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Joseph Mcintyre - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion
Experimental Brain Research, 2013Co-Authors: Caty De Saedeleer, Mark Lipshits, Ana Maria Cebolla, Ana Bengoetxea, Manuel Vidal, Guy Cheron, Alain Berthoz, Joseph McintyreAbstract:In the present study, we investigated the effect of weightlessness on the ability to perceive and remember self-motion when passing through virtual 3D tunnels that curve in different direction (up, down, left, right). We asked Cosmonaut subjects to perform the experiment before, during and after long-duration space flight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and we manipulated vestibular versus haptic cues by having subjects perform the task either in a rigidly fixed posture with respect to the space station or during free-floating, in weightlessness. Subjects were driven passively at constant speed through the virtual 3D tunnels containing a single turn in the middle of a linear segment, either in pitch or in yaw, in increments of 12.5°. After exiting each tunnel, subjects were asked to report their perception of the turn’s angular magnitude by adjusting, with a trackball, the angular bend in a rod symbolizing the outside view of the tunnel. We demonstrate that the strong asymmetry between downward and upward pitch turns observed on Earth showed an immediate and significant reduction when free-floating in weightlessness and a delayed reduction when the Cosmonauts were firmly in contact with the floor of the station. These effects of weightlessness on the early processing stages (vestibular and optokinetics) that underlie the perception of self-motion did not stem from a change in alertness or any other uncontrolled factor in the ISS, as evidenced by the fact that weightlessness had no effect on the perception of yaw turns. That the effects on the perception of pitch may be partially overcome by haptic cues reflects the fusion of multisensory cues and top-down influences on visual perception.
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Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion
Experimental Brain Research, 2013Co-Authors: Caty De Saedeleer, Mark Lipshits, Ana Maria Cebolla, Ana Bengoetxea, Manuel Vidal, Guy Cheron, Alain Berthoz, Joseph McintyreAbstract:In the present study, we investigated the effect of weightlessness on the ability to perceive and remember self-motion when passing through virtual 3D tunnels that curve in different direction (up, down, left, right). We asked Cosmonaut subjects to perform the experiment before, during and after long-duration space flight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and we manipulated vestibular versus haptic cues by having subjects perform the task either in a rigidly fixed posture with respect to the space station or during free-floating, in weightlessness. Subjects were driven passively at constant speed through the virtual 3D tunnels containing a single turn in the middle of a linear segment, either in pitch or in yaw, in increments of 12.5°. After exiting each tunnel, subjects were asked to report their perception of the turn’s angular magnitude by adjusting, with a trackball, the angular bend in a rod symbolizing the outside view of the tunnel. We demonstrate that the strong asymmetry between downward and upward pitch turns observed on Earth showed an immediate and significant reduction when free-floating in weightlessness and a delayed reduction when the Cosmonauts were firmly in contact with the floor of the station. These effects of weightlessness on the early processing stages (vestibular and optokinetics) that underlie the perception of self-motion did not stem from a change in alertness or any other uncontrolled factor in the ISS, as evidenced by the fact that weightlessness had no effect on the perception of yaw turns. That the effects on the perception of pitch may be partially overcome by haptic cues reflects the fusion of multisensory cues and top-down influences on visual perception.
Hiroyuki Enomoto - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Temperature structure and characteristics appearing on SSM/I images of the Cosmonaut Sea, Antarctica
Annals of Glaciology, 1994Co-Authors: Takatoshi Takizawa, Kay I. Ohshima, Ushio Shcki, Toshiyuki Kawamura, Hiroyuki EnomotoAbstract:Water-temperature structure in the Cosmonaut Sea at 60 68° S, 35 65° E in 1987–92 shows that cold water with a temperature below -1.5°C was present in the coastal region. The Circumpolar Deep Water with a temperature higher than 1.0°C was found below about 150m depth from northeast to northwest of the cold water area. The SSM/I images in 1987–91 indicate that polynya activities were intensive in 1988 and the typical Cosmonaut Polynya was observed; due to weaker activities, the small and sporadic Cosmonaut Polynya formed in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. A coastal polynya was frequently observed every year at about 66° S, 50–60° E. A train of polynyas to the east of Cosmonaut Polynya often appeared. It is considered that the Atmospheric Convergence Line and Antarctic Divergence Region are responsible for polynya activities in the Cosmonaut Sea.
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temperature structure and characteristics appearing on ssm i images of the Cosmonaut sea antarctica
Annals of Glaciology, 1994Co-Authors: Takatoshi Takizawa, Kay I. Ohshima, Ushio Shcki, Toshiyuki Kawamura, Hiroyuki EnomotoAbstract:Water-temperature structure in the Cosmonaut Sea at 60 68° S, 35 65° E in 1987–92 shows that cold water with a temperature below -1.5°C was present in the coastal region. The Circumpolar Deep Water with a temperature higher than 1.0°C was found below about 150m depth from northeast to northwest of the cold water area. The SSM/I images in 1987–91 indicate that polynya activities were intensive in 1988 and the typical Cosmonaut Polynya was observed; due to weaker activities, the small and sporadic Cosmonaut Polynya formed in 1987, 1989, 1990 and 1991. A coastal polynya was frequently observed every year at about 66° S, 50–60° E. A train of polynyas to the east of Cosmonaut Polynya often appeared. It is considered that the Atmospheric Convergence Line and Antarctic Divergence Region are responsible for polynya activities in the Cosmonaut Sea.
Caty De Saedeleer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion
Experimental Brain Research, 2013Co-Authors: Caty De Saedeleer, Mark Lipshits, Ana Maria Cebolla, Ana Bengoetxea, Manuel Vidal, Guy Cheron, Alain Berthoz, Joseph McintyreAbstract:In the present study, we investigated the effect of weightlessness on the ability to perceive and remember self-motion when passing through virtual 3D tunnels that curve in different direction (up, down, left, right). We asked Cosmonaut subjects to perform the experiment before, during and after long-duration space flight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and we manipulated vestibular versus haptic cues by having subjects perform the task either in a rigidly fixed posture with respect to the space station or during free-floating, in weightlessness. Subjects were driven passively at constant speed through the virtual 3D tunnels containing a single turn in the middle of a linear segment, either in pitch or in yaw, in increments of 12.5°. After exiting each tunnel, subjects were asked to report their perception of the turn’s angular magnitude by adjusting, with a trackball, the angular bend in a rod symbolizing the outside view of the tunnel. We demonstrate that the strong asymmetry between downward and upward pitch turns observed on Earth showed an immediate and significant reduction when free-floating in weightlessness and a delayed reduction when the Cosmonauts were firmly in contact with the floor of the station. These effects of weightlessness on the early processing stages (vestibular and optokinetics) that underlie the perception of self-motion did not stem from a change in alertness or any other uncontrolled factor in the ISS, as evidenced by the fact that weightlessness had no effect on the perception of yaw turns. That the effects on the perception of pitch may be partially overcome by haptic cues reflects the fusion of multisensory cues and top-down influences on visual perception.
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Weightlessness alters up/down asymmetries in the perception of self-motion
Experimental Brain Research, 2013Co-Authors: Caty De Saedeleer, Mark Lipshits, Ana Maria Cebolla, Ana Bengoetxea, Manuel Vidal, Guy Cheron, Alain Berthoz, Joseph McintyreAbstract:In the present study, we investigated the effect of weightlessness on the ability to perceive and remember self-motion when passing through virtual 3D tunnels that curve in different direction (up, down, left, right). We asked Cosmonaut subjects to perform the experiment before, during and after long-duration space flight aboard the International Space Station (ISS), and we manipulated vestibular versus haptic cues by having subjects perform the task either in a rigidly fixed posture with respect to the space station or during free-floating, in weightlessness. Subjects were driven passively at constant speed through the virtual 3D tunnels containing a single turn in the middle of a linear segment, either in pitch or in yaw, in increments of 12.5°. After exiting each tunnel, subjects were asked to report their perception of the turn’s angular magnitude by adjusting, with a trackball, the angular bend in a rod symbolizing the outside view of the tunnel. We demonstrate that the strong asymmetry between downward and upward pitch turns observed on Earth showed an immediate and significant reduction when free-floating in weightlessness and a delayed reduction when the Cosmonauts were firmly in contact with the floor of the station. These effects of weightlessness on the early processing stages (vestibular and optokinetics) that underlie the perception of self-motion did not stem from a change in alertness or any other uncontrolled factor in the ISS, as evidenced by the fact that weightlessness had no effect on the perception of yaw turns. That the effects on the perception of pitch may be partially overcome by haptic cues reflects the fusion of multisensory cues and top-down influences on visual perception.
Ekaterina Pechenkova - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Brain Tissue–Volume Changes in Cosmonauts
The New England journal of medicine, 2018Co-Authors: Angelique Van Ombergen, Steven Jillings, Ben Jeurissen, Elena Tomilovskaya, R. Maxine Rühl, Alena Rumshiskaya, Inna Nosikova, Liudmila Litvinova, Jitka Annen, Ekaterina PechenkovaAbstract:Changes in Brain Volume in Cosmonauts Ten Cosmonauts, who spent an average of 189 days in space, had changes in brain volumes — mainly decreased cortical volume and increased CSF subarachnoid and v...
Slava Gerovitch - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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“Cosmonaut 13”: Vladimir Shatalov
Voices of the Soviet Space Program, 2014Co-Authors: Slava GerovitchAbstract:Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov was born on December 8, 1927, in Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan. In 1949 he graduated from the Kachinskoye Highest Military Aviation School for fighter pilots in Krasnyy Kut in the Saratov region. After graduation, he stayed at the school as a pilot instructor. In 1956 Shatalov graduated with honors from the Air Force Academy in Monino near Moscow. He served as squadron commander, deputy regiment commander in the Air Force, and chief inspector pilot of the 48th Air Force Army in the Odessa Military District. On January 10, 1963, Shatalov joined the Cosmonaut group. In the years 1963–1965 he had general Cosmonaut training. In 1965 he trained as the commander of the third (backup) crew for the planned Voskhod 3 mission, which was canceled. In the years 1967–1968 he trained for a Soyuz docking mission and served as Georgiy Beregovoy’s backup on Soyuz 3 , the first completed Soyuz mission. In January 1969 Shatalov commanded Soyuz 4 and successfully performed the first manual docking of two piloted spacecraft. In October 1969 he commanded Soyuz 8 and the joint Soyuz 6/7/8 mission, during which Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8 spacecraft failed to approach because of a malfunction of the rendezvous control system. In April 1971 he commanded the Soyuz 10 mission to the Salyut space station, but did not dock with the station because of a failure of the docking mechanism.
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Scientist Cosmonaut Ordinard Kolomiytsev
Voices of the Soviet Space Program, 2014Co-Authors: Slava GerovitchAbstract:Ordinard Panteleymonovich Kolomiytsev was born on January 29, 1933, in Tula. In 1956 he graduated from Saratov State University with a diploma in radiophysics. He joined the Institute of Earth Magnetism, Ionosphere, and Radio Wave Propagation (IZMIRAN) of the Soviet Academy of Sciences in Troitsk near Moscow. In the years from 1957 to 1963 he took part in the third, fifth, and eighth Antarctic expeditions, staying at the Vostok station near the South Geomagnetic Pole for a total of four years and four months. In September-October 1966 he passed medical tests for Cosmonaut selection, and in May 1967 he became a member of the Cosmonaut group of the Soviet Academy of Sciences. In June 1967–1968 he completed general Cosmonaut training at the Cosmonaut Training Center and returned to work at IZMIRAN. Kolomiytsev was awarded a candidate (1969) and a doctoral (1994) degree in the physical and mathematical sciences, and worked as chief researcher at the Laboratory of the Diffraction of Radio Waves in the Ionosphere in IZMIRAN. Kolomiytsev published more than 160 academic works and a book of memoirs, Antarktika—kosmonavtika: Ekstremalnaya tonalnost zhizni (From Antarctica to Cosmonautics: A Life in the Extreme Key) (2011) .1 He was the recipient of several awards for polar exploration. Kolomiytsev passed away on July 16, 2012.
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Test Cosmonaut Mikhail Burdayev
Voices of the Soviet Space Program, 2014Co-Authors: Slava GerovitchAbstract:Mikhail Nikolayevich Burdayev was born on August 27, 1932, in Feodosiya, Crimea. In 1956 he graduated with honors from the Mozhayskiy Air Force Engineering Academy. In the years from 1956 to 1959 Burdayev served as a senior technician, then as a squadron engineer at an aircraft carrier; from 1959 to 1969 he worked as a researcher, then a senior researcher at the Central Scientific-Research Institute No. 2 of the Air Defense (2 TsNII) in Kalinin, working on military space topics. In 1963 he defended a dissertation and was awarded the degree of candidate of technical sciences. On April 12, 1967, Burdayev joined the Cosmonaut group. From 1967 to 1969 he had general Cosmonaut training. In 1969–1970 he trained under the Soyuz-VI military station program, from 1970 to 1972 under the Almaz military station program, and in 1972–1973 under the Salyut (DOS) civilian station program. From 1974 to 1976 Burdayev trained for a Soyuz 7K-S mission as a flight engineer. From 1976 to 1983 he trained under the Soyuz 7K-T program. From 1974 to 1983, Burdayev participated in flight control operations, and from 1983 to 1989 he served as a shift leader of the mission control group at the Cosmonaut Training Center. In 1987 Burdayev defended a doctoral dissertation and was awarded the degree of doctor of technical sciences. Open image in new window Figure 10.1 Mikhail Burdayev on board a sea ship with a Soyuz landing module in the background, October 1973 (courtesy Mikhail Burdayev).
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Cosmonaut 13 vladimir shatalov
2014Co-Authors: Slava GerovitchAbstract:Vladimir Aleksandrovich Shatalov was born on December 8, 1927, in Petropavlovsk, Kazakhstan. In 1949 he graduated from the Kachinskoye Highest Military Aviation School for fighter pilots in Krasnyy Kut in the Saratov region. After graduation, he stayed at the school as a pilot instructor. In 1956 Shatalov graduated with honors from the Air Force Academy in Monino near Moscow. He served as squadron commander, deputy regiment commander in the Air Force, and chief inspector pilot of the 48th Air Force Army in the Odessa Military District. On January 10, 1963, Shatalov joined the Cosmonaut group. In the years 1963–1965 he had general Cosmonaut training. In 1965 he trained as the commander of the third (backup) crew for the planned Voskhod 3 mission, which was canceled. In the years 1967–1968 he trained for a Soyuz docking mission and served as Georgiy Beregovoy’s backup on Soyuz 3 , the first completed Soyuz mission. In January 1969 Shatalov commanded Soyuz 4 and successfully performed the first manual docking of two piloted spacecraft. In October 1969 he commanded Soyuz 8 and the joint Soyuz 6/7/8 mission, during which Soyuz 7 and Soyuz 8 spacecraft failed to approach because of a malfunction of the rendezvous control system. In April 1971 he commanded the Soyuz 10 mission to the Salyut space station, but did not dock with the station because of a failure of the docking mechanism.
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new soviet man inside machine human engineering spacecraft design and the construction of communism
Osiris, 2007Co-Authors: Slava GerovitchAbstract:ABSTRACT Soviet propaganda often used the Soviet space program as a symbol of a much larger and more ambitious political/engineering project—the construction of communism. Both projects involved the construction of a new self, and the Cosmonaut was often regarded as a model for the “new Soviet man.” The Soviet Cosmonauts publicly represented a communist ideal, an active human agency of sociopolitical and economic change. At the same time, space engineers and psychologists viewed human operators as integral parts of a complex technological system and assigned the Cosmonauts a very limited role in spacecraft control. This article examines how the Cosmonaut self became the subject of “human engineering,” explores the tension between the public image of the Cosmonauts and their professional identity, and draws parallels between the iconic roles of the Cosmonaut and the astronaut in the cold war context.
