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David P Farrington - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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The Meaning of “Intermittency” in Criminal Careers
Journal of Developmental and Life-Course Criminology, 2020Co-Authors: David P Farrington, Arnold Barnett, Alfred BlumsteinAbstract:Background Van Koppen, Rodermund, and Blokland recently published an article in this journal entitled “Waxing and waning: periods of intermittency in Criminal Careers.” We are concerned that this article will cause confusion in Criminal Career research because they use the word “intermittency” to refer to time intervals between convictions. Purpose We are happy to recognise that their article contributes to knowledge about time intervals between convictions, but we believe that the term “intermittency” should refer to time intervals between two Criminal Careers when the underlying rate of offending—termed the underlying “Criminal inclination” by Van Koppen et al.—is zero. Method In order to study intermittency, it is important to test probabilistic models of Criminal Careers. Conclusion To the extent that there is intermittency, it is desirable to investigate why individuals stop offending, why they maintain a zero-rate of offending for some time, and why they restart offending. We believe that it is also important to study the possibility of waxing and waning in Criminal Careers, by testing whether the underlying rate of offending during the active Criminal Career stays constant or varies over time.
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denial in sex offending treatment examining Criminal Career diversity
Journal of Forensic Psychology Research and Practice, 2020Co-Authors: Georgia Zara, David P Farrington, Sandy JungAbstract:Sex offenders commonly exhibit some degree of denial of their offending. Past research has shown that denial conflicts with treatment completion, but does not necessarily increase sexual reoffendin...
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systematic review of early risk factors for life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, Rolf Loeber, Karil G HillAbstract:This paper builds on our previous systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies and examines the early risk factors associated with life-course persistent offending (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending. Out of the 55 prospective longitudinal studies which theoretically could possess the relevant information, only four provided information about risk factors associated with the different offending types. An additional three provided data so that relevant analyses could be conducted. The results suggested that there was little evidence that specific early risk factors were associated with specific offending types. There was also limited evidence that specific risk factors predicted specific offending types when Criminal Career duration was included in the definitions of LCP, AL, and LO offending. However, LCP offenders tended to have a greater number of risk factors, and the magnitude of these was somewhat greater than for AL offenders, who in turn tended to have more risk factors (and of a greater magnitude) than LO offenders. LCP and AL offenders may differ more in degree (in the number and magnitude of risk factors) than in kind (in the specific risk factors that are predictive). Importantly, as the potential Criminal Career duration was increased in defining the offending types, those with longer Careers tended to have more risk factors, but, LCP and AL offenders were not predicted by different risk factors. Much more research is needed on risk factors for offending types defined according to Criminal Career durations.
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prevalence of life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders a systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, John F Macleod, Steve Van De WeijerAbstract:Little is known about the prevalence, frequency, onset, and Criminal Career duration of life-course-persistent offenders (LCP), compared to adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset offenders (LO), despite the importance of these categories in criminology. This article is the first to use a systematic approach to identify the prospective longitudinal studies which could possess relevant information and to summarize the outputs of these studies. The principal investigators of these studies were also contacted to assist in identifying relevant data. Overall, 55 prospective longitudinal studies were identified; of these 14 had produced information on the prevalence of the various offending types. In seven additional studies, data was made available to explore Criminal Career parameters of the various offending types. The results showed that the estimates of the prevalence of LCP, AL, and LO offending varied considerably, and that few studies include Criminal Career duration in their definitions of LCP offenders. Surprisingly, the average ages of onset for LCP and Al offenders were similar. Much more research on LCP, AL, and LO offenders, which includes a consideration of Criminal Career duration, is desperately needed.
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is the development of offenders related to crime scene behaviors for burglary including situational influences in developmental and life course theories of crime
International Journal of Offender Therapy and Comparative Criminology, 2016Co-Authors: David P FarringtonAbstract:Developmental and life-course (DLC) theories of crime aim to identify the causes and correlates of offending over the life span, focusing on the within-individual variations that result in Criminal and delinquent behavior. Although there are several notable theories in the field, few contain both developmental and situational factors related to offending, and none explain why individuals commit crimes in different ways. This study aims to address these issues by developing typologies of burglars based on developmental and situational characteristics to help identify the various Criminal Career paths of the offenders, and how these different Criminal Careers may relate to the commission of offenses. Results of this study indicate that there are five different Criminal Career paths among the sampled burglars and four different styles of committing the same offense, and that burglars with certain Criminal Career features tend to commit a specific style of burglary. Through this research, we aim to extend DLC...
Alex R Piquero - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence of life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders a systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, John F Macleod, Steve Van De WeijerAbstract:Little is known about the prevalence, frequency, onset, and Criminal Career duration of life-course-persistent offenders (LCP), compared to adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset offenders (LO), despite the importance of these categories in criminology. This article is the first to use a systematic approach to identify the prospective longitudinal studies which could possess relevant information and to summarize the outputs of these studies. The principal investigators of these studies were also contacted to assist in identifying relevant data. Overall, 55 prospective longitudinal studies were identified; of these 14 had produced information on the prevalence of the various offending types. In seven additional studies, data was made available to explore Criminal Career parameters of the various offending types. The results showed that the estimates of the prevalence of LCP, AL, and LO offending varied considerably, and that few studies include Criminal Career duration in their definitions of LCP offenders. Surprisingly, the average ages of onset for LCP and Al offenders were similar. Much more research on LCP, AL, and LO offenders, which includes a consideration of Criminal Career duration, is desperately needed.
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systematic review of early risk factors for life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, Rolf Loeber, Karil G HillAbstract:This paper builds on our previous systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies and examines the early risk factors associated with life-course persistent offending (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending. Out of the 55 prospective longitudinal studies which theoretically could possess the relevant information, only four provided information about risk factors associated with the different offending types. An additional three provided data so that relevant analyses could be conducted. The results suggested that there was little evidence that specific early risk factors were associated with specific offending types. There was also limited evidence that specific risk factors predicted specific offending types when Criminal Career duration was included in the definitions of LCP, AL, and LO offending. However, LCP offenders tended to have a greater number of risk factors, and the magnitude of these was somewhat greater than for AL offenders, who in turn tended to have more risk factors (and of a greater magnitude) than LO offenders. LCP and AL offenders may differ more in degree (in the number and magnitude of risk factors) than in kind (in the specific risk factors that are predictive). Importantly, as the potential Criminal Career duration was increased in defining the offending types, those with longer Careers tended to have more risk factors, but, LCP and AL offenders were not predicted by different risk factors. Much more research is needed on risk factors for offending types defined according to Criminal Career durations.
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on the relationships between commercial sexual exploitation prostitution substance dependency and delinquency in youthful offenders
Child Maltreatment, 2014Co-Authors: Joan A Reid, Alex R PiqueroAbstract:Researchers have consistently linked commercial sexual exploitation (CSE) of youth and involvement in prostitution with substance dependency and delinquency. Yet, important questions remain regarding the directionality and mechanisms driving this association. Utilizing a sample of 114 CSE/prostituted youth participating in the Pathways to Desistance study-a longitudinal investigation of the transition from adolescence to adulthood among serious adolescent offenders-the current study examined key Criminal Career parameters of CSE/prostitution including age of onset and rate of recurrence. Additionally, structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to explore concurrent associations and causal links between CSE/prostitution and drug involvement. Findings show a general sequential pattern of the ages of onset with substance use and selling drugs occurring prior to CSE/prostitution, evidence that a small group with chronic CSE/prostitution account for the majority of CSE/prostitution occurrences, and high rates of repeated CSE/prostitution. SEM results suggest CSE/prostituted youth persist in drug involvement from year to year but infrequently experience perpetuation of CSE/prostitution from year to year. Concurrent associations between CSE/prostitution and drug involvement were found across the length of the study. Additionally, drug involvement at one year was linked to CSE/prostitution during the subsequent year during early years of the study.
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Sex offenders and sex offending in the Cambridge study in delinquent development: prevalence, frequency, specialization, recidivism, and (dis)continuity over the life-course
Journal of Crime and Justice, 2012Co-Authors: Alex R Piquero, Wesley G. Jennings, David P Farrington, Brie Diamond, Jessica M. CraigAbstract:The study of Criminal Careers has resulted in important descriptive information about the longitudinal patterns of offending over the life-course. Much of this research has examined more common patterns of general offending, typically among street offenders. An under-explored question is the extent to which distinct types of offenders display similar patterns on key Criminal Career dimensions. The current study examines this particular issue with a focus on sex offenders using longitudinal data from a cohort of South London males participating in the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development. Results show that, contrary to popular opinion, sex offending is quite rare, with less than 3% of the Cambridge males being convicted for 13 sex offenses through age 50. Further, there was no continuity in sex offending from the juvenile to adult periods and very few recidivist sex offenders. Directions for future research are addressed.
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Criminal offender trajectories and white collar occupational prestige
American Journal of Criminal Justice, 2010Co-Authors: Nicole Leeper Piquero, Alex R Piquero, David P FarringtonAbstract:Empirical research on Criminal Career offending patterns has identified distinct offender trajectories that exhibit substantial heterogeneity in both the size and shape of offending over the life course. Very little research however, has examined specific outcomes associated with offending trajectories. This study uses data from several hundred South London males who were part of the Cambridge Study in Delinquent Development to examine how offender trajectories through age 40 relate to job classification at age 48. Results indicate that high-rate chronic offenders are least likely to hold prestigious white-collar jobs, while non-offenders are the most likely to be in such positions. Directions for future research are highlighted.
Darrick Jolliffe - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prevalence of life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders a systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, John F Macleod, Steve Van De WeijerAbstract:Little is known about the prevalence, frequency, onset, and Criminal Career duration of life-course-persistent offenders (LCP), compared to adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset offenders (LO), despite the importance of these categories in criminology. This article is the first to use a systematic approach to identify the prospective longitudinal studies which could possess relevant information and to summarize the outputs of these studies. The principal investigators of these studies were also contacted to assist in identifying relevant data. Overall, 55 prospective longitudinal studies were identified; of these 14 had produced information on the prevalence of the various offending types. In seven additional studies, data was made available to explore Criminal Career parameters of the various offending types. The results showed that the estimates of the prevalence of LCP, AL, and LO offending varied considerably, and that few studies include Criminal Career duration in their definitions of LCP offenders. Surprisingly, the average ages of onset for LCP and Al offenders were similar. Much more research on LCP, AL, and LO offenders, which includes a consideration of Criminal Career duration, is desperately needed.
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systematic review of early risk factors for life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, Rolf Loeber, Karil G HillAbstract:This paper builds on our previous systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies and examines the early risk factors associated with life-course persistent offending (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending. Out of the 55 prospective longitudinal studies which theoretically could possess the relevant information, only four provided information about risk factors associated with the different offending types. An additional three provided data so that relevant analyses could be conducted. The results suggested that there was little evidence that specific early risk factors were associated with specific offending types. There was also limited evidence that specific risk factors predicted specific offending types when Criminal Career duration was included in the definitions of LCP, AL, and LO offending. However, LCP offenders tended to have a greater number of risk factors, and the magnitude of these was somewhat greater than for AL offenders, who in turn tended to have more risk factors (and of a greater magnitude) than LO offenders. LCP and AL offenders may differ more in degree (in the number and magnitude of risk factors) than in kind (in the specific risk factors that are predictive). Importantly, as the potential Criminal Career duration was increased in defining the offending types, those with longer Careers tended to have more risk factors, but, LCP and AL offenders were not predicted by different risk factors. Much more research is needed on risk factors for offending types defined according to Criminal Career durations.
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comparing delinquency Careers in court records and self reports
Criminology, 2003Co-Authors: David P Farrington, Darrick Jolliffe, David J Hawkins, Richard F Catalano, Karl G Hill, Rick KostermanAbstract:Most knowledge about delinquency Careers is derived from official records. The main aim of this paper is to compare conclusions about delinquency Careers derived from court referrals with conclusions derived from self-reports. Data are analyzed from the Seattle Social Development Project, which is a prospective longitudinal survey of 808 youths. Annual court and self-report data were available from age 11 to age 17 for eight offenses. The prevalence of offending increased with age, in both court referrals and self-reports. There was a sharp increase in the prevalence of court referrals between ages 12 and 13, probably because of the reluctance of the juvenile justice system to deal with very young offenders. The individual offending frequency increased with age in self-reports, but it stayed constant in court referrals, probably because of limitations on the annual number of referrals per offender. There was significant continuity in offending in both court referrals and self-reports, but continuity was greater in court referrals. The concentration of offending (and the importance of chronic offenders) was greater in self-reports. An early age of onset predicted a large number of offenses in both self-reports and court referrals. However, an early onset predicted a high rate of offending in court referrals but not in self-reports, possibly because very young offenders who were referred to court were an extreme group. About 37% of offenders and 3% of offenses led to a court referral. The more frequent offenders were less likely to be referred to court after each offense, but most of them were referred to court sooner or later. There was a sharp increase between ages 12 and 13 in the probability of an offender and an offense leading to a court referral. It is concluded that Criminal Career research based on self-reports sometimes yields different conclusions compared with research based on official records.
Paul E Tracy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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prediction of adult Criminal Careers from early delinquency offense characteristics in the 1958 philadelphia birth cohort
Criminology Criminal Justice Law & Society, 2018Co-Authors: Danielle Marie Carkin, Paul E TracyAbstract:This paper uses the official juvenile offenses among the delinquent boys in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort to investigate the nature of delinquency conduct, offense-by-offense, and its relationship to adult crime status. Although it is convenient to think of an offender’s delinquency Career as a whole, such a Career actually consists of one or more specific offenses, and offense conduct can be worth studying in its own right. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the timing, type, severity, court disposition, and so on of these juvenile offenses can be used to predict adult Career pathways. An extensive review of the literature revealed that investigations of early offense conduct and its connection to adult crime are exceedingly scarce. This study indicates as follows: First, the way a delinquent begins his Criminal Career is predictive of the adult trajectory that will be followed. Second, aspects of the first few offenses do influence whether delinquents continue committing crimes as an adult. The strongest predictor of adult crime status was juvenile court dispositions.
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female delinquents the effect of offense characteristics on adult Criminal Careers in the 1958 philadelphia birth cohort
American Journal of Criminal Justice, 2017Co-Authors: Danielle Marie Carkin, Paul E TracyAbstract:This paper uses the official juvenile offenses among delinquent girls in the 1958 Philadelphia Birth Cohort to investigate the two overarching questions. This research investigates the nature of delinquency conduct, offense-by-offense, and its relationship to adult crime status. Although it is convenient to think of an offender’s delinquency Career as a whole, such a Career actually consists of one or more specific offenses, and offense conduct can be worth studying in its own right. Thus, it is necessary to determine whether the timing, type, severity, court disposition, and so on, of these juvenile offenses can be used to predict adult Career pathways. An extensive review of the literature revealed that investigations of early offense conduct and its connection to adult crime are exceedingly scarce. This study indicates as follows. First, the way a delinquent begins her Criminal Career is predictive of the adult trajectory that will be followed. Second, we also found that aspects of the first few offenses doe influence whether delinquent girls do continue committing crimes as adult. The strongest predictor of adult crime status was juvenile court dispositions.
Karil G Hill - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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systematic review of early risk factors for life course persistent adolescence limited and late onset offenders in prospective longitudinal studies
Aggression and Violent Behavior, 2017Co-Authors: Darrick Jolliffe, Alex R Piquero, David P Farrington, Rolf Loeber, Karil G HillAbstract:This paper builds on our previous systematic review of prospective longitudinal studies and examines the early risk factors associated with life-course persistent offending (LCP), adolescence-limited (AL) and late-onset (LO) offending. Out of the 55 prospective longitudinal studies which theoretically could possess the relevant information, only four provided information about risk factors associated with the different offending types. An additional three provided data so that relevant analyses could be conducted. The results suggested that there was little evidence that specific early risk factors were associated with specific offending types. There was also limited evidence that specific risk factors predicted specific offending types when Criminal Career duration was included in the definitions of LCP, AL, and LO offending. However, LCP offenders tended to have a greater number of risk factors, and the magnitude of these was somewhat greater than for AL offenders, who in turn tended to have more risk factors (and of a greater magnitude) than LO offenders. LCP and AL offenders may differ more in degree (in the number and magnitude of risk factors) than in kind (in the specific risk factors that are predictive). Importantly, as the potential Criminal Career duration was increased in defining the offending types, those with longer Careers tended to have more risk factors, but, LCP and AL offenders were not predicted by different risk factors. Much more research is needed on risk factors for offending types defined according to Criminal Career durations.