The Experts below are selected from a list of 249 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform
Katharina Kitzinger - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Maria MooshammerAbstract:Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms1. These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations2,3. Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium4–6. Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities7–10, but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus, which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by Thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Maria Mooshammer, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Jutta NiggemannAbstract:Thaumarchaeota isolates are capable of utilizing urea and Cyanate for nitrification in vitro. Here, the authors show that this occurs in situ and that Thaumarchaeota are able to use urea and Cyanate as an energy and nitrogen source in the marine environment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms^ 1 . These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations^ 2 , 3 . Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium^ 4 – 6 . Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities^ 7 – 10 , but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus , which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
Douglas Wagner Franco - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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a fluorescence based method for Cyanate analysis in ethanol water media correlation between Cyanate presence and ethyl carbamate formation in sugar cane spirit
Journal of Food Science, 2014Co-Authors: Thiago Hideyuki Kobe Ohe, Alexandre A Da Silva, Thais Da Silva Rocha, Flavio Schutzer De Godoy, Douglas Wagner FrancoAbstract:UNLABELLED Based on the fluorescence properties of 2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione, a product of the reaction between Cyanate and 2-aminobenzoic acid, a simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible method for the Cyanate analysis in aqueous ethanolic media is proposed. In this method, λ(exc) and λ(em) are 310 and 410 nm, respectively, and the limits of detection and quantification are 2.2 × 10(-7) and 6.7 × 10(-7) mol/L, respectively. Under optimal conditions (pH = 4.5, 40% ethanol), a concentration of 5.0 × 10(-6) mol/L Cyanate can be determined in a single measurement, at a 95% level of confidence, with an uncertainty of ± 0.13 × 10(-6) mol/L. Cyanide, thioCyanate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions, as well as urea and urethane in concentrations 1 × 10(3) higher than that of Cyanate do not interfere with the measurement. The methodology was applied to Cyanate analyses in the different fractions of the sugarcane distillate and the data strongly suggest a correlation between the presence of urea in wine, and the Cyanate and ethyl carbamate concentrations in the spirit. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Based on the fluorescence properties of the reaction product between Cyanate and 2-aminobenzoic acid, a method for assaying Cyanate was devised. This procedure applied to the sugarcane distillate showed for the first time a correlation between Cyanate presence and ethyl carbamate (EC) formation in the different fractions of the product. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used to predict in freshly distillate sugar cane spirits the potential total concentration of EC to be formed. Therefore, these data could be used to advise about the necessity of implementing a procedure to reduce spirit EC concentration before the product reaches the market.
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A fluorescence-based method for Cyanate analysis in ethanol/water media: correlation between Cyanate presence and ethyl carbamate formation in sugar cane spirit.
Journal of food science, 2014Co-Authors: Thiago Hideyuki Kobe Ohe, Alexandre A Da Silva, Thais Da Silva Rocha, Flavio Schutzer De Godoy, Douglas Wagner FrancoAbstract:UNLABELLED Based on the fluorescence properties of 2,4-(1H,3H)-quinazolinedione, a product of the reaction between Cyanate and 2-aminobenzoic acid, a simple, sensitive, selective, and reproducible method for the Cyanate analysis in aqueous ethanolic media is proposed. In this method, λ(exc) and λ(em) are 310 and 410 nm, respectively, and the limits of detection and quantification are 2.2 × 10(-7) and 6.7 × 10(-7) mol/L, respectively. Under optimal conditions (pH = 4.5, 40% ethanol), a concentration of 5.0 × 10(-6) mol/L Cyanate can be determined in a single measurement, at a 95% level of confidence, with an uncertainty of ± 0.13 × 10(-6) mol/L. Cyanide, thioCyanate, chloride, nitrate, and sulfate ions, as well as urea and urethane in concentrations 1 × 10(3) higher than that of Cyanate do not interfere with the measurement. The methodology was applied to Cyanate analyses in the different fractions of the sugarcane distillate and the data strongly suggest a correlation between the presence of urea in wine, and the Cyanate and ethyl carbamate concentrations in the spirit. PRACTICAL APPLICATION Based on the fluorescence properties of the reaction product between Cyanate and 2-aminobenzoic acid, a method for assaying Cyanate was devised. This procedure applied to the sugarcane distillate showed for the first time a correlation between Cyanate presence and ethyl carbamate (EC) formation in the different fractions of the product. Therefore, the proposed methodology can be used to predict in freshly distillate sugar cane spirits the potential total concentration of EC to be formed. Therefore, these data could be used to advise about the necessity of implementing a procedure to reduce spirit EC concentration before the product reaches the market.
Maria Mooshammer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanate - a low abundant but actively cycled nitrogen compound in soil
2020Co-Authors: Maria Mooshammer, Wolfgang Wanek, Stephen H. Jones, Andreas Richter, Michael WagnerAbstract:Abstract Cyanate (NCO-) can serve as a nitrogen and/or carbon source for different microorganisms and even additionally as an energy source for autotrophic ammonia oxidizers. Despite the widely distributed genetic potential for direct Cyanate utilization among bacteria, archaea and fungi, the availability and environmental significance of Cyanate is largely unknown, especially in terrestrial ecosystems. We found relatively low concentrations of soil Cyanate, but its turnover was rapid. Contrary to our expectations, Cyanate consumption was clearly dominated by biotic processes, and, notably, Cyanate was produced in-situ at rates similar to that of Cyanate formation from urea fertilizer, which is believed to be one of the major sources of Cyanate in the environment. Our study provides evidence that Cyanate is actively turned over in soils and represents a small but continuous nitrogen/energy source for soil microbes, potentially contributing to a selective advantage of microorganisms capable of direct Cyanate utilization. One-sentence summary Cyanate represents a small but continuously available nitrogen source for soil microbes, contributing to a selective advantage of microorganisms capable of direct Cyanate utilization.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Maria MooshammerAbstract:Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms1. These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations2,3. Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium4–6. Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities7–10, but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus, which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by Thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Maria Mooshammer, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Jutta NiggemannAbstract:Thaumarchaeota isolates are capable of utilizing urea and Cyanate for nitrification in vitro. Here, the authors show that this occurs in situ and that Thaumarchaeota are able to use urea and Cyanate as an energy and nitrogen source in the marine environment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms^ 1 . These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations^ 2 , 3 . Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium^ 4 – 6 . Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities^ 7 – 10 , but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus , which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
Craig W. Herbold - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Maria MooshammerAbstract:Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms1. These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations2,3. Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium4–6. Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities7–10, but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus, which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by Thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Maria Mooshammer, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Jutta NiggemannAbstract:Thaumarchaeota isolates are capable of utilizing urea and Cyanate for nitrification in vitro. Here, the authors show that this occurs in situ and that Thaumarchaeota are able to use urea and Cyanate as an energy and nitrogen source in the marine environment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms^ 1 . These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations^ 2 , 3 . Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium^ 4 – 6 . Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities^ 7 – 10 , but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus , which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Cyanate as an energy source for nitrifiers
Nature, 2015Co-Authors: Márton Palatinszky, Craig W. Herbold, Ping Han, Nico Jehmlich, Mario Pogoda, Martin Von Bergen, Ilias Lagkouvardos, Søren M. Karst, Alexander Galushko, Hanna KochAbstract:Ammonia- and nitrite-oxidizing microorganisms are collectively responsible for the aerobic oxidation of ammonia via nitrite to nitrate and have essential roles in the global biogeochemical nitrogen cycle. The physiology of nitrifiers has been intensively studied, and urea and ammonia are the only recognized energy sources that promote the aerobic growth of ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and archaea. Here we report the aerobic growth of a pure culture of the ammonia-oxidizing thaumarchaeote Nitrososphaera gargensis ^ 1 using Cyanate as the sole source of energy and reductant; to our knowledge, the first organism known to do so. Cyanate, a potentially important source of reduced nitrogen in aquatic and terrestrial ecosystems^ 2 , is converted to ammonium and carbon dioxide in Nitrososphaera gargensis by a cyanase enzyme that is induced upon addition of this compound. Within the cyanase gene family, this cyanase is a member of a distinct clade also containing cyanases of nitrite-oxidizing bacteria of the genus Nitrospira. We demonstrate by co-culture experiments that these nitrite oxidizers supply cyanase-lacking ammonia oxidizers with ammonium from Cyanate, which is fully nitrified by this microbial consortium through reciprocal feeding. By screening a comprehensive set of more than 3,000 publically available metagenomes from environmental samples, we reveal that cyanase-encoding genes clustering with the cyanases of these nitrifiers are widespread in the environment. Our results demonstrate an unexpected metabolic versatility of nitrifying microorganisms, and suggest a previously unrecognized importance of Cyanate in cycling of nitrogen compounds in the environment. The ammonia-oxidizing archaeon Nitrososphaera gargensis can utilize Cyanate as the only source of energy for growth due to the presence of a cyanase enzyme, and cyanase-encoding nitrite-oxidizing bacteria can work together with cyanase-negative ammonia oxidizers to collectively grow on Cyanate via reciprocal feeding; cyanases are widespread in the environment according to metagenomic data sets, pointing to the potential importance of Cyanate in the nitrogen cycle. Nitrification is a central process in the global nitrogen cycle and plays a major role in fertilizer loss in industrial agriculture. Here Michael Wagner and colleagues report that the ammonia-oxidizing archaeon Nitrosphaera gargensis can grow on Cyanate as its sole energy source — possibly the only known organism capable of doing so. The archaeon converts Cyanate to ammonium and carbon dioxide using a cyanase enzyme. Further investigation of metagenomes shows that cyanases are widespread in the environment. This work highlights the potential importance of Cyanate in the nitrogen cycle as a source of reduced nitrogen in the environment.
Cory C Padilla - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Maria MooshammerAbstract:Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms1. These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations2,3. Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium4–6. Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities7–10, but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus, which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Cyanate and urea are substrates for nitrification by Thaumarchaeota in the marine environment
Nature Microbiology, 2019Co-Authors: Katharina Kitzinger, Cory C Padilla, Abiel T Kidane, Maria Mooshammer, Sten Littmann, Philipp F Hach, Craig W. Herbold, Hannah K. Marchant, Martin Könneke, Jutta NiggemannAbstract:Thaumarchaeota isolates are capable of utilizing urea and Cyanate for nitrification in vitro. Here, the authors show that this occurs in situ and that Thaumarchaeota are able to use urea and Cyanate as an energy and nitrogen source in the marine environment. Ammonia-oxidizing archaea of the phylum Thaumarchaeota are among the most abundant marine microorganisms^ 1 . These organisms thrive in the oceans despite ammonium being present at low nanomolar concentrations^ 2 , 3 . Some Thaumarchaeota isolates have been shown to utilize urea and Cyanate as energy and N sources through intracellular conversion to ammonium^ 4 – 6 . Yet, it is unclear whether patterns observed in culture extend to marine Thaumarchaeota, and whether Thaumarchaeota in the ocean directly utilize urea and Cyanate or rely on co-occurring microorganisms to break these substrates down to ammonium. Urea utilization has been reported for marine ammonia-oxidizing communities^ 7 – 10 , but no evidence of Cyanate utilization exists for marine ammonia oxidizers. Here, we demonstrate that in the Gulf of Mexico, Thaumarchaeota use urea and Cyanate both directly and indirectly as energy and N sources. We observed substantial and linear rates of nitrite production from urea and Cyanate additions, which often persisted even when ammonium was added to micromolar concentrations. Furthermore, single-cell analysis revealed that the Thaumarchaeota incorporated ammonium-, urea- and Cyanate-derived N at significantly higher rates than most other microorganisms. Yet, no cyanases were detected in thaumarchaeal genomic data from the Gulf of Mexico. Therefore, we tested Cyanate utilization in Nitrosopumilus maritimus , which also lacks a canonical cyanase, and showed that Cyanate was oxidized to nitrite. Our findings demonstrate that marine Thaumarchaeota can use urea and Cyanate as both an energy and N source. On the basis of these results, we hypothesize that urea and Cyanate are substrates for ammonia-oxidizing Thaumarchaeota throughout the ocean.
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Single cell genomic and transcriptomic evidence for the use of alternative nitrogen substrates by anammox bacteria
The ISME Journal, 2018Co-Authors: Sangita Ganesh, Cory C Padilla, Anthony D. Bertagnolli, Laura A. Bristow, Nigel Blackwood, Montserrat Aldunate, Annie Bourbonnais, Mark A. Altabet, Rex R. Malmstrom, Tanja WoykeAbstract:Anaerobic ammonium oxidation (anammox) contributes substantially to ocean nitrogen loss, particularly in anoxic marine zones (AMZs). Ammonium is scarce in AMZs, raising the hypothesis that organic nitrogen compounds may be ammonium sources for anammox. Biochemical measurements suggest that the organic compounds urea and Cyanate can support anammox in AMZs. However, it is unclear if anammox bacteria degrade these compounds to ammonium themselves, or rely on other organisms for this process. Genes for urea degradation have not been found in anammox bacteria, and genomic evidence for Cyanate use for anammox is limited to a cyanase gene recovered from the sediment bacterium Candidatus Scalindua profunda. Here, analysis of Ca . Scalindua single amplified genomes from the Eastern Tropical North Pacific AMZ revealed genes for urea degradation and transport, as well as for Cyanate degradation. Urease and cyanase genes were transcribed, along with anammox genes, in the AMZ core where anammox rates peaked. Homologs of these genes were also detected in meta-omic datasets from major AMZs in the Eastern Tropical South Pacific and Arabian Sea. These results suggest that anammox bacteria from different ocean regions can directly access organic nitrogen substrates. Future studies should assess if and under what environmental conditions these substrates contribute to the ammonium budget for anammox.
