm.
Francisco Valente-neto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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First record of Chironomidae larvae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on Corydalidae larvae (Megaloptera).
Revista Brasileira De Entomologia, 2012Co-Authors: Susana Trivinho-strixino, Fabio Laurindo Da Silva, Francisco Valente-netoAbstract:First record of Chironomidae larvae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on Corydalidae larvae (Megaloptera). We registered first time Temnocephala Blanchard, ectosymbiont on Corydalidae, as a predator of Chironomidae larvae. We examined 28 Corydalidae larvae (Corydalus and Protochauliodes) under stereomicroscopic in search for Temnocephala and Chironomidae larvae attached on it. We found 24 temnocephalan attached on five megalopteran larvae body. Furthermore, eight Temnocephala exhibited chironomid larvae in their gut contents, interaction unknown previously. Gut content analysis revealed the most abundant taxon was Corynoneura, and also larvae of Larsia, Rheotanytarsus and Tanytarsus were recorded as well. This study included Corydalus and Protochauliodes as new hosts of Temnocephala, which might be important for their dispersion and population dynamic.
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First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera) Primeiro registro de larvas de Chironomidae como presas de Temnocephala s
Elsevier, 2012Co-Authors: Susana Trivinho-strixino, Fabio Laurindo Da Silva, Francisco Valente-netoAbstract:First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera). This study constitutes the first record of Temnocephala Blanchard, an ectosymbiont on Corydalidae, as a possible predator of chironomid larvae. Twenty-eight Corydalidae larvae (Corydalus and Protochauliodes) were examined under stereomicroscopic in search for Temnocephala and Chironomidae larvae, of which five megalopteran larvae had 24 Temnocephala sp. associated. Furthermore, eight of these Temnocephala worms had chironomid larvae in their gut contents, an interaction previously unknown. Gut content analyses revealed Corynoneura as the commonest chironomid, but larvae of Larsia, Rheotanytarsus and Tanytarsus were recorded as well. This study included Corydalus and Protochauliodes as hosts for Temnocephala, which might be important for this worm dispersion and population dynamics.Primeiro registro de larvas de Chironomidae como presas de Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), um ectosimbionte de larvas de Corydalidae (Maegaloptera). Este estudo constitui o primeiro registro de Temnocephala Blanchard (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), um ectosimbionte em larvas de Megaloptera, como um possível predador de larvas de Chironomidae. Vinte e oito larvas de Corydalidae (Corydalus e Protochauliodes) foram examinadas sobre estereomicroscópio na busca por Temnocephala e larvas de Chironomidae, das quais cinco larvas de Megaloptera continham 24 Temnocephala sp. associadas. Além disso, oito Temnocephala possuíam em seu conteúdo estomacal larvas de Chironomidae, uma interação desconhecida anteriormente. A análise do conteúdo estomacal revelou Corynoneura como o quironomídeo mais abundante, e também algumas larvas de Larsia, Rheotanytarsus e Tanytarsus. Este estudo inclui Corydalus e Protochauliodes como hospedeiros de Temnocephala, os quais podem ser importantes para a dispersão e dinâmica populacional desses vermes
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First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera)
Revista Brasileira de Entomologia, 2012Co-Authors: Susana Trivinho-strixino, Fabio Laurindo Da Silva, Francisco Valente-netoAbstract:First record of larvae of Chironomidae (Insecta, Diptera) as prey of Temnocephala sp. (Platyhelminthes, Temnocephalidae), an ectosymbiont on larvae of Corydalidae (Megaloptera). This study constitutes the first record of Temnocephala Blanchard, an ectosymbiont on Corydalidae, as a possible predator of chironomid larvae. Twenty-eight Corydalidae larvae (Corydalus and Protochauliodes) were examined under stereomicroscopic in search for Temnocephala and Chironomidae larvae, of which five megalopteran larvae had 24 Temnocephala sp. associated. Furthermore, eight of these Temnocephala worms had chironomid larvae in their gut contents, an interaction previously unknown. Gut content analyses revealed Corynoneura as the commonest chironomid, but larvae of Larsia, Rheotanytarsus and Tanytarsus were recorded as well. This study included Corydalus and Protochauliodes as hosts for Temnocephala, which might be important for this worm dispersion and population dynamics.
Atilano Contreras-ramos - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Redescription of larva of the South African endemic dobsonfly genus Chloroniella Esben-Petersen, 1924 (Megaloptera, Corydalidae), with a proposed terminology for Corydalidae larval sclerites.
Zootaxa, 2020Co-Authors: Caleb Califre Martins, Atilano Contreras-ramosAbstract:Chloroniella Esben-Petersen is a relict, monotypic genus of Corydalidae (Megaloptera), considered sister to the remaining dobsonfly genera (Corydalinae); it is the only genus of Corydalinae known from the Afrotropical region. The larva of its only species, C. peryngueyi Esben-Petersen, 1924, was originally described by Barnard in 1931. Herein we redescribe the larva of C. peryngueyi using Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), colored focus-stacked images, and drawings in order to provide greater morphological detail of this significant species. Also, we propose a standardized terminology for Corydalidae larval sclerites.
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Bionomics and Ecological Services of Megaloptera Larvae (Dobsonflies, Fishflies, Alderflies)
Insects, 2019Co-Authors: Sara Lariza Rivera-gasperín, Adrian Ardila-camacho, Atilano Contreras-ramosAbstract:Megaloptera belong to a large monophyletic group, the Neuropteroidea, together with Coleoptera, Strepsiptera, Raphidioptera, and Neuroptera. With the latter two, this order constitutes the Neuropterida, a smaller monophyletic subset among which it is the only entirely aquatic group, with larvae of all species requiring submersion in freshwater. Megaloptera is arguably the oldest extant clade of Holometabola with aquatic representatives, having originated during the Permian before the fragmentation of Pangea, since about 230 Ma. It includes 54 genera (35 extant and 19 extinct genera), with 397 extant described species and subspecies. Recent Megaloptera are divided into two families: Corydalidae (with subfamilies Corydalinae—dobsonflies and Chauliodinae—fishflies) and Sialidae (alderflies), both widely yet disjunctively distributed among zoogeographical realms. All species of Megaloptera have aquatic larvae, whereas eggs, pupae, and adults are terrestrial. The anatomy, physiology, and behavior of megalopteran larvae are specialized for an aquatic predatory habit, yet their ecological significance might still be underappreciated, as their role in food webs of benthic communities of many temperate and tropical streams and rivers is still understudied and largely unquantified. In many freshwater ecosystems, Megaloptera larvae are a conspicuous benthic component, important in energy flow, recycling of materials, and food web dynamics.
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The Megaloptera (Insecta: Neuropterida) of Colombia
Aquatic Insects, 2018Co-Authors: Adrian Ardila-camacho, Atilano Contreras-ramosAbstract:The knowledge of Megaloptera (Neuropterida) fauna of Colombia is updated. Based on the specimens studied and literature records, it was determined that 18 species grouped into three genera (Ilyobius Enderlein, 1910, Chloronia Banks, 1908, and Corydalus Latreille, 1802) and two families (Sialidae and Corydalidae) are recognized to occur in the country. Within the provided records, two new species of Corydalus, Corydalus liui sp. n. and Corydalus sophiae sp. n., are described and illustrated. Last larval instar of C. armatus Hagen, 1861 and C. liui sp. n. are described and illustrated. Comments about the biology and distribution of the majority of the species are included. Illustrations of the external morphology and genital structures of selected species are also provided. Keys for identification of adults and larvae accounting with descriptions of Colombian Megaloptera are presented.
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First records of adult feeding in Megaloptera (Corydalidae, Corydalinae) from Mexico and their possible relationship with the increase in life span.
Zootaxa, 2017Co-Authors: Fernando Villagomez, Atilano Contreras-ramosAbstract:Knowledge of the natural history of the order Megaloptera is incomplete. Immatures are long-lived and widely known for their role as aquatic predators (Contreras-Ramos 1998; Azevedo & Hamada 2007), yet information on habits of the winged terrestrial adults is limited. Previously, it was thought that adults do not feed (Table 1), perhaps because of the relatively short life span of about one week to a month (Contreras-Ramos 1998, 1999; Hayashi 1993), as well as the inability of males of Corydalus Latreille, 1802 to feed due to their large mandibles. Tierno de Figueroa & Palomino (2002) analyzed the digestive tract of Sialis nigripes Pictet, 1865 in Spain, and found debris and a spermatophore in a female. Also, Contreras-Ramos (1999) recorded the acceptance of sugar water by adults of Platyneuromus soror (Hagen, 1861). However, consumption of solid organic matter in adult Megaloptera has not previously been recorded.
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Phylogenetic review of dobsonflies of the subfamily Corydalinae and the genus Corydalus Latreille (Megaloptera: Corydalidae)
Zootaxa, 2011Co-Authors: Atilano Contreras-ramosAbstract:Phylogenetic relationships of the World genera of dobsonflies, subfamily Corydalinae, are reappraised, as well as those of species of the New World genus Corydalus, both on the basis of morphological characters. Previous phylogenetic hypotheses of dobsonfly genera by Glorioso, Penny, and Contreras-Ramos, respectively, are re-evaluated, and a fourth revised phylogeny is presented. Ninety-five characters of 10 taxa, one outgroup and nine ingroup taxa, were used in the updated analysis of Corydalinae. It recognizes four lineages, with Chloroniella as sister to the other three, of which the Nevromus lineage (Acanthacorydalis + Nevromus + Neoneuromus) is sister to the Corydalus lineage (Chloronia + Platyneuromus + Corydalus), and both as a group are sister to the Protohermes lineage (Protohermes + Neurhermes). The main changes in the updated Corydalinae phylogeny are the placement of Chloroniella as sister to all other dobsonfly genera, and the placement of Acanthacorydalis as a member of the Nevromus lineage. Previously, Penny had proposed Chloroniella as sister to all dobsonfly genera except the Protohermes lineage, and both Glorioso and Penny, respectively, placed Acanthacorydalis as sister to the Corydalus lineage. About Corydalus, its species phylogeny is herein updated, as four species from Venezuela were added to the genus after its taxonomic revision. For the new phylogeny, 120 characters of 35 taxa, two outgroup and 33 ingroup taxa, were used. It produced a strict consensus of two trees, better resolved than the previous one. The C. arpi species group is moved to sister of all other species except the C. cephalotes species pair, while the C. batesii species group is conserved, being the only unresolved group within the phylogeny. Two of the species added, C. hayashii and C. mayri, belong to the well defined C. arpi species group, of Guayana Shield affinity, whereas C. crossi is sister to a large and widespread group beginning with the C. nubilus species group, and C. clavijoi is sister to C. tesselatus within the latter group.
