The Experts below are selected from a list of 288 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

S Modina - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • novel contributions in canine Craniometry anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

  • Novel contributions in canine Craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p

  • Dog Craniometry : a Cadaveric Study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p

  • dog Craniometry a cadaveric study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p<0,05). Almost all the anatomic and radiographic measurement significantly differed between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds (p<0,05), while dolichocephalic breeds showed intermediate features. The new modified skull index was significantly different among the three classes (p<0,05). The neural nets allowed to classify three previously unclassified breeds. With this work it was proved that many breeds can be classified as brachycephalic, mesaticephalic or dolichocephalic as early as up to 2 months after birth, and some previously unclassified breeds were also classified. A new useful craniometric index was introduced. Finally, cadavers proved to be a very good model for dog craniometric studies.

Maria Elena Andreis - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • novel contributions in canine Craniometry anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

  • Novel contributions in canine Craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p

  • Dog Craniometry : a Cadaveric Study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p

  • dog Craniometry a cadaveric study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p<0,05). Almost all the anatomic and radiographic measurement significantly differed between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds (p<0,05), while dolichocephalic breeds showed intermediate features. The new modified skull index was significantly different among the three classes (p<0,05). The neural nets allowed to classify three previously unclassified breeds. With this work it was proved that many breeds can be classified as brachycephalic, mesaticephalic or dolichocephalic as early as up to 2 months after birth, and some previously unclassified breeds were also classified. A new useful craniometric index was introduced. Finally, cadavers proved to be a very good model for dog craniometric studies.

Umberto Polito - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • novel contributions in canine Craniometry anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

  • Novel contributions in canine Craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p

Mauro Di Giancamillo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • novel contributions in canine Craniometry anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

  • Novel contributions in canine Craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p

  • Dog Craniometry : a Cadaveric Study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p

  • dog Craniometry a cadaveric study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p<0,05). Almost all the anatomic and radiographic measurement significantly differed between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds (p<0,05), while dolichocephalic breeds showed intermediate features. The new modified skull index was significantly different among the three classes (p<0,05). The neural nets allowed to classify three previously unclassified breeds. With this work it was proved that many breeds can be classified as brachycephalic, mesaticephalic or dolichocephalic as early as up to 2 months after birth, and some previously unclassified breeds were also classified. A new useful craniometric index was introduced. Finally, cadavers proved to be a very good model for dog craniometric studies.

Maria Cristina Veronesi - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • novel contributions in canine Craniometry anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies
    PLOS ONE, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p<0.05, for all comparisons). Radiographic and anatomic measures proved to be non-interchangeable in newborn puppies. Finally, nineteen puppies belonging to 5 non-categorized breeds could be classified thanks to neural nets in the three skull morphotypes with different probability (P between 0,66 and 0,95).

  • Novel contributions in canine Craniometry: Anatomic and radiographic measurements in newborn puppies.
    PloS one, 2018
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Umberto Polito, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The largest differences in intraspecific head shape among the Carnivora order are to be found in dogs. Based on their skull morphotypes, dog breeds are currently classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. Due to the fact that some breeds have not been yet defined, this classification is incomplete; moreover, multi-breed studies on the skull morphology of puppies have never been performed. The aim of this work was to verify (i) whether differences in the skull conformation of purebred puppies are already present within the first week of age; (ii) whether radiographic and anatomic measures could be considered interchangeable, and (iii) to possibly classify puppies from non-categorized breeds thanks to their radiographic cranial measurements using neural nets. One hundred and thirty-seven dead puppies aged 0–7 days were examined considering their anatomic and radiographic measures. All linear measures and anatomic indices significantly differed among brachycephalic and non-brachycephalic puppies. Radiographic indices, with the exception of CI, identified the three skull morphotypes (p

  • Dog Craniometry : a Cadaveric Study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p

  • dog Craniometry a cadaveric study
    International Journal of Health Animal science and Food safety, 2016
    Co-Authors: Maria Elena Andreis, Mauro Di Giancamillo, Maria Cristina Veronesi, Marco Faustini, S Modina
    Abstract:

    The morphology of canine head differs greatly among breeds, so that they have been categorized in 3 groups (brachycephalic, mesaticephalic and dolichocephalic) based on craniometric measurements. However, several dog breeds are still unclassified, and skull measurements, often analyzed in adult dogs, are rarely studied in dog puppies. The aim of this work is to clarify whether dog puppies can be classified as dolichocephalic, mesaticephalic and brachycephalic. The skulls of spontaneously dead dog puppies aged 0 to 57 days were studied by using the following anatomic and radiographic measurements and indices: Skull Length, Cranial Length, Facial Length, Cranial Width, Skull Width, Cranial Index (CI), Skull Index (SI); radiographic Condylobasal Length, S-index and Facial Index were added. A new index, the modified-Skull Index, was created. Pearson test, ANOVA and neural nets were used in the statistical analysis. 173 dogs from 36 breeds were included in the study. Anatomic and radiographic CI and SI were significantly correlated (p<0,05). Almost all the anatomic and radiographic measurement significantly differed between brachycephalic and mesaticephalic breeds (p<0,05), while dolichocephalic breeds showed intermediate features. The new modified skull index was significantly different among the three classes (p<0,05). The neural nets allowed to classify three previously unclassified breeds. With this work it was proved that many breeds can be classified as brachycephalic, mesaticephalic or dolichocephalic as early as up to 2 months after birth, and some previously unclassified breeds were also classified. A new useful craniometric index was introduced. Finally, cadavers proved to be a very good model for dog craniometric studies.