The Experts below are selected from a list of 14082 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Sharon Downes - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a perspective on management of helicoverpa armigera transgenic bt Cotton ipm and landscapes
Pest Management Science, 2017Co-Authors: Sharon Downes, D J Kriticos, Hazel R Parry, Cate Paull, Nancy A Schellhorn, Myron P ZaluckiAbstract:Helicoverpa armigera is a major pest of agriculture, horticulture and floriculture throughout the Old World and recently invaded parts of the New World. We overview of the evolution in thinking about the application of area-wide approaches to assist with its control by the Australian Cotton Industry to highlight important lessons and future challenges to achieving the same in the New World. An over-reliance of broad-spectrum insecticides led to Helicoverpa spp. in Australian Cotton rapidly became resistant to DDT, synthetic pyrethroids, organophosphates, carbamates and endosulfan. Voluntary strategies were developed to slow the development of insecticide resistance, which included rotating chemistries and basing spray decisions on thresholds. Despite adoption of these practices, insecticide resistance continued to develop until the introduction of genetically modified Cotton provided a platform for augmenting Integrated Pest Management in the Australian Cotton Industry. Compliance with mandatory resistance management plans for Bt Cotton necessitated a shift from pest control at the level of individual fields or farms towards a coordinated area-wide landscape approach. Our take-home message for control of H. armigera is that resistance management is essential in genetically modified crops and must be season long and area-wide to be effective. i?½ 2016 Society of Chemical Industry.
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characteristics of resistance to bacillus thuringiensis toxin cry2ab in a strain of helicoverpa punctigera lepidoptera noctuidae isolated from a field population
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2010Co-Authors: Sharon Downes, Tracey Parker, R J MahonAbstract:ABSTRACT In 1996, the Australian Cotton Industry adopted Ingard that expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin gene cry1Ac and was planted at a cap of 30%. In 2004–2005, Bollgard II, which expresses cry1Ac and cry2Ab, replaced Ingard in Australia, and subsequently has made up >80% of the area planted to Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. The Australian target species Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) and Helicoverpa punctigera (Wallengren) are innately moderately tolerant to Bt toxins, but the absence of a history of insecticide resistance indicates that the latter species is less likely to develop resistance to Bt Cotton. From 2002–2003 to 2006–2007, F2 screens were deployed to detect resistance to Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab in natural populations of H. punctigera. Alleles that conferred an advantage against Cry1Ac were not detected, but those that conferred resistance to Cry2Ab were present at a frequency of 0.0018 (n = 2,192 alleles). Importantly, the first isolation of Cry2Ab resistance in H. punctigera occurred b...
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frequency of alleles conferring resistance to the bacillus thuringiensis toxins cry1ac and cry2ab in australian populations of helicoverpa punctigera lepidoptera noctuidae from 2002 to 2006
Journal of Economic Entomology, 2009Co-Authors: Sharon Downes, Tracey Parker, R J MahonAbstract:Helicoverpa punctigera and Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) are important pests of field and horticultural crops in Australia. The former is endemic to the continent, whereas the latter is also distributed in Africa and Asia. Although H. armigera rapidly developed resistance to virtually every group of insecticide used against it, there is only one report of resistance to an insecticide in H. punctigera. In 1996 the Australian Cotton Industry adopted Ingard, which expresses the Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) toxin gene cry1Ac. In 2004/2005, Bollgard II (which expresses Cry1Ac and Cry2Ab) replaced Ingard and has subsequently been grown on 80% of the area planted to Cotton, Gossypium hirsutum L. From 2002/2003 to 2006/2007, F2 screens were used to detect resistance to Cry1Ac or Cry2Ab. We detected no alleles conferring resistance to Cry1Ac; the frequency was < 0.0005 (n = 2,180 alleles), with a 95% credibility interval between 0 and 0.0014. However, during the same period, we detected alleles that confer resistance to Cry2Ab at a frequency of 0.0018 (n = 2,192 alleles), with a 95% credibility interval between 0.0005 and 0.0040. For both toxins, the experiment-wise detection probability was 94%, i.e., if there actually was a resistance allele in any tested lines, we would have detected it 94% of the time. The first isolation of Cry2Ab resistance in H. punctigera was before the widespread deployment of Bollgard II. This finding supports our published notion for H. armigera that alleles conferring resistance to Cry2Ab may be present at detectable frequencies in populations before selection by transgenic crops.
Lisa E Bernstein - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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private commercial law in the Cotton Industry creating cooperation through rules norms and institutions
2001Co-Authors: Lisa E BernsteinAbstract:The Cotton Industry has almost entirely opted out of the public legal system, replacing it with one of the oldest and most complex systems of private commercial law. Most contracts for the purchase and sale of domestic Cotton, between merchants or between merchants and mills, are neither consummated under the Uniform Commercial Code nor interpreted and enforced in court when disputes arise. Rather, most such contracts are concluded under one of several privately drafted sets of contract default rules and are subject to arbitration in one of several merchant tribunals. Similarly, most international sales of Cotton are governed neither by state-supplied legal rules, nor by the Convention on the International Sale of Goods, but rather by the rules of the Liverpool Cotton Association. This Article draws on a detailed case study of contractual relations in the Cotton Industry to examine the ways that the rules, norms and institutions that constitute the Industry's private legal system ("PLS") create value for transactors. It begins by describing the formal operation of the PLS and discussing the ways that its substantive rules, adjudicative approaches and arbitral procedures improve on those provided by the Uniform Commercial Code and the public legal system. It then describes the many steps taken by Cotton Industry institutions to strengthen the social and informational infrastructures of trade and analyzes how these efforts combine to make reputation-based nonlegal sanctions a powerful force in the Industry. The paper then draws on this discussion to suggest that the availability of such sanctions may enable transactors to create value-enhancing contract governance structures that might be either unavailable or prohibitively expensive if their transactions were governed by the public legal system. The paper also discusses in great detail how the Industry's efforts to support the legal and extralegal aspects of contracting relationships, together with certain other features of Cotton institutions, have succeeded in creating conditions that are conducive to the creation, maintenance and restoration of cooperative contracting relationships. It concludes by suggesting that understanding how the Cotton Industry's institutions create value for transactors may help identify other industries and other contexts in which private institutions can play a positive role in supporting trade.
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private commercial law in the Cotton Industry creating cooperation through rules norms and institutions
Michigan Law Review, 2001Co-Authors: Lisa E BernsteinAbstract:The Cotton Industry has almost entirely opted out of the public legal system, replacing it with one of the oldest and most complex systems of private commercial law.1 Most contracts for the purchase and sale of domestic Cotton, between merchants or between merchants and mills, are neither consummated under the Uniform Commercial Code ("Code") nor interpreted and enforced in court when disputes arise. Rather, most such contracts are concluded under one of several privately drafted sets of contract default rules and are subject to arbitration in one of several merchant tribunals. Similarly, most international sales of Cotton are governed neither by state-supplied legal rules nor
Benjamin Fayomi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cotton dust exposure and respiratory disorders among textile workers at a textile company in the southern part of benin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Antoine Vikkey Hinson, Virgil K Lokossou, Vivi Schlunssen, G Agodokpessi, Torben Sigsgaard, Benjamin FayomiAbstract:The textile Industry sector occupies a prominent place in the economy of Benin. It exposes workers to several occupational risks, including exposure to Cotton dust. To assess the effect of exposure to Cotton dust on the health of workers, this study was initiated and conducted in a Beninese Cotton Industry company. The objective of the study was to evaluate the respiratory disorders among the textile workers exposed to Cotton dust and the cross-sectional study involved 656 subjects exposed to Cotton dust and 113 non-exposed subjects. The methods used are mainly based on a survey using a questionnaire of organic dust designed by the International Commission of Occupational Health (ICOH); and on the measures of lung function parameters (FEV1 and FVC). The main results of the different analyzes revealed that subjects exposed to Cotton dust have more respiratory symptoms than unexposed subjects (36.9% vs. 21.2%). The prevalence of chronic cough, expectorations, dyspnoea, asthma and chronic bronchitis are 16.8%, 9.8%, 17.3%, 2.6%, and 5.9% respectively among the exposed versus 2.6%, 0.8%, 16.8%, 0% and 0.8% among the unexposed subjects. The prevalence of byssinosis is 44.01%.The prevalence of symptoms is dependent on the sector of activity and the age of the subject. These results should encourage medical interventions and technical prevention especially since the textile Industry occupies an important place in the Benin’s economy.
Torben Sigsgaard - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cotton dust exposure and respiratory disorders among textile workers at a textile company in the southern part of benin
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 2016Co-Authors: Antoine Vikkey Hinson, Virgil K Lokossou, Vivi Schlunssen, G Agodokpessi, Torben Sigsgaard, Benjamin FayomiAbstract:The textile Industry sector occupies a prominent place in the economy of Benin. It exposes workers to several occupational risks, including exposure to Cotton dust. To assess the effect of exposure to Cotton dust on the health of workers, this study was initiated and conducted in a Beninese Cotton Industry company. The objective of the study was to evaluate the respiratory disorders among the textile workers exposed to Cotton dust and the cross-sectional study involved 656 subjects exposed to Cotton dust and 113 non-exposed subjects. The methods used are mainly based on a survey using a questionnaire of organic dust designed by the International Commission of Occupational Health (ICOH); and on the measures of lung function parameters (FEV1 and FVC). The main results of the different analyzes revealed that subjects exposed to Cotton dust have more respiratory symptoms than unexposed subjects (36.9% vs. 21.2%). The prevalence of chronic cough, expectorations, dyspnoea, asthma and chronic bronchitis are 16.8%, 9.8%, 17.3%, 2.6%, and 5.9% respectively among the exposed versus 2.6%, 0.8%, 16.8%, 0% and 0.8% among the unexposed subjects. The prevalence of byssinosis is 44.01%.The prevalence of symptoms is dependent on the sector of activity and the age of the subject. These results should encourage medical interventions and technical prevention especially since the textile Industry occupies an important place in the Benin’s economy.
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respiratory disorders and atopy in Cotton wool and other textile mill workers in denmark
American Journal of Industrial Medicine, 1992Co-Authors: Torben Sigsgaard, O F Pedersen, Svend Juul, S GravesenAbstract:A cross-sectional study of respiratory disorders and atopy in Danish textile Industry workers was conducted to survey respiratory symptoms throughout the textile Industry, to estimate the association of these disorders with atopy, and to study dose-response relationships within the Cotton Industry. Workers at Cotton mills, a wool mill, and a man-made fiber (MMF) mill were examined. Four hundred nine (90%) of the 445 workers participated in this survey, i.e., 253, 62, and 94 workers at the Cotton mills, the wool mill, and the MMF mill, respectively. An interview designed to assess the prevalence of common respiratory and allergic symptoms was given to all workers willing to participate, and blood samples were drawn. Lung function measurements determined a baseline FEV1, FVC and the change in FEV1 and FVC during work hours on a Monday. The working environment was examined for dust, bacteria, endotoxins, and molds, and the exposure was estimated for each participant. The mean personal samples of airborne respirable dust and respirable endotoxin were highest in the Cotton Industry, i.e., 0.17–0.50 mg/m3 and 9.0–126 ng/m3 respectively, whereas mold spores were found in the highest concentrations in the wool mill: 280–791 colony-forming units (cfu)/m3. Only small concentrations of microorganisms were found in the MMF mill. The mean change in FEV1% and FVC% was greatest among atopic individuals in both Cotton and wool Industry and other textile industries although the differences were not significant. FEV1% and FVC% in the Cotton workers were significantly associated with the cumulative exposure to respirable endotoxin. Byssinosis was diagnosed only in the Cotton Industry. We found a dose-response relationship between endotoxin exposure and byssinosis, and a significant association between A-1-A serum concentrations ≦ 35 μmol/liter and byssinosis, a finding we are further evaluating in subsequent studies. © 1992 Wiley-Liss, Inc.
Michael Kundi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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industrial hygiene occupational safety and respiratory symptoms in the pakistani Cotton Industry
BMJ Open, 2015Co-Authors: Abdul Wali Khan, Hanns Moshammer, Michael KundiAbstract:Objectives In the Cotton Industry of Pakistan, 15 million people are employed and exposed to Cotton dust, toxic chemicals, noise and physical hazards. The aim of this study was to determine the prevalence of health symptoms, particularly respiratory symptoms, and to measure Cotton dust and endotoxin levels in different textile factories of Faisalabad, Pakistan. Methods A cross-sectional investigation was performed in a representative sample of 47 Cotton factories in the Faisalabad region in Punjab, Pakistan. Respiratory symptoms of 800 workers were documented by questionnaire. Occupational safety in the factories was assessed by a trained expert following a checklist, and dust and endotoxin levels in different work areas were measured. Results Prevalence of respiratory disease symptoms (fever, shortness of breath, chest tightness and cough) was generally high and highest in the weaving section of the Cotton Industry (20–40% depending on symptoms). This section also displayed the poorest occupational safety ratings and the highest levels of inhalable Cotton dust (mean±SD 4.6±2.5 vs 0.95±0.65 mg/m3 in compact units). In contrast, endotoxin levels were highest in the spinning section (median 1521 EU/m3), where high humidity is maintained. Conclusions There are still poor working conditions in the Cotton Industry in Pakistan where workers are exposed to different occupational hazards. More health symptoms were reported from small weaving factories (power looms). There is a dire need for improvements in occupational health and safety in this industrial sector with particular focus on power looms.
