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Y. Rumpler - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Application of molecular cytogenetics for chromosomal evolution of the Lemuriformes (Prosimians)
Cytogenetic and genome research, 2004Co-Authors: S. Warter, Marcel Hauwy, Bernard Dutrillaux, Y. RumplerAbstract:R-banding chromosomal studies of 21 species of Lemuriformes allowed us to reconstruct the presumed ancestral karyotype of all the Lemuriformes except for Daubentoniidae and permitted the construction of their phylogenetic tree. Chromosome painting with fluorescently labeled heterologous DNA probes permitted comparative chromosome maps to be established. The Zoo-FISH method was used to reassess the karyotypes of 22 species or subspecies. While our results largely confirm the previous reconstruction of the ancestral karyotype, they resulted in a modification of the previously established phylogenetic tree. The Daubentoniidae emerged first followed by the divergence of the families Cheirogaleidae, Indriidae, Lepilemuridae and Lemuridae. Eight chromosome rearrangements occurred in all Lemuriformes except for Daubentoniidae in the common trunk. The present findings do not allow us to propose the occurrence of any rearrangement common to Daubentoniidae and other Lemuriformes, and probably other Prosimii. Conserved syntenies previously described in various mammalian orders were also conserved, while others were specific to the Lemuriformes.
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Phylogenetic relationships among the Malagasy lemuriforms (Primates: Strepsirrhini) as indicated by mitochondrial sequence data from the 12S rRNA gene
Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society, 2001Co-Authors: Massimiliano Delpero, Judith C. Masters, Piero Cervella, Sergio Crovella, G. Ardito, Y. RumplerAbstract:Abstract Numerous phylogenetic hypotheses have been advanced for the Malagasy lemuriform radiation, drawing on data from morphology, physiology, behaviour and molecular genetics. Almost all possible relationships have been proposed, and most nodes have been contested. We present a phylogenetic analysis, using several analytical methods, of a partial sequence from the 12S rRNA mitochondrial gene. This gene codes for the small ribosomal subunit, and functional constraints require that the secondary structure of the molecule is strongly conserved, which in turn exerts constraints on the primary sequence structure. Although previous studies have suggested a very wide range of phylogenetic applicability for this molecule, our results indicate that it is most useful in strepsirrhine primates for estimating relationships among genera within families and among relatively recently diverged families (mean sequence divergence about 11%). Relationships among families separated by larger genetic distances (>12% divergence; e.g. Cheirogaleidae, Daubentoniidae, Megaladapidae) are difficult to resolve consistently. Our data show strong support for an Indridae–Lemuridae sister group and for monophyly of the Lemuridae with Varecia as the sister to all other lemurids. They also support, albeit less strongly, sister group relationships between Lemur andHapalemur within the Lemuridae and between Propithecus and Avahi in the Indridae.
Mark A Batzer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Alu-Based Phylogeny of Lemurs (Infraorder: Lemuriformes)
2016Co-Authors: Adam T Mclain, Scott W. Herke, Matthew G. Bourgeois, Camille F. Abshire, Christian Roos, Christopher Faulk, Thomas J. Meyer, Michael J. Oldenburg, Mark A BatzerAbstract:Lemurs (infraorder: Lemuriformes) are a radiation of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. As of 2012, 101 lemur species, divided among five families, have been described. Genetic and morphological evidence indicates all species are descended from a common ancestor that arrived in Madagascar,55–60 million years ago (mya). Phylogenetic relationships in this species-rich infraorder have been the subject of debate. Here we use Alu elements, a family of primate-specific Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs), to construct a phylogeny of infraorder Lemuriformes. Alu elements are particularly useful SINEs for the purpose of phylogeny reconstruction because they are identical by descent and confounding events between loci are easily resolved by sequencing. The genome of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) was computationally assayed for synapomorphic Alu elements. Those that were identified as Lemuriformes-specific were analyzed against other available primate genomes for orthologous sequence in which to design primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) verification. A primate phylogenetic panel of 24 species, including 22 lemur species from all five families, was examined for the presence/absence of 138 Alu elements via PCR to establish relationships among species. Of these, 111 were phylogenetically informative. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the results of this analysis. We demonstrate strong support for the monophyly of Lemuriformes to the exclusion of other primates, with Daubentoniidae
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An Alu-Based Phylogeny of Lemurs (Infraorder: Lemuriformes)
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Adam T Mclain, Scott W. Herke, J. Michael Oldenburg, Matthew G. Bourgeois, Camille F. Abshire, Christian Roos, Christopher Faulk, Mark A BatzerAbstract:Lemurs (infraorder: Lemuriformes) are a radiation of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. As of 2012, 101 lemur species, divided among five families, have been described. Genetic and morphological evidence indicates all species are descended from a common ancestor that arrived in Madagascar ∼55–60 million years ago (mya). Phylogenetic relationships in this species-rich infraorder have been the subject of debate. Here we use Alu elements, a family of primate-specific Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs), to construct a phylogeny of infraorder Lemuriformes. Alu elements are particularly useful SINEs for the purpose of phylogeny reconstruction because they are identical by descent and confounding events between loci are easily resolved by sequencing. The genome of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) was computationally assayed for synapomorphic Alu elements. Those that were identified as Lemuriformes-specific were analyzed against other available primate genomes for orthologous sequence in which to design primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) verification. A primate phylogenetic panel of 24 species, including 22 lemur species from all five families, was examined for the presence/absence of 138 Alu elements via PCR to establish relationships among species. Of these, 111 were phylogenetically informative. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the results of this analysis. We demonstrate strong support for the monophyly of Lemuriformes to the exclusion of other primates, with Daubentoniidae, the aye-aye, as the basal lineage within the infraorder. Our results also suggest Lepilemuridae as a sister lineage to Cheirogaleidae, and Indriidae as sister to Lemuridae. Among the Cheirogaleidae, we show strong support for Microcebus and Mirza as sister genera, with Cheirogaleus the sister lineage to both. Our results also support the monophyly of the Lemuridae. Within Lemuridae we place Lemur and Hapalemur together to the exclusion of Eulemur and Varecia, with Varecia the sister lineage to the other three genera.
Tadasu Urashima - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Structural characterization of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in the milks of strepsirrhine primates: greater galago, aye-aye, Coquerel’s sifaka and mongoose lemur
Glycoconjugate Journal, 2012Co-Authors: Epi Taufik, Chris Tilden, Olav Oftedal, Akitsugu Senda, Regina Eisert, Tadao Saito, Cathy Williams, Kenji Fukuda, Tadasu UrashimaAbstract:The structures of milk oligosaccharides were characterized for four strepsirrhine primates to examine the extent to which they resemble milk oligosaccharides in other primates. Neutral and acidic oligosaccharides were isolated from milk of the greater galago (Galagidae: Otolemur crassicaudatus ), aye-aye (Daubentoniidae: Daubentonia madagascariensis ), Coquerel’s sifaka (Indriidae: Propithecus coquereli ) and mongoose lemur (Lemuridae: Eulemur mongoz ), and their chemical structures were characterized by ^1H-NMR spectroscopy. The oligosaccharide patterns observed among strepsirrhines did not appear to correlate to phylogeny, sociality or pattern of infant care. Both type I and type II neutral oligosaccharides were found in the milk of the aye-aye, but type II predominate over type I. Only type II oligosaccharides were identified in other strepsirrhine milks. α3′-GL (isoglobotriose, Gal(α1-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc) was found in the milks of Coquerel’s sifaka and mongoose lemur, which is the first report of this oligosaccharide in the milk of any primate species. 2′-FL (Fuc(α1-2)Gal(β1-4)Glc) was found in the milk of an aye-aye with an ill infant. Oligosaccharides containing the Lewis x epitope were found in aye-aye and mongoose lemur milk. Among acidic oligosaccharides, 3′- N -acetylneuraminyllactose (3′-SL-NAc, Neu5Ac(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc) was found in all studied species, whereas 6′- N -acetylneuraminyllactose (6′-SL-NAc, Neu5Ac(α2-6)Gal(β1-4)Glc) was found in all species except greater galago. Greater galago milk also contained 3′- N -glycolylneuraminyllactose (3′-SL-NGc, Neu5Gc(α2-3)Gal(β1-4)Glc). The finding of a variety of neutral and acidic oligosaccharides in the milks of strepsirrhines, as previously reported for haplorhines, suggests that such constituents are ancient rather than derived features, and are as characteristic of primate lactation is the classic disaccharide, lactose.
Adam T Mclain - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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An Alu-Based Phylogeny of Lemurs (Infraorder: Lemuriformes)
2016Co-Authors: Adam T Mclain, Scott W. Herke, Matthew G. Bourgeois, Camille F. Abshire, Christian Roos, Christopher Faulk, Thomas J. Meyer, Michael J. Oldenburg, Mark A BatzerAbstract:Lemurs (infraorder: Lemuriformes) are a radiation of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. As of 2012, 101 lemur species, divided among five families, have been described. Genetic and morphological evidence indicates all species are descended from a common ancestor that arrived in Madagascar,55–60 million years ago (mya). Phylogenetic relationships in this species-rich infraorder have been the subject of debate. Here we use Alu elements, a family of primate-specific Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs), to construct a phylogeny of infraorder Lemuriformes. Alu elements are particularly useful SINEs for the purpose of phylogeny reconstruction because they are identical by descent and confounding events between loci are easily resolved by sequencing. The genome of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) was computationally assayed for synapomorphic Alu elements. Those that were identified as Lemuriformes-specific were analyzed against other available primate genomes for orthologous sequence in which to design primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) verification. A primate phylogenetic panel of 24 species, including 22 lemur species from all five families, was examined for the presence/absence of 138 Alu elements via PCR to establish relationships among species. Of these, 111 were phylogenetically informative. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the results of this analysis. We demonstrate strong support for the monophyly of Lemuriformes to the exclusion of other primates, with Daubentoniidae
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An Alu-Based Phylogeny of Lemurs (Infraorder: Lemuriformes)
PLOS ONE, 2012Co-Authors: Adam T Mclain, Scott W. Herke, J. Michael Oldenburg, Matthew G. Bourgeois, Camille F. Abshire, Christian Roos, Christopher Faulk, Mark A BatzerAbstract:Lemurs (infraorder: Lemuriformes) are a radiation of strepsirrhine primates endemic to the island of Madagascar. As of 2012, 101 lemur species, divided among five families, have been described. Genetic and morphological evidence indicates all species are descended from a common ancestor that arrived in Madagascar ∼55–60 million years ago (mya). Phylogenetic relationships in this species-rich infraorder have been the subject of debate. Here we use Alu elements, a family of primate-specific Short INterspersed Elements (SINEs), to construct a phylogeny of infraorder Lemuriformes. Alu elements are particularly useful SINEs for the purpose of phylogeny reconstruction because they are identical by descent and confounding events between loci are easily resolved by sequencing. The genome of the grey mouse lemur (Microcebus murinus) was computationally assayed for synapomorphic Alu elements. Those that were identified as Lemuriformes-specific were analyzed against other available primate genomes for orthologous sequence in which to design primers for PCR (polymerase chain reaction) verification. A primate phylogenetic panel of 24 species, including 22 lemur species from all five families, was examined for the presence/absence of 138 Alu elements via PCR to establish relationships among species. Of these, 111 were phylogenetically informative. A phylogenetic tree was generated based on the results of this analysis. We demonstrate strong support for the monophyly of Lemuriformes to the exclusion of other primates, with Daubentoniidae, the aye-aye, as the basal lineage within the infraorder. Our results also suggest Lepilemuridae as a sister lineage to Cheirogaleidae, and Indriidae as sister to Lemuridae. Among the Cheirogaleidae, we show strong support for Microcebus and Mirza as sister genera, with Cheirogaleus the sister lineage to both. Our results also support the monophyly of the Lemuridae. Within Lemuridae we place Lemur and Hapalemur together to the exclusion of Eulemur and Varecia, with Varecia the sister lineage to the other three genera.
Kuhlmann J norbert - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Contribution à l’étude de la mobilité de l’hallux et de la phylogénie des primates actuels
Revue de primatologie, 2015Co-Authors: Kuhlmann J norbertAbstract:Matériel et méthodes : 51 pièces anatomiques de primates non humains ont été disséquées (18 embaumées, 33 fraîches) Les amplitudes des articulations cunéo-métatarsiennes médiales et métatarso-phalangiennes du premier rayon du pied des diverses pièces fraîches et celles de 26 sujets endormis ont été mesurées. De nombreux animaux ont été observés en semi-liberté ou dans de grandes volières. Egalement, 436 squelettes de pied de primates ont été mesurés et les mesures converties en pourcentage par rapport à la longueur du 3e métacarpien, afin de les comparer en dépit de leur différence de taille (collections du Museum d’Histoire Naturelle de Paris).Résultats :La colonne du gros orteil (hallux) est toujours très développée et souvent deux fois plus longue que celle du pouce. L’articulation cunéo-métatarsienne médiale présente un grand axe vertical. Celle des Strepsirrhini est fortement concave-convexe. La, convexité s’inscrit dans le grand axe. Celle des Simiiformes possède une surface cunéenne en dôme avec une échancrure latérale. Le relief du dôme est plus marqué chez les Catarrhini que chez les Platirrhini. Il est très discret chez l’Homo. Les différences morphologiques ou fonctionnelles de l’articulation, les modes de préhension hallici-digitales, qui en résultent, permettent de ranger les primates en quatre catégories, qui ne correspondent exactement ni à leurs sous-ordres, ni à leurs parvordres.1) Chez les Lemuridae, les Indriidae et les Daubentoniidae les surfaces articulaires sont concaves convexes et congruentes. L’articulation fonctionne comme une charnière, n’a qu’un degré de liberté, mais une très grande ouverture (de 125°). Elle ne permet qu’une pince halluci-digitale latéro-latérale. Le 4e orteil est le plus long.2) Chez les Loridae et les Cheirogaleidae, les surfaces articulaires sont aussi concaves convexes et congruentes, mais l’articulation fonctionne comme un joint de cardan. Elle n’offre donc que deux degrés de liberté. Elle ne peut réaliser l’opposition halluci-digitale termino-terminale qu’avec les deux derniers orteils et une ouverture maxima de la première commissure (de 90°). De très longs doigts sont nécessaires pour pouvoir la réaliser. Le quatrième orteil est au moins aussi long que le troisième et souvent davantage.3) Chez les Catarrhini non Humains, les Pitheciinae et les Cebinae (Platyrrhini) les surfaces de l’articulation ne sont pas congruentes. Un obstacle est constitué au pôle articulaire dorsal du premier métatarsien par le deuxième et par l’ancrage de la base du premier par un épais ligament dorso-latéral cuneo-métatarsien. Il doit obligatoirement être contourné pour assurer tantôt la flexion, tantôt l’extension et forme donc un pivot déterminant une rotation de ce premier métatarsien selon son axe longitudinal, tantôt en pronation, tantôt en supination. Il y a trois degrés de liberté, grâce à quoi l’opposition halluci-digitale termino-terminale est possible avec un minimum d’écartement du premier métatarsien. L’extension et l’abduction du premier métatarsien sont chacun de 40°. Le tendon du péronier latéral agit puissamment sur sa flexion mais aussi sur sa pronation. Le tendon du long abducteur agit sur l’extension et la supination. Un large ligament inter-métacarpien transverse relie le premier rayon au deuxième rayon du pied des Pitheciinae et des Cebinae, mais il est assez lâche pour ne pas gêner l’écartement de l’hallux.4) Chez les Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini), tout comme chez l’Homo sapiens, un ligament transverse inter-métatarsien, particulièrement épais, dans la première commissure, relie le premier métatarsien au second et s’oppose à toute tentative d’opposition de l’hallux par rapport aux autres orteils. L’articulation métatarso-phalangienne des primates est condylienne et donc relativement instable. L’hyper extension de celle-ci chez les Callitrichinae permet, dans une certaine mesure, de pallier le manque d’écartement de l’hallux. Les quatre derniers orteils sont d’autant plus longs que les degrés de liberté de l’hallux sont limités. Le plus long chez les Strepsirrhini est le quatrième, c’est à dire celui qui peut réaliser la pince hallici-digitale. Les orteils des Platyrrhini sont également longs, le troisième est le plus long. Ceux des Catarrhini non humains sont plus courts. Ceux de l’Homo encore davantage, le second étant le plus long.Conséquences :Ces différences morphologiques et fonctionnelles ont été comparées avec celles de la main. Elles ont une influence sur la démarche arboricole et terrestre, analysée dans cet article. Elles sont autant de jalons, qui permettent de se faire une idée sur les différents stades de l’évolution des Primates non humains jusqu’à l’Homo sapiens. L’existence d’un ligament inter métatarsien transverse entre le premier et le deuxième rayon du pied des Platyrrhini et de l’Homo ne plaide pas en faveur de la théorie de l’hallux divergent primitif. Elle tend à suggérer que l’origine de la lignée humaine est bien plus ancienne, qu’on ne le pense habituellement.Material and methods: 51 anatomical specimens of non-human primates were dissected (18 embalmed, 33 fresh). The amplitudes of the medial cuneometatarsal and metatarsophalangeal articulations of the first ray of the foot of the various fresh pieces and those of 26 sleeping subjects have been measured. Many animals have been observed in semi-liberty or in wide aviaries. Also, 436 foot skeletons of primates have been measured and the measurements converted to a percentage relative to the length of the 3rd metacarpal, in order to compare them, despite their difference in size (collections of the Museum d’Histoire Naturelle of Paris)Results: The hallux column is always very developed and often twice longer than that of the pollex. The medial cuneometatarsal articulation offers a major vertical axis. That of Strepsirrhini is strongly concave/ convex. The convexity is seated on the major axis. That of the Simiiformes has a cuneal surface, which forms a dome, with a lateral cut-out. The dome is more prominent in the Catarrhini and Platyrrhini. It is very discreet in the Homo. The morphological and functional differences of the medial cuneometatarsal joint and the modes of hallucidigital prehension help classifying the primates in four categories that do not correspond exactly to the suborders or the parvorders.1) In the Loridae, the Indriidae and the Daubentoniidae, the articular surfaces are concave/ convex and congruent. The joint acts like a hinge, has only one degree of freedom, but a wide angle (125°) and allows only a laterolateral hallicidigital pinch. The fourth toe is the longest.2) In the Loridae and the Cheirogaleidae the articular surfaces are also concave/ convex and congruent, but the joint works like a cardan. It offers therefore two-degrees of freedom. An opposition with the two last toes is only obtained with a maximum opening of the first web space (90 degrees). Very long toes are necessary to obtain the terminoterminal hallucidigital pinch. The fourth is also the longest.3) In non-human Catarrhini, Pitheciinae and Cebinae (Platyrrhini), the articular surfaces are not congruent. A barrier is formed at the dorsal articular pole of the first metatarsus by the second metatarsus and by the anchoring of its base by a thick dorso-lateral cuneometatarsal ligament. It must now be bypassed to allow flexion or extension. Therefore, it forms a crucial pivot, determining a rotation of the first metatarsus, along its longitudinal axis, sometimes in pronation, sometimes in supination. There are three degrees of freedom. The extension and the abduction of the first metatarsus is 40 degrees. The tendon of the lateral fibular muscle acts powerfully on its flexion, but also on its pronation. The tendon of the abductor longus acts on its extension and supination. A wide transverse intermetacarpal ligament unites the first and the second ray of the foot of the Pitheciidae and the Cebinae, but it is very loose and does not hinder the opening of the hallux.4) In the Callitrichinae (Platyrrhini), like in Homosapiens, a particularly thick transversal inter metatarsal ligament in the first commissure unites the first and the second metatarsus and prevents the opposition of the hallux to the other toes. The metatarsophalangeal joint is condylar and relatively unstable. Such instability prohibits fine pinch force. The hyperextension of the joint allows, to a certain degree, to correct the lack of mobility of the cuneometatarsal joint. The length of the four last toes is inversely proportional to the number of degrees of liberty of the cuneometatarsal joint. The longest toe in the Strepsirrhini is the fourth, the one that can realize an halluci-digital termino-terminal pinch. The toes of the Platyrrhini are also long, the third is the longest. The toes of the non-human Catarrhini are shorter. That of the Homosapiens is still much shorter. The second is the longest.Consequences:The morphological and functional differences have been compared to those of the hand. They influence the arboreal and terrestrial walk, analyzed in this article. They are the landmarks, which allow imagining the different stages of the evolution of non-human primates to Homosapiens. The presence of a transverse intermetatarsal ligament between the first and the second ray of the foot of the Platyrrhini and of the Homo is not in favor of the theory of a divergent primitive hallux. It suggests rather that the origin of the human lineage is much more ancient than it is usually thought
