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Peter Robert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

Mauricio Santillana - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • rates of increase of antibiotic resistance and ambient temperature in europe a Cross National Analysis of 28 countries between 2000 and 2016
    Eurosurveillance, 2020
    Co-Authors: Sarah F Mcgough, Derek R Macfadden, Mohammad W Hattab, Kare Molbak, Mauricio Santillana
    Abstract:

    Background The rapid increase of bacterial antibiotic resistance could soon render our most effective method to address infections obsolete. Factors influencing pathogen resistance prevalence in human populations remain poorly described, though temperature is known to contribute to mechanisms of spread. Aim To quantify the role of temperature, spatially and temporally, as a mechanistic modulator of transmission of antibiotic resistant microbes. Methods An ecologic Analysis was performed on country-level antibiotic resistance prevalence in three common bacterial pathogens aCross 28 European countries, collectively representing over 4 million tested isolates. Associations of minimum temperature and other predictors with change in antibiotic resistance rates over 17 years (2000–2016) were evaluated with multivariable models. The effects of predictors on the antibiotic resistance rate change aCross geographies were quantified. Results During 2000–2016, for Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae, European countries with 10°C warmer ambient minimum temperatures compared to others, experienced more rapid resistance increases aCross all antibiotic classes. Increases ranged between 0.33%/year (95% CI: 0.2 to 0.5) and 1.2%/year (95% CI: 0.4 to 1.9), even after accounting for recognised resistance drivers including antibiotic consumption and population density. For Staphylococcus aureus a decreasing relationship of −0.4%/year (95% CI: −0.7 to 0.0) was found for meticillin resistance, reflecting widespread declines in meticillin-resistant S. aureus aCross Europe over the study period. Conclusion We found evidence of a long-term effect of ambient minimum temperature on antibiotic resistance rate increases in Europe. Ambient temperature might considerably influence antibiotic resistance growth rates, and explain geographic differences observed in Cross-sectional studies. Rising temperatures globally may hasten resistance spread, complicating mitigation efforts.

  • rates of increase of antibiotic resistance and ambient temperature in europe a Cross National Analysis of 28 countries between 2000 2016
    bioRxiv, 2018
    Co-Authors: Sarah F Mcgough, Derek R Macfadden, Mohammad W Hattab, Kare Molbak, Mauricio Santillana
    Abstract:

    Background. Widely recognized as a major public health threat globally, the rapid increase of antibiotic resistance in bacteria could soon render our most effective method to combat infections obsolete. Factors influencing the burden of resistance in human populations remain poorly described, though temperature is known to play an important role in mechanisms at the bacterial level. Methods. We performed an ecologic Analysis of country level antibiotic resistance prevalence in 3 common bacterial pathogens aCross 28 countries in Europe, and used multivariable models to evaluate associations with minimum temperature and other predictors over a 17-year period (2000-2016). We quantified the effects of minimum temperature, population density, and antibiotic consumption on the rate of change of antibiotic resistance aCross geographies. Findings. For three common bacterial pathogens and four classes of antibiotics, we found evidence of a long-term effect of ambient minimum temperature on rates of increase of antibiotic resistance aCross 28 countries in Europe between 2000-2016. Specifically, we show that aCross all antibiotic classes for the pathogens E. coli and K. pneumoniae, European countries with 10°C warmer ambient temperatures have experienced more rapid increases in antibiotic resistance over the 17-year period, ranging between 0.33%/year (95% CI 0.2, 0.5) and 1.2%/year (0.4, 1.9), even after accounting for recognized drivers of resistance including antibiotic consumption and population density. We found a decreasing relationship for S. aureus and methicillin of -0.4%/year (95% CI -0.7, 0.0), reflecting widespread declines in MRSA aCross Europe over the study period. Interpretation. Ambient temperature may be an important modulator of the rate of change of antibiotic resistance. Our findings suggest that rising temperatures globally may hasten the spread of resistance and complicate efforts to mitigate it.

Jaap Dronkers - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • a Cross National Analysis of the relations of school choice and effectiveness differences between private dependent and public schools
    Educational Research and Evaluation, 2010
    Co-Authors: Jaap Dronkers, Silvia Avram
    Abstract:

    We apply propensity score matching to the estimation of differential school effectiveness between the publicly funded private sector and the public sector in a sample of 26 countries. This technique allows us to distinguish between school choice and school effectiveness processes and thus to account for selectivity issues involved in the comparison of the 2 sectors. Concerning school choice, we found 2 patterns: a choice of upwardly mobile parents for private schools and a preference for segregation by (lower) middle-class parents. As regards school effectiveness, our results indicate that, after controlling for selectivity, a substantial advantage in reading achievement remains among students in publicly funded private schools in 10 out of the 26 countries.

  • differences in scholastic achievement of public private government dependent and private independent schools a Cross National Analysis
    Educational Policy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jaap Dronkers, Peter Robert
    Abstract:

    The gross differences in scholastic achievement among public, private government-dependent, and private independent schools in 22 countries are analyzed with Programme for InterNational Student Assessment 2000 data. In a multilevel approach, the authors estimate these sector effects, controlling for sociological characteristics of students and parents, school composition, teaching and learning conditions of schools, and students' and principals' perception of the climate of their schools. The main explanation of their gross differences in scholastic achievement is the better social composition of private schools, both government dependent and independent. But pupils at private government-dependent schools have a higher net educational achievement than do comparable pupils at public schools with the same social composition. The explanation of these remaining net differences in scholastic achievement seems to be their better school climate. These net differences in scholastic achievement between public and ...

  • differences in scholastic achievement of public private government dependent and private independent schools a Cross National Analysis
    Educational Policy, 2008
    Co-Authors: Jaap Dronkers, Peter Robert
    Abstract:

    The gross differences in scholastic achievement among public, private government-dependent, and private independent schools in 22 countries are analyzed with Programme for InterNational Student Ass...

David Neumark - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • minimum wages labor market institutions and youth employment a Cross National Analysis
    Industrial and Labor Relations Review, 2004
    Co-Authors: David Neumark, William Wascher
    Abstract:

    The authors estimate the employment effects of changes in National minimum wages using a pooled Cross-section time-series data set comprising 17 OECD countries for the period 1975–2000. The average effects they find are consistent with the view that minimum wages cause employment losses among youths. However, the evidence also shows considerable variation aCross countries. In particular, disemployment effects of minimum wages appear to be smaller in countries that have subminimum wage provisions for youths. Regarding other labor market policies and institutions, the authors find that more restrictive labor standards and higher union coverage strengthen the disemployment effects of minimum wages, while employment protection laws and active labor market policies designed to bring unemployed individuals into the work force help to offset these effects. Overall, the disemployment effects of minimum wages are strongest in the countries with the least regulated labor markets.

  • minimum wages labor market institutions and youth employment a Cross National Analysis
    Social Science Research Network, 2003
    Co-Authors: David Neumark, William Wascher
    Abstract:

    We estimate the employment effects of changes in National minimum wages using a pooled Cross-section time-series data set comprising 17 OECD countries for the period 1975-2000, focusing on the impactof Cross-country differences in minimum wage systems and in otherlabor market institutions and policies that may either offset or amplify the effects of minimum wages. The average minimum wage effects we estimate using this sample are consistent with the view that minimum wages cause employment losses among youths. However, the evidence also suggests that the employment effects of minimum wages vary considerably aCross countries. In particular, disemployment effects of minimum wages appear to be smaller in countries that have subminimum wage provisions for youths. Regarding other labor market policies and institutions, we find that more restrictive labor standards and higher union coverage strengthen the disemployment effects of minimum wages, while employment protection laws and active labor market policies designed to bring unemployed individuals into the work force help to offset these effects. Overall, the disemployment effects of minimum wages are strongest in the countries with the least regulated labor markets.

Giovanni De Girolamo - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the association between psychotic experiences and health related quality of life a Cross National Analysis based on world mental health surveys
    Schizophrenia Research, 2018
    Co-Authors: Jordi Alonso, E. Bromet, Giovanni De Girolamo, Sukanta Saha, Carmen C W Lim, Sergio Aguilargaxiola, Ali Alhamzawi, Corina Benjet, Louisa Degenhardt, Oluyomi Esan
    Abstract:

    Abstract Psychotic experiences (PEs) are associated with a range of mental and physical disorders, and disability, but little is known about the association between PEs and aspects of health-related quality of life (HRQoL). We aimed to investigate the association between PEs and five HRQoL indicators with various adjustments. Using data from the WHO World Mental Health surveys ( n  = 33,370 adult respondents from 19 countries), we assessed for PEs and five HRQoL indicators (self-rated physical or mental health, perceived level of stigma (embarrassment and discrimination), and social network burden). Logistic regression models that adjusted for socio-demographic characteristics, 21 DSM-IV mental disorders, and 14 general medical conditions were used to investigate the associations between the variables of interest. We also investigated dose-response relationships between PE-related metrics (number of types and frequency of episodes) and the HRQoL indicators. Those with a history of PEs had increased odds of poor perceived mental (OR = 1.5, 95% CI = 1.2–1.9) and physical health (OR = 1.3, 95% CI = 1.0–1.7) after adjustment for the presence of any mental or general medical conditions. Higher levels of perceived stigma and social network burden were also associated with PEs in the adjusted models. Dose-response associations between PE type and frequency metrics and subjective physical and mental health were non-significant, except those with more PE types had increased odds of reporting higher discrimination (OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3–3.5). Our findings provide novel insights into how those with PEs perceive their health status.

  • Cross National Analysis of the associations between traumatic events and suicidal behavior findings from the who world mental health surveys
    PLOS ONE, 2010
    Co-Authors: Dan J Stein, E. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, Irving Hwang, Nancy A Sampson, Ronald C Kessler, Guilherme Borges, Wai Tat Chiu, Giovanni De Girolamo
    Abstract:

    Background: Community and clinical data have suggested there is an association between trauma exposure and suicidal behavior (i.e., suicide ideation, plans and attempts). However, few studies have assessed which traumas are uniquely predictive of: the first onset of suicidal behavior, the progression from suicide ideation to plans and attempts, or the persistence of each form of suicidal behavior over time. Moreover, few data are available on such associations in developing countries. The current study addresses each of these issues. Methodology/Principal Findings: Data on trauma exposure and subsequent first onset of suicidal behavior were collected via structured interviews conducted in the households of 102,245 (age 18+) respondents from 21 countries participating in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. Bivariate and multivariate survival models tested the relationship between the type and number of traumatic events and subsequent suicidal behavior. A range of traumatic events are associated with suicidal behavior, with sexual and interpersonal violence consistently showing the strongest effects. There is a dose-response relationship between the number of traumatic events and suicide ideation/attempt; however, there is decay in the strength of the association with more events. Although a range of traumatic events are associated with the onset of suicide ideation, fewer events predict which people with suicide ideation progress to suicide plan and attempt, or the persistence of suicidal behavior over time. Associations generally are consistent aCross high-, middle-, and low-income countries. Conclusions/Significance: This study provides more detailed information than previously available on the relationship between traumatic events and suicidal behavior and indicates that this association is fairly consistent aCross developed and developing countries. These data reinforce the importance of psychological trauma as a major public health problem, and highlight the significance of screening for the presence and accumulation of traumatic exposures as a risk factor for suicide ideation and attempt. Citation: Stein DJ, Chiu WT, Hwang I, Kessler RC, Sampson N, et al. (2010) Cross-National Analysis of the Associations between Traumatic Events and Suicidal

  • Cross National Analysis of the associations among mental disorders and suicidal behavior findings from the who world mental health surveys
    PLOS Medicine, 2009
    Co-Authors: Matthew K Nock, E. Bromet, Ronny Bruffaerts, Matthias C Angermeyer, Guilherme Borges, Annette L Beautrais, Giovanni De Girolamo
    Abstract:

    Background: Suicide is a leading cause of death worldwide. Mental disorders are among the strongest predictors of suicide; however, little is known about which disorders are uniquely predictive of suicidal behavior, the extent to which disorders predict suicide attempts beyond their association with suicidal thoughts, and whether these associations are similar aCross developed and developing countries. This study was designed to test each of these questions with a focus on nonfatal suicide attempts. Methods and Findings: Data on the lifetime presence and age-of-onset of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) mental disorders and nonfatal suicidal behaviors were collected via structured face-to-face interviews with 108,664 respondents from 21 countries participating in the WHO World Mental Health Surveys. The results show that each lifetime disorder examined significantly predicts the subsequent first onset of suicide attempt (odds ratios [ORs] = 2.9–8.9). After controlling for comorbidity, these associations decreased substantially (ORs = 1.5–5.6) but remained significant in most cases. Overall, mental disorders were equally predictive in developed and developing countries, with a key difference being that the strongest predictors of suicide attempts in developed countries were mood disorders, whereas in developing countries impulse-control, substance use, and post-traumatic stress disorders were most predictive. Disaggregation of the associations between mental disorders and nonfatal suicide attempts showed that these associations are largely due to disorders predicting the onset of suicidal thoughts rather than predicting progression from thoughts to attempts. In the few instances where mental disorders predicted the transition from suicidal thoughts to attempts, the significant disorders are characterized by anxiety and poor impulse-control. The limitations of this study include the use of retrospective self-reports of lifetime occurrence and age-of-onset of mental disorders and suicidal behaviors, as well as the narrow focus on mental disorders as predictors of nonfatal suicidal behaviors, each of which must be addressed in future studies. Conclusions: This study found that a wide range of mental disorders increased the odds of experiencing suicide ideation. However, after controlling for psychiatric comorbidity, only disorders characterized by anxiety and poor impulse-control predict which people with suicide ideation act on such thoughts. These findings provide a more fine-grained understanding of the associations between mental disorders and subsequent suicidal behavior than previously available and indicate that mental disorders predict suicidal behaviors similarly in both developed and developing countries. Future research is needed to delineate the mechanisms through which people come to think about suicide and subsequently progress from ideation to attempts.