The Experts below are selected from a list of 2457 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
H Meyer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cowpox Virus: What's in a Name?
Viruses, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew R. Mauldin, Darin S Carroll, Ginny L Emerson, Gudrun Zoeller, Markus Antwerpen, H MeyerAbstract:Traditionally, Virus taxonomy relied on phenotypic properties; however, a sequence-based Virus taxonomy has become essential since the recent requirement of a species to exhibit monophyly. The species Cowpox Virus has failed to meet this requirement, necessitating a reexamination of this species. Here, we report the genomic sequences of nine Cowpox Viruses and, by combining them with the available data of 37 additional genomes, confirm polyphyly of Cowpox Viruses and find statistical support based on genetic data for more than a dozen species. These results are discussed in light of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses species definition, as well as immediate and future implications for poxVirus taxonomic classification schemes. Data support the recognition of five monophyletic clades of Cowpox Viruses as valid species.
-
Cowpox Virus: What’s in a Name?
MDPI AG, 2017Co-Authors: Matthew R. Mauldin, Darin S Carroll, Ginny L Emerson, Gudrun Zoeller, Markus Antwerpen, H MeyerAbstract:Traditionally, Virus taxonomy relied on phenotypic properties; however, a sequence-based Virus taxonomy has become essential since the recent requirement of a species to exhibit monophyly. The species Cowpox Virus has failed to meet this requirement, necessitating a reexamination of this species. Here, we report the genomic sequences of nine Cowpox Viruses and, by combining them with the available data of 37 additional genomes, confirm polyphyly of Cowpox Viruses and find statistical support based on genetic data for more than a dozen species. These results are discussed in light of the current International Committee on Taxonomy of Viruses species definition, as well as immediate and future implications for poxVirus taxonomic classification schemes. Data support the recognition of five monophyletic clades of Cowpox Viruses as valid species
-
Generalized Cowpox Virus Infection in a Patient with HIV, Germany, 2012.
Emerging infectious diseases, 2016Co-Authors: Philipp Fassbender, Sabine Zange, Sofi Ibrahim, Gudrun Zoeller, Frank Herbstreit, H MeyerAbstract:To the Editor: In October 2012, a 35-year-old man with clinical category C HIV infection was admitted to the intensive care unit at the University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany. The man had severe respiratory distress syndrome with septic shock, and he was infected with hepatitis B and C Viruses and Epstein-Barr Virus. Standard infection-control procedures were followed: the patient was placed in a single room; healthcare providers wore personal protective equipment (gown, face shield, mask, and gloves); and a closed system was used for endotracheal suctioning. Physical examination of the patient revealed multiple skin lesions on his right forearm and right leg. In the following days, more skin lesions appeared on his abdomen and head. The skin lesions were inflamed macules with central livid, hemorrhagic ulceration (1–2 cm in diameter) and raised edges. Kaposi sarcoma was suspected initially, but on hospital day 5, a skin biopsy showed large intracellular eosinophilic inclusion bodies pathognomonic for infection with Cowpox Virus (family Poxviridae, genus OrthopoxVirus). To confirm the diagnosis of Cowpox Virus infection, we conducted biopsies of 3 skin lesions on hospital day 7. Despite antimicrobial drug and supportive therapy, the patient died that day from septic shock. The 3 biopsy samples obtained on hospital day 7 were cultured on African green monkey kidney (MA104) cells, and within 2 days, many plaques were observed. DNA extracted from homogenates and Virus isolated from the biopsy material were tested by orthopoxVirus real-time PCR (1); results were positive for all 6 samples. We confirmed the presence of Cowpox Virus DNA in all samples by sequencing the hemagglutinin gene. Serum obtained from the patient on day 2 after admission, when the first lesions were noted, was also positive for orthopoxVirus DNA by real-time PCR (1); approximately 50 genome copies were detected, corresponding to a cycle threshold of 29.7. No orthopoxVirus-specific IgG was detected by immunofluorescence assay; this lack of detection is in agreement with observations that orthopoxVirus antibodies can first be detected in the pustular stage of disease but not as early as the macular stage (http://www.bt.cdc.gov/agent/smallpox/smallpox-biological-weapon-abstract.asp). The patient was born after the cessation of mandatory smallpox vaccination, so vaccine-induced IgG is unlikely. Generalized Cowpox Virus infection in humans is atypical; the disease usually manifests as a single painful, ulcerated vesiculopustular lesion, which subsequently forms a scar, accompanied by malaise, fever, and long-lasting, painful local lymphadenopathy. However, in immunocompromised persons and persons with eczema, a generalized (and lethal, in at least 1 case) smallpox-like infection can develop (2–7). Phylogenetic analysis, based on the hemagglutinin gene, of the Cowpox isolate from this study (GenBank accession no. {"type":"entrez-nucleotide","attrs":{"text":"KT182068","term_id":"953562674","term_text":"KT182068"}}KT182068) (Figure) revealed a close relationship with Cowpox Viruses isolated from humans in Germany during 1990 and 2009 (8). This group of Viruses forms a distinct clade that is closer to taterapox, camelpox, and variola (smallpox) Viruses than to another clade that contains other strains of Cowpox Virus and vaccinia and monkeypox Viruses. Previous reports have postulated the existence of at least 2 species of Cowpox Virus (8). Figure Evolutionary relationships of Cowpox Virus isolated from a 35-year-old man with HIV infection treated in the intensive care unit at the University of Duisburg–Essen, Essen, Germany (KT182068_HumEss12, asterisk), other human isolates of Cowpox ... Cattle were initially incorrectly presumed to be Cowpox Virus reservoirs; today, wild rodents are considered to be the true reservoirs. Cowpox Virus is transmitted to humans by direct contact with infected animals, mainly cats, which become infected when hunting small rodents. The incubation period is typically 7–12 days. The source of infection for the patient in our study remains unclear; interviews with his family revealed no previous contact with pet animals. Vaccinia Virus, another orthopoxVirus, is known to have induced a generalized infection in a 19-year-old military recruit after smallpox vaccination; the recruit had HIV infection, but this was not known before vaccination (9). Satellite ulcers at the site of inoculation and a widespread, disseminated pustular rash resulted in disseminated vaccinia and AIDS-associated complications that culminated in death of the recruit 18 months after vaccination. In patients without underlying disease, Cowpox infections manifest as self-healing diseases. However, in the absence of vaccination and among a population with increased numbers of immunocompromised persons, the risk for human poxVirus infections is increasing. Early diagnosis is essential for differentiating Cowpox from illnesses and skin reactions with similar signs and symptoms, such as smallpox, monkeypox, generalized vaccinia Virus infection, disseminated herpes zoster and herpes simplex Virus infections, drug-associated eruptions, erythema multiforme, enteroVirus infections, secondary syphilis, scabies, insect bites, impetigo, and molluscum contagiosum. The oral drug tecovirimat (previously known as ST-246), as well as cidofovir, CMX–001 (an antiviral substance), and vaccinia immune globulin, should be considered for use as postexposure therapeutic treatment for orthopoxVirus disease (10).
-
real time pcr assay for specific detection of Cowpox Virus
Journal of Virological Methods, 2015Co-Authors: Rinat A. Maksyutov, H Meyer, Elena V. Gavrilova, S N ShchelkunovAbstract:Abstract The species Cowpox Virus (CPXV), genus OrthopoxVirus (OPV), consists of isolates highly variable in their biological properties and their genotypes. A TaqMan PCR assay for the specific detection of CPXV DNA based on sequences of the ORF D11L has been developed recently. ( Gavrilova et al., 2010 , Shchelkunov et al., 2011 ); however, a rather limited panel of CPXV stains has been used. When a much larger panel of 47 CPXV DNAs has been tested, three strains could not be amplified at all because of large deletions in their respective ORF D11L. In addition, a deletion of 23 bp led to low-efficiency detection of five other CPXV strains. To solve this problem a new primer/probe combinations was selected based on sequences of ORF D8L, and a new real-time PCR method for (i) a genus-specific detection of OPVs and (ii) a simultaneous CPXV-specific differentiation is described in this study. The specificity and sensitivity were assessed by analyzing DNA of 67 strains belonging to human-pathogenic OPV species, including variola Virus, as well as specimens of CPXV-infected mice.
-
Experimental Cowpox Virus infection in rats.
Veterinary microbiology, 2011Co-Authors: Donata Kalthoff, H Meyer, Patricia König, Martin Beer, Bernd HoffmannAbstract:A pet rat derived Cowpox Virus strain, which was also the source of human infections, was used to infect young Wistar and fancy rats. After an incubation period of 6 days the animals developed a severe, often fatal disease with high amounts of Virus detected in oropharyngeal secretions.
David J. Pickup - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Cowpox Virus induces interleukin-10 both in vitro and in vivo
Virology, 2011Co-Authors: April H. Spesock, Brice E. Barefoot, Caroline A. Ray, Daniel J. Kenan, Michael D. Gunn, Elizabeth Ramsburg, David J. PickupAbstract:Cowpox Virus infection induces interleukin-10 (IL-10) production from mouse bone marrow-derived dendritic cells (BMDCs) or cells of the mouse macrophage line (RAW264.7) at about 1800 pg/ml, whereas infections with vaccinia Virus (strains WR or MVA) induced much less IL-10. Similarly, in vivo, IL-10 levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids of mice infected with Cowpox Virus were significantly higher than those after vaccinia Virus infection. However, after intranasal Cowpox Virus infection, although dendritic and T-cell accumulations in the lungs of IL-10 deficient mice were greater than those in wild-type mice, weight-loss and viral burdens were not significantly different. IL-10 deficient mice were more susceptible than wild-type mice to re-infection with Cowpox Virus even though titers of neutralizing antibodies and Virus-specific CD8 T cells were similar between IL-10 deficient and wild-type mice. Greater bronchopneumonia in IL-10 deficient mice than wild-type mice suggests that IL-10 contributes to the suppression of immunopathology in the lungs.
-
Cowpox Virus inhibits human dendritic cell immune function by nonlethal nonproductive infection
Virology, 2011Co-Authors: Spencer J Hansen, David J. Pickup, John J Rushton, Alexander Dekonenko, Hitendra S Chand, Gwyneth K Olson, Julie A Hutt, Rick C Lyons, Mary F LipscombAbstract:OrthopoxViruses encode multiple proteins that modulate host immune responses. We determined whether Cowpox Virus (CPXV), a representative orthopoxVirus, modulated innate and acquired immune functions of human primary myeloid DCs and plasmacytoid DCs and monocyte-derived DCs (MDDCs). A CPXV infection of DCs at a multiplicity of infection of 10 was nonproductive, altered cellular morphology, and failed to reduce cell viability. A CPXV infection of DCs did not stimulate cytokine or chemokine secretion directly, but suppressed toll-like receptor (TLR) agonist-induced cytokine secretion and a DC-stimulated mixed leukocyte reaction (MLR). LPS-stimulated NF-κB nuclear translocation and host cytokine gene transcription were suppressed in CPXV-infected MDDCs. Early viral immunomodulatory genes were upregulated in MDDCs, consistent with early DC immunosuppression via synthesis of intracellular viral proteins. We conclude that a nonproductive CPXV infection suppressed DC immune function by synthesizing early intracellular viral proteins that suppressed DC signaling pathways.
-
Two mechanistically distinct immune evasion proteins of Cowpox Virus combine to avoid antiviral CD8 T cells.
Cell host & microbe, 2009Co-Authors: Minji Byun, David J. Pickup, Emmanuel J. H. J. Wiertz, Marieke C. Verweij, Ted H. Hansen, Wayne M. YokoyamaAbstract:Summary Downregulation of MHC class I on the cell surface is an immune evasion mechanism shared by many DNA Viruses, including Cowpox Virus. Previously, a Cowpox Virus protein, CPXV203, was shown to downregulate MHC class I. Here we report that CPXV12 is the only other MHC class I-regulating protein of Cowpox Virus and that it uses a mechanism distinct from that of CPXV203. Whereas CPXV203 retains fully assembled MHC class I by exploiting the KDEL-mediated endoplasmic reticulum retention pathway, CPXV12 binds to the peptide-loading complex and inhibits peptide loading on MHC class I molecules. Viruses deleted of both CPXV12 and CPXV203 demonstrated attenuated virulence in a CD8 T cell-dependent manner. These data demonstrate that CPXV12 and CPXV203 proteins combine to ablate MHC class I expression and abrogate antiviral CD8 T cell responses.
-
Vaccination with Venezuelan equine encephalitis replicons encoding Cowpox Virus structural proteins protects mice from intranasal Cowpox Virus challenge.
Virology, 2007Co-Authors: Natalie J. Thornburg, David J. Pickup, Caroline A. Ray, Martha Collier, Hua-xin Liao, Robert E. JohnstonAbstract:An anti-poxVirus vaccine based on replicon particles of Venezuelan equine encephalitis Virus (VRP) is being developed. The Cowpox Virus genes encoding structural proteins corresponding to vaccinia Virus proteins A33, B5, and A27 were each expressed from VRP. High serum IgG titers against these proteins were generated in BALB/c mice vaccinated with each of these VRP. VRP induced both IgG1 and IgG2a with a strong predominance of IgG2a production. The response is long-lasting, as evidenced by the retention of high anti-B5 serum IgG titers through at least 50 weeks after priming immunization. Mice vaccinated with B5-, A33- or A27-VRP individually or together survived intranasal challenge with Cowpox Virus, with the multivalent vaccine formulation providing more effective protection from weight loss and clinical signs of illness than the monovalent vaccines. These results demonstrate that VRP may provide an effective alternative to vaccinia Virus vaccines against poxVirus infection.
-
Cowpox Virus encodes a fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family: A soluble, secreted CD30 homologue
Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 2002Co-Authors: Joanne Fanelli Panus, Craig A. Smith, Dhavalkumar D. Patel, Caroline A. Ray, Terri Davis Smith, David J. PickupAbstract:Cowpox Virus (Brighton Red strain) possesses one of the largest genomes in the OrthopoxVirus genus. Sequence analysis of a region of the genome that is type-specific for Cowpox Virus identified a gene, vCD30, encoding a soluble, secreted protein that is the fifth member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family known to be encoded by Cowpox Virus. The vCD30 protein contains 110 aa, including a 21-residue signal peptide, a potential O-linked glycosylation site, and a 58-aa sequence sharing 51-59% identity with highly conserved extracellular segments of both mouse and human CD30. A vCD30Fc fusion protein binds CD153 (CD30 ligand) specifically, and it completely inhibits CD153/CD30 interactions. Although the functions of CD30 are not well understood, the existence of vCD30 suggests that the cellular receptor plays a significant role in normal immune responses. Viral inhibition of CD30 also lends support to the potential therapeutic value of targeting CD30 in human inflammatory and autoimmune diseases.
John W. Huggins - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
a mouse model of aerosol transmitted orthopoxviral disease morphology of experimental aerosol transmitted orthopoxviral disease in a Cowpox Virus balb c mouse system
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2000Co-Authors: M J Martinez, Mike Bray, John W. HugginsAbstract:○ Objectives.-To determine the morphologic changes and disease progression of aerosolized Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice and to ascertain the suitability of Cowpox Virus-infected BALB/c mice as a model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease. Methods.-BALB/c mice were inoculated with Cowpox Virus, Brighton strain, by aerosol or intranasal route. Mice were killed at specified times after inoculation, necropsied, and tissues were collected for routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results.-Inoculation by both routes resulted in disease and death. Immunolabeled viral antigen and lesions predominated in the tissues associated with the inoculation route, that is, lungs, airways, trachea, and nasal passages and sinuses. Tracheitis was evident in the intranasally infected group only. Lesions were generally necrotizing and hemorrhagic, neutrophilic, and increased in extent and severity in a time-dependent fashion. Viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, immunolabeled viral antigen, or virions were readily seen in epithelial tissues, smooth muscle cells of airways and vessels, fibroblasts, periosteal cells, perineural cells, and macrophages. Although the extension of infection appeared to be primarily direct, lesions suggesting hematogenous dissemination were occasionally noted in bone marrow and skin. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated features of cell injury or death, virion assembly and maturation, and both A-type and B-type inclusions. Conclusions.-Aerosol inoculation of BALB/c mice with Cowpox Virus provides a reliable and facilitative model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease.
-
Cidofovir Protects Mice against Lethal Aerosol or Intranasal Cowpox Virus Challenge
The Journal of infectious diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Mike Bray, Mark J. Martinez, Donald F. Smee, Debbie Kefauver, Elizabeth A. Thompson, John W. HugginsAbstract:The efficacy of cidofovir for treatment of Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice was investigated in an effort to evaluate new therapies for virulent orthopoxVirus infections of the respiratory tract in a small animal model. Exposure to 2(-5)x10(6) pfu of Cowpox Virus by aerosol or intranasally (inl) was lethal in 3- to 7-week-old animals. One inoculation of 100 mg/kg cidofovir on day 0, 2, or 4, with respect to aerosol infection, resulted in 90%-100% survival. Treatment on day 0 reduced peak pulmonary Virus titers 10- to 100-fold, reduced the severity of viral pneumonitis, and prevented pulmonary hemorrhage. The same dose on day -6 to 2 protected 80%-100% of inl infected mice, whereas 1 inoculation on day -16 to -8 or day 3 to 6 was partially protective. Cidofovir delayed but did not prevent the death of inl infected mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Treatment at the time of tail scarification with vaccinia Virus did not block vaccination efficacy.
-
Cidofovir protects mice against lethal aerosol or intranasal Cowpox Virus challenge
2000Co-Authors: Debbie Kefauver, Elizabeth Thompson, John W. HugginsAbstract:The ef®cacy of cidofovir for treatment of Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice was investigated in an effort to evaluate new therapies for virulent orthopoxVirus infections of the respiratory tract in a small animal model. Exposure to pfu of Cowpox Virus by62±5 3 10 aerosol or intranasally (inl) was lethal in 3- to 7-week-old animals. One inoculation of 100 mg/kg cidofovir on day 0, 2, or 4, with respect to aerosol infection, resulted in 90%±100% survival. Treatment on day 0 reduced peak pulmonary Virus titers 10- to 100-fold, reduced the severity of viral pneumonitis, and prevented pulmonary hemorrhage. The same dose on day 26 to 2 protected 80%±100 % of inl infected mice, whereas 1 inoculation on day 216 to 28 or day 3 to 6 was partially protective. Cidofovir delayed but did not prevent the death of inl infected mice with severe combined immunode®ciency. Treatment at the time of tail scar-i®cation with vaccinia Virus did not block vaccination ef®cacy. OrthopoxViruses pose major risks to human health. By the time smallpox was ®nally eradicated in the late 1970s, the Virus had killed tens of millions of people and dis®gured countless millions more [1]. The subsequent discontinuation of vacci
-
A mouse model of aerosol-transmitted orthopoxviral disease: morphology of experimental aerosol-transmitted orthopoxviral disease in a Cowpox Virus-BALB/c mouse system.
Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 2000Co-Authors: Mike Bray, John W. HugginsAbstract:○ Objectives.-To determine the morphologic changes and disease progression of aerosolized Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice and to ascertain the suitability of Cowpox Virus-infected BALB/c mice as a model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease. Methods.-BALB/c mice were inoculated with Cowpox Virus, Brighton strain, by aerosol or intranasal route. Mice were killed at specified times after inoculation, necropsied, and tissues were collected for routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results.-Inoculation by both routes resulted in disease and death. Immunolabeled viral antigen and lesions predominated in the tissues associated with the inoculation route, that is, lungs, airways, trachea, and nasal passages and sinuses. Tracheitis was evident in the intranasally infected group only. Lesions were generally necrotizing and hemorrhagic, neutrophilic, and increased in extent and severity in a time-dependent fashion. Viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, immunolabeled viral antigen, or virions were readily seen in epithelial tissues, smooth muscle cells of airways and vessels, fibroblasts, periosteal cells, perineural cells, and macrophages. Although the extension of infection appeared to be primarily direct, lesions suggesting hematogenous dissemination were occasionally noted in bone marrow and skin. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated features of cell injury or death, virion assembly and maturation, and both A-type and B-type inclusions. Conclusions.-Aerosol inoculation of BALB/c mice with Cowpox Virus provides a reliable and facilitative model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease.
Mike Bray - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
aerosolized cidofovir is retained in the respiratory tract and protects mice against intranasal Cowpox Virus challenge
Antimicrobial Agents and Chemotherapy, 2003Co-Authors: C Roy, Robert O Baker, Kenneth Washburn, Mike BrayAbstract:We employed a murine model to test the concept of using an aerosolized, long-acting antiviral drug to protect humans against smallpox. We previously showed that a low dose of aerosolized cidofovir (HPMPC [Vistide]) was highly protective against subsequent aerosolized Cowpox Virus challenge and was more effective than a much larger dose of drug given by injection, suggesting that aerosolized cidofovir is retained in the lung. Because the nephrotoxicity of cidofovir is a major concern in therapy, delivering the drug directly to the respiratory tract might be an effective prophylactic strategy that maximizes the tissue concentration at the site of initial viral replication, while minimizing its accumulation in the kidneys. In the present study, we found that treating mice with aerosolized (14)C-labeled cidofovir ((14)C-cidofovir) resulted in the prolonged retention of radiolabeled drug in the lungs at levels greatly exceeding those in the kidneys. In contrast, subcutaneous injection produced much higher concentrations of (14)C-cidofovir in the kidneys than in the lungs over the 96-h time course of the study. As further evidence of the protective efficacy of aerosolized cidofovir, we found that aerosol treatment before or after infection was highly protective in mice challenged intranasally with Cowpox Virus. All or nearly all mice that were treated once by aerosol, from 2 days before to 2 days after challenge, survived intranasal infection, whereas all placebo-treated animals died.
-
treatment of aerosolized Cowpox Virus infection in mice with aerosolized cidofovir
Antiviral Research, 2002Co-Authors: Mike Bray, Debbie Kefauver, Mark Martinez, Michael West, C RoyAbstract:Abstract The Brighton strain of Cowpox Virus causes lethal bronchopneumonia when delivered as a small-particle (1 μm) aerosol to weanling BALB/c mice. We showed previously that this disease can be prevented or cured with one subcutaneous injection of cidofovir (HPMPC, Vistide®). To determine whether even better results could be obtained by delivering the drug directly to the respiratory tract, we administered cidofovir by small-particle aqueous aerosol before or after aerosolized Cowpox infection. In a series of five experiments, aerosol doses of 0.5–5 mg/kg were always more effective than 25 mg/kg and sometimes more effective than 100 mg/kg injected subcutaneously, as measured by changes in body and lung weight, lung viral titers, pulmonary pathology and survival. A cyclic analog ((1-[( S )-2-hydroxy-2-oxo-1,4,2-dioxaphosphorinan-5-yl)methyl] cytosine) (cHPMPC) was less protective. The results suggest that aerosolized cidofovir would be effective for prophylaxis or early post-exposure therapy of human smallpox or monkeypox Virus infection.
-
a mouse model of aerosol transmitted orthopoxviral disease morphology of experimental aerosol transmitted orthopoxviral disease in a Cowpox Virus balb c mouse system
Archives of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, 2000Co-Authors: M J Martinez, Mike Bray, John W. HugginsAbstract:○ Objectives.-To determine the morphologic changes and disease progression of aerosolized Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice and to ascertain the suitability of Cowpox Virus-infected BALB/c mice as a model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease. Methods.-BALB/c mice were inoculated with Cowpox Virus, Brighton strain, by aerosol or intranasal route. Mice were killed at specified times after inoculation, necropsied, and tissues were collected for routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results.-Inoculation by both routes resulted in disease and death. Immunolabeled viral antigen and lesions predominated in the tissues associated with the inoculation route, that is, lungs, airways, trachea, and nasal passages and sinuses. Tracheitis was evident in the intranasally infected group only. Lesions were generally necrotizing and hemorrhagic, neutrophilic, and increased in extent and severity in a time-dependent fashion. Viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, immunolabeled viral antigen, or virions were readily seen in epithelial tissues, smooth muscle cells of airways and vessels, fibroblasts, periosteal cells, perineural cells, and macrophages. Although the extension of infection appeared to be primarily direct, lesions suggesting hematogenous dissemination were occasionally noted in bone marrow and skin. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated features of cell injury or death, virion assembly and maturation, and both A-type and B-type inclusions. Conclusions.-Aerosol inoculation of BALB/c mice with Cowpox Virus provides a reliable and facilitative model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease.
-
Cidofovir Protects Mice against Lethal Aerosol or Intranasal Cowpox Virus Challenge
The Journal of infectious diseases, 2000Co-Authors: Mike Bray, Mark J. Martinez, Donald F. Smee, Debbie Kefauver, Elizabeth A. Thompson, John W. HugginsAbstract:The efficacy of cidofovir for treatment of Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice was investigated in an effort to evaluate new therapies for virulent orthopoxVirus infections of the respiratory tract in a small animal model. Exposure to 2(-5)x10(6) pfu of Cowpox Virus by aerosol or intranasally (inl) was lethal in 3- to 7-week-old animals. One inoculation of 100 mg/kg cidofovir on day 0, 2, or 4, with respect to aerosol infection, resulted in 90%-100% survival. Treatment on day 0 reduced peak pulmonary Virus titers 10- to 100-fold, reduced the severity of viral pneumonitis, and prevented pulmonary hemorrhage. The same dose on day -6 to 2 protected 80%-100% of inl infected mice, whereas 1 inoculation on day -16 to -8 or day 3 to 6 was partially protective. Cidofovir delayed but did not prevent the death of inl infected mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Treatment at the time of tail scarification with vaccinia Virus did not block vaccination efficacy.
-
A mouse model of aerosol-transmitted orthopoxviral disease: morphology of experimental aerosol-transmitted orthopoxviral disease in a Cowpox Virus-BALB/c mouse system.
Archives of pathology & laboratory medicine, 2000Co-Authors: Mike Bray, John W. HugginsAbstract:○ Objectives.-To determine the morphologic changes and disease progression of aerosolized Cowpox Virus infection in BALB/c mice and to ascertain the suitability of Cowpox Virus-infected BALB/c mice as a model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease. Methods.-BALB/c mice were inoculated with Cowpox Virus, Brighton strain, by aerosol or intranasal route. Mice were killed at specified times after inoculation, necropsied, and tissues were collected for routine histology, immunohistochemistry, and electron microscopy. Results.-Inoculation by both routes resulted in disease and death. Immunolabeled viral antigen and lesions predominated in the tissues associated with the inoculation route, that is, lungs, airways, trachea, and nasal passages and sinuses. Tracheitis was evident in the intranasally infected group only. Lesions were generally necrotizing and hemorrhagic, neutrophilic, and increased in extent and severity in a time-dependent fashion. Viral intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies, immunolabeled viral antigen, or virions were readily seen in epithelial tissues, smooth muscle cells of airways and vessels, fibroblasts, periosteal cells, perineural cells, and macrophages. Although the extension of infection appeared to be primarily direct, lesions suggesting hematogenous dissemination were occasionally noted in bone marrow and skin. Transmission electron microscopy demonstrated features of cell injury or death, virion assembly and maturation, and both A-type and B-type inclusions. Conclusions.-Aerosol inoculation of BALB/c mice with Cowpox Virus provides a reliable and facilitative model of aerosol-transmitted, orthopoxviral respiratory disease.
Philipp Kaysser - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
-
Genetic diversityof feline Cowpox Virus, Germany 2000–2008
Veterinary Microbiology, 2010Co-Authors: Philipp Kaysser, Wolf Von Bomhard, Linda Dobrzykowski, H MeyerAbstract:Recent Cowpox Virus (CPXV) infections of humans in Europe transmitted from cats and pet rats have risen public awareness of this rare zoonosis. Based on serosurveys wild rodents are regarded as primary reservoir hosts. Cats can become infected while hunting and could therefore serve as a sentinel for CPXV strains circulating in wild rodents. In a retrospective study we analysed 73 formalin–fixed paraffin–embedded skin samples from cats with a histologically proven CPXV infection. Specimens had been collected in different parts of Germany during 2000 to 2008. Following DNA extraction part of the hemagglutinin gene was amplified and sequenced from 72 samples. A phylogenetic analysis was inferred resulting in a total of 21 different CPXV genetic variants. The geographic distribution was imposed on a map.
-
Genetic diversity of feline Cowpox Virus, Germany 2000-2008.
Veterinary microbiology, 2009Co-Authors: Philipp Kaysser, Wolf Von Bomhard, Linda Dobrzykowski, H MeyerAbstract:Recent Cowpox Virus (CPXV) infections of humans in Europe transmitted from cats and pet rats have risen public awareness of this rare zoonosis. Based on serosurveys wild rodents are regarded as primary reservoir hosts. Cats can become infected while hunting and could therefore serve as a sentinel for CPXV strains circulating in wild rodents. In a retrospective study we analysed 73 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded skin samples from cats with a histologically proven CPXV infection. Specimens had been collected in different parts of Germany during 2000-2008. Following DNA extraction part of the hemagglutinin gene was amplified and sequenced from 72 samples. A phylogenetic analysis was inferred resulting in a total of 21 different CPXV genetic variants. The geographic distribution was imposed on a map.
