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Paulette Spencer - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tris trimethylsilyl silane as a co initiator for dental Adhesive photo polymerization kinetics and dynamic mechanical property
Dental Materials, 2016Co-Authors: Linyong Song, Anil Misra, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization behavior of a model Dentin Adhesive with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) as a co-initiator, and to investigate the polymerization kinetics and mechanical properties of copolymers in dry and wet conditions. Methods A co-monomer mixture based on HEMA/BisGMA (45/55, w/w) was used as a model Dentin Adhesive. The photoinitiator system included camphorquinone (CQ) as the photosensitizer and the co-initiator was ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) or TTMSS. Iodonium salt, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) serving as a catalyst, was selectively added into the Adhesive formulations. The control and the experimental formulations were characterized with regard to the degree of conversion (DC) and dynamic mechanical properties under dry and wet conditions. Results In two-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS), with an increase of TTMSS concentration, the polymerization rate and DC of C C double bond increased, and showed a dependence on the irradiation time and curing light intensity. The copolymers that contained the three-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS/DPIHP) showed similar dynamic mechanical properties, under both dry and wet conditions, to the EDMAB-containing system. Significance The DC of formulations using TTMSS as co-initiator showed a strong dependence on irradiation time. With the addition of TTMSS, the maximum polymerization rate can be adjusted and the network structure became more homogenous. The results indicated that the TTMSS could be used as a substitute for amine-type co-initiator in visible-light induced free radical polymerization of methacrylate-based Dentin Adhesives.
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synthesis and evaluation of novel dental monomer with branched carboxyl acid group
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, 2014Co-Authors: Qiang Ye, Anil Misra, Linyong Song, Xueping Ge, Jennifer S Laurence, Cynthia L Berrie, Paulette SpencerAbstract:To enhance the water miscibility and increase the mechanical properties of Dentin Adhesives, a new glycerol-based monomer with vinyl and carboxylic acid, 4-((1,3-bis(-methacryloyloxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylene-4-oxobutanoic acid (BMPMOB), was synthesized and characterized. Dentin Adhesive formulations containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (BisGMA), and BMPMOB were characterized with regard to real-time photopolymerization behavior, water sorption, dynamic mechanical analysis, and microscale three-dimensional internal morphologies and compared with HEMA/BisGMA controls. The experimental Adhesive copolymers showed higher glass transition temperature and rubbery moduli, as well as improved water miscibility compared to the controls. The enhanced properties of the Adhesive copolymers indicated that BMPMOB is a promising comonomer for dental restorative materials.
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polymerization and solvent induced phase separation in hydrophilic rich Dentin Adhesive mimic
Acta Biomaterialia, 2014Co-Authors: Farhana Abedin, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Holly J Good, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Current dental resin undergoes phase separation into hydrophobic-rich and hydrophilic-rich phases during infiltration of the over-wet demineralized collagen matrix. Such phase separation undermines the integrity and durability of the bond at the composite/tooth interface. This study marks the first time that the polymerization kinetics of model hydrophilic-rich phase of dental Adhesive has been determined. Samples were prepared by adding varying water content to neat resins made from 95 and 99 wt.% hydroxyethylmethacrylate and 5 and 1 wt.% (2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy)phenyl1]-propane prior to light curing. Viscosity of the formulations decreased with increased water content. The photopolymerization kinetics study was carried out with a time-resolved Fourier transform infrared spectrometer. All of the samples exhibited two-stage polymerization behavior which has not been reported previously for dental resin formulation. The lowest secondary rate maxima were observed for water contents of 10-30 wt.%. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) showed two glass transition temperatures for the hydrophilic-rich phase of dental Adhesive. The DSC results indicate that the heterogeneity within the final polymer structure decreased with increasing water content. The results suggest a reaction mechanism involving both polymerization-induced phase separation and solvent-induced phase separation for the model hydrophilic-rich phase of dental resin.
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Swelling equilibrium of Dentin Adhesive polymers formed on the water-Adhesive phase boundary: experiments and micromechanical model.
Acta Biomaterialia, 2013Co-Authors: Anil Misra, Viraj Singh, Qiang Ye, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Abstract During their application to the wet, oral environment, Dentin Adhesives can experience phase separation and composition change, which can compromise the quality of the hybrid layer formed at the Dentin–Adhesive interface. The chemical composition of polymer phases formed in the hybrid layer can be represented using a ternary water–Adhesive phase diagram. In this paper, these polymer phases are characterized using a suite of mechanical tests and swelling experiments. The experimental results were evaluated using a granular micromechanics-based model incorporating poro-mechanical effects and polymer–solvent thermodynamics. The variation in the model parameters and model-predicted polymer properties was studied as a function of composition along the phase boundary. The resulting structure–property correlations provide insight into interactions occurring at the molecular level in the saturated polymer system. These correlations can be used for modeling the mechanical behavior of the hybrid layer, and are expected to aid in the design and improvement of water-compatible Dentin Adhesive polymers.
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Diffusion coefficients of water and leachables in methacrylate-based crosslinked polymers using absorption experiments
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Jonggu Park, Anil Misra, Paulette SpencerAbstract:The diffusion of water into Dentin Adhesive polymers and leaching of unpolymerized monomer from the Adhesive are linked to their mechanical softening and hydrolytic degradation. Therefore, diffusion coefficient data are critical for the mechanical design of these polymeric Adhesives. In this study, diffusion coefficients of water and leachables were obtained for sixteen methacrylate-based crosslinked polymers using absorption experiments. The experimental mass change data was interpreted using numerical solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equations. The calculated diffusion coefficients varied from 1.05 × 10^−8 cm^2/sec (co-monomer TMTMA) to 3.15 × 10^−8 cm^2/sec (co-monomer T4EGDMA). Correlation of the diffusion coefficients with crosslink density and hydrophilicity showed an inverse trend ( R ^2 = 0.41). The correlation of diffusion coefficient with crosslink density and hydrophilicity are closer for molecules differing by simple repeat units ( R ^2 = 0.95). These differences in the trends reveal mechanisms of interaction of the diffusing water with the polymer structure.
David H Pashley - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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monoblocks in root canals a hypothetical or a tangible goal
Journal of Endodontics, 2007Co-Authors: Franklin R Tay, David H PashleyAbstract:The term monoblock has become familiar in the endodontic literature with recent interest in the application of Dentin Adhesive technology to endodontics. Endodontic monoblocks have generated controversial discussions among academicians and clinicians as to whether they are able to improve the quality of seal in root fillings and to strengthen roots. This review attempts to provide a broader meaning to the term monoblock and to see how this definition may be applied to the materials that have been used in the past and present for rehabilitation of the root canal space. The potential of currently available bondable materials to achieve mechanically homogeneous units with root Dentin is then discussed in relation to the classical concept in which the term monoblock was first employed in restorative dentistry and subsequently in endodontics.
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from dry bonding to water wet bonding to ethanol wet bonding a review of the interactions between Dentin matrix and solvated resins using a macromodel of the hybrid layer
American Journal of Dentistry, 2007Co-Authors: David H Pashley, Ricardo M Carvalho, Frederick A Rueggeberg, Kelli A Agee, Marcela Carrilho, Adam Donnelly, Franklin GarciagodoyAbstract:PURPOSE: To review the use of a new resin-Dentin bonding model called the macro-hybrid layer, to quantify resin uptake and matrix shrinkage during resin infiltration and solvent evaporation. A secondary purpose was to introduce the concept of ethanol-wet bonding where water-saturated acid-etched Dentin is exchanged with ethanol to create ethanol-saturated Dentin. Adhesive monomers seem to penetrate ethanol-saturated Dentin more thoroughly than water-saturated Dentin.
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is an oxygen inhibited layer required for bonding of resin coated gutta percha to a methacrylate based root canal sealer
Journal of Endodontics, 2006Co-Authors: N Hiraishi, Robert J Loushine, M Vano, Nicoletta Chieffi, Norman R Weller, Marco Ferrari, David H Pashley, Franklin R TayAbstract:Removal of the oxygen inhibition layer from the surface of resin-coated gutta-percha cones during packaging has been hypothesized for their weak adhesion to a methacrylate-based root canal sealer, resulting in their frequent delamination from the sealer after root canal obturation. This study examined the feasibility of creating oxygen inhibition layers on resin-coated gutta-percha cones via the adjunctive application of a dual-cured Dentin Adhesive just before bonding. Composite cylinders were bonded with EndoREZ to flat, resin-coated gutta-percha disks and similar disks that were post-treated with Prime&Bond NT Dual Cure Adhesive and stressed to failure using a modified microshear testing design. Although shear strengths for both groups were relatively low, a 5-fold increase in shear strength was observed after Adhesive application, with complex interfacial failures instead of complete sealer delamination from the resin-coating. In-situ Dentin Adhesive application appears to have merits in enhancing the coupling of resin-coated gutta-percha to methacrylate sealers.
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micro tensile bond testing of resin cements to Dentin and an indirect resin composite
Dental Materials, 2002Co-Authors: Gary S P Cheung, Alex W K Chan, David H PashleyAbstract:Abstract Objectives: Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) evaluation and fractographic analysis were used to compare four resin cement systems (AC: All-Bond 2/Choice; RX: Single Bond/RelyX ARC; SB: Super-Bond CB and PF: Panavia F) in indirect composite/Dentin Adhesive joints. Methods: Flat Dentin surfaces were created on extracted human third molars. The resin cements were used according to the manufacturers' instructions for bonding silanized composite overlays to deep coronal Dentin. 0.9×0.9 composite–Dentin beams prepared from the luted specimens were stressed to failure in tension. Dentin sides of all fractured specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the failure modes. In group PF, morphologic features that could not be resolved at the SEM level were further validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the SEM specimens. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant difference (p Significance: The bond between the processed composite and the luting resin cement was the weak link in indirect composite restorations cemented with AC or RX. Super-Bond C&B exhibited intermediate tensile strength and Panavia F is less reliable when used in conjunction with a self-etching primer for bonding indirect restorations to Dentin.
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micro tensile bond testing of resin cements to Dentin and an indirect resin composite
Dental Materials, 2002Co-Authors: Yiu Fai Mak, Franklin R Tay, Gary S P Cheung, Alex W K Chan, Shirley C N Lai, David H PashleyAbstract:Abstract Objectives: Micro-tensile bond strength (μTBS) evaluation and fractographic analysis were used to compare four resin cement systems (AC: All-Bond 2/Choice; RX: Single Bond/RelyX ARC; SB: Super-Bond CB and PF: Panavia F) in indirect composite/Dentin Adhesive joints. Methods: Flat Dentin surfaces were created on extracted human third molars. The resin cements were used according to the manufacturers' instructions for bonding silanized composite overlays to deep coronal Dentin. 0.9×0.9 composite–Dentin beams prepared from the luted specimens were stressed to failure in tension. Dentin sides of all fractured specimens were examined by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to examine the failure modes. In group PF, morphologic features that could not be resolved at the SEM level were further validated by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) examination of the SEM specimens. Results: Statistical analyses revealed significant difference (p Significance: The bond between the processed composite and the luting resin cement was the weak link in indirect composite restorations cemented with AC or RX. Super-Bond C&B exhibited intermediate tensile strength and Panavia F is less reliable when used in conjunction with a self-etching primer for bonding indirect restorations to Dentin.
J. D. Witt - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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chemical characterization of the Dentin Adhesive interface by fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
Dental Materials, 1992Co-Authors: Paulette Spencer, Thomas J Byerley, J. David Eick, J. D. WittAbstract:Abstract Irreversible bonding of composite materials to tooth structure depends on chemical as well as mechanical adhesion. The proposed bonding mechanism for several commercial dental Adhesives is chemical adhesion to the Dentin surface. The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to characterize the chemical nature of the surface interaction between Dentin and two commercial Adhesives by use of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR/PAS). The occlusal thirds of the crown of freshly extracted, non-carious, unerupted human molars were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Dentin disks, 6mm × 2 mm, were prepared from these sectioned teeth. The exposed Dentin surface was treated with either Scotchbond 2, a BIS-GMA resin, or Dentin-Adhesit, a polyurethane resin. All spectra were recorded from 4000 to 400 cm −1 by use of an Analect RFX-65 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an MTEC Photoacoustics Model 200 photoacoustic cell. An initial spectrum of the Dentin surface was collected. This surface was primed according to manufacture's instructions and spectra recorded of the primed surface plus one to three layers of Adhesive. By comparison of these spectra, it was possible for us to record changes in the phosphate and amide I and II bands due to surface interactions between the Adhesive and the Dentin. Although early results do not indicate covalent bonding between the Dentin and these Adhesives, this technique presents several advantages for spectroscopic evaluation of the Dentin/Adhesive interface.
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chemical characterization of the Dentin Adhesive interface by fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy
Dental Materials, 1992Co-Authors: Paulette Spencer, Thomas J Byerley, J.d. Eick, J. D. WittAbstract:Abstract Irreversible bonding of composite materials to tooth structure depends on chemical as well as mechanical adhesion. The proposed bonding mechanism for several commercial dental Adhesives is chemical adhesion to the Dentin surface. The purpose of this in vitro investigation was to characterize the chemical nature of the surface interaction between Dentin and two commercial Adhesives by use of Fourier transform infrared photoacoustic spectroscopy (FTIR/PAS). The occlusal thirds of the crown of freshly extracted, non-carious, unerupted human molars were sectioned perpendicular to the long axis. Dentin disks, 6mm × 2 mm, were prepared from these sectioned teeth. The exposed Dentin surface was treated with either Scotchbond 2, a BIS-GMA resin, or Dentin-Adhesit, a polyurethane resin. All spectra were recorded from 4000 to 400 cm −1 by use of an Analect RFX-65 FTIR spectrometer equipped with an MTEC Photoacoustics Model 200 photoacoustic cell. An initial spectrum of the Dentin surface was collected. This surface was primed according to manufacture's instructions and spectra recorded of the primed surface plus one to three layers of Adhesive. By comparison of these spectra, it was possible for us to record changes in the phosphate and amide I and II bands due to surface interactions between the Adhesive and the Dentin. Although early results do not indicate covalent bonding between the Dentin and these Adhesives, this technique presents several advantages for spectroscopic evaluation of the Dentin/Adhesive interface.
Anil Misra - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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tris trimethylsilyl silane as a co initiator for dental Adhesive photo polymerization kinetics and dynamic mechanical property
Dental Materials, 2016Co-Authors: Linyong Song, Anil Misra, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Abstract Objectives The purpose of this study was to evaluate the polymerization behavior of a model Dentin Adhesive with tris(trimethylsilyl)silane (TTMSS) as a co-initiator, and to investigate the polymerization kinetics and mechanical properties of copolymers in dry and wet conditions. Methods A co-monomer mixture based on HEMA/BisGMA (45/55, w/w) was used as a model Dentin Adhesive. The photoinitiator system included camphorquinone (CQ) as the photosensitizer and the co-initiator was ethyl-4-(dimethylamino) benzoate (EDMAB) or TTMSS. Iodonium salt, diphenyliodonium hexafluorophosphate (DPIHP) serving as a catalyst, was selectively added into the Adhesive formulations. The control and the experimental formulations were characterized with regard to the degree of conversion (DC) and dynamic mechanical properties under dry and wet conditions. Results In two-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS), with an increase of TTMSS concentration, the polymerization rate and DC of C C double bond increased, and showed a dependence on the irradiation time and curing light intensity. The copolymers that contained the three-component photoinitiator system (CQ/TTMSS/DPIHP) showed similar dynamic mechanical properties, under both dry and wet conditions, to the EDMAB-containing system. Significance The DC of formulations using TTMSS as co-initiator showed a strong dependence on irradiation time. With the addition of TTMSS, the maximum polymerization rate can be adjusted and the network structure became more homogenous. The results indicated that the TTMSS could be used as a substitute for amine-type co-initiator in visible-light induced free radical polymerization of methacrylate-based Dentin Adhesives.
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synthesis and evaluation of novel dental monomer with branched carboxyl acid group
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, 2014Co-Authors: Qiang Ye, Anil Misra, Linyong Song, Xueping Ge, Jennifer S Laurence, Cynthia L Berrie, Paulette SpencerAbstract:To enhance the water miscibility and increase the mechanical properties of Dentin Adhesives, a new glycerol-based monomer with vinyl and carboxylic acid, 4-((1,3-bis(-methacryloyloxy)propan-2-yl)oxy)-2-methylene-4-oxobutanoic acid (BMPMOB), was synthesized and characterized. Dentin Adhesive formulations containing 2-hydroxyethyl methacrylate (HEMA), 2,2-bis[4-(2-hydroxy-3-methacryloxypropoxy) phenyl]propane (BisGMA), and BMPMOB were characterized with regard to real-time photopolymerization behavior, water sorption, dynamic mechanical analysis, and microscale three-dimensional internal morphologies and compared with HEMA/BisGMA controls. The experimental Adhesive copolymers showed higher glass transition temperature and rubbery moduli, as well as improved water miscibility compared to the controls. The enhanced properties of the Adhesive copolymers indicated that BMPMOB is a promising comonomer for dental restorative materials.
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Swelling equilibrium of Dentin Adhesive polymers formed on the water-Adhesive phase boundary: experiments and micromechanical model.
Acta Biomaterialia, 2013Co-Authors: Anil Misra, Viraj Singh, Qiang Ye, Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Abstract During their application to the wet, oral environment, Dentin Adhesives can experience phase separation and composition change, which can compromise the quality of the hybrid layer formed at the Dentin–Adhesive interface. The chemical composition of polymer phases formed in the hybrid layer can be represented using a ternary water–Adhesive phase diagram. In this paper, these polymer phases are characterized using a suite of mechanical tests and swelling experiments. The experimental results were evaluated using a granular micromechanics-based model incorporating poro-mechanical effects and polymer–solvent thermodynamics. The variation in the model parameters and model-predicted polymer properties was studied as a function of composition along the phase boundary. The resulting structure–property correlations provide insight into interactions occurring at the molecular level in the saturated polymer system. These correlations can be used for modeling the mechanical behavior of the hybrid layer, and are expected to aid in the design and improvement of water-compatible Dentin Adhesive polymers.
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Diffusion coefficients of water and leachables in methacrylate-based crosslinked polymers using absorption experiments
Journal of Materials Science: Materials in Medicine, 2012Co-Authors: Ranganathan Parthasarathy, Jonggu Park, Anil Misra, Paulette SpencerAbstract:The diffusion of water into Dentin Adhesive polymers and leaching of unpolymerized monomer from the Adhesive are linked to their mechanical softening and hydrolytic degradation. Therefore, diffusion coefficient data are critical for the mechanical design of these polymeric Adhesives. In this study, diffusion coefficients of water and leachables were obtained for sixteen methacrylate-based crosslinked polymers using absorption experiments. The experimental mass change data was interpreted using numerical solution of the two-dimensional diffusion equations. The calculated diffusion coefficients varied from 1.05 × 10^−8 cm^2/sec (co-monomer TMTMA) to 3.15 × 10^−8 cm^2/sec (co-monomer T4EGDMA). Correlation of the diffusion coefficients with crosslink density and hydrophilicity showed an inverse trend ( R ^2 = 0.41). The correlation of diffusion coefficient with crosslink density and hydrophilicity are closer for molecules differing by simple repeat units ( R ^2 = 0.95). These differences in the trends reveal mechanisms of interaction of the diffusing water with the polymer structure.
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fatigue life prediction of Dentin Adhesive interface using micromechanical stress analysis
Dental Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Viraj Singh, Orestes Marangos, Qiang Ye, Jonggu Park, Anil Misra, Sarah L Kieweg, Paulette SpencerAbstract:Abstract Objectives The objective of this work was to develop a methodology for the prediction of fatigue life of the Dentin–Adhesive (d–a) interface. Methods At the micro-scale, the d–a interface is composed of dissimilar material components. Under global loading, these components experience different local stress amplitudes. The overall fatigue life of the d–a interface is, therefore, determined by the material component that has the shortest fatigue life under local stresses. Multiple 3d finite element (FE) models were developed to determine the stress distribution within the d–a interface by considering variations in micro-scale geometry, material composition and boundary conditions. The results from these models were analyzed to obtain the local stress concentrations within each d–a interface component. By combining the local stress concentrations and experimentally determined stress versus number of cycle to failure (S–N) curves for the different material components, the overall fatigue life of the d–a interface was predicted. Results The fatigue life was found to be a function of the applied loading amplitude, boundary conditions, microstructure and the mechanical properties of the material components of the d–a interface. In addition, it was found that the overall fatigue life of the d–a interface is not determined by the weakest material component. In many cases, the overall fatigue life was determined by the Adhesive although exposed collagen was the weakest material component. Comparison of the predicted results with experimental data from the literature showed both qualitative and quantitative agreement. Significance The methodology developed for fatigue life prediction can provide insight into the mechanisms that control degradation of the bond formed at the d–a interface.
Changgok Chang - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of the hydrophilic nanofiller loading on the mechanical properties and the microtensile bond strength of an ethanol based one bottle Dentin Adhesive
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research Part B, 2005Co-Authors: Chung Moon Um, Myunghwan Oh, Changgok ChangAbstract:This study evaluated the hypothesis that if hydrophilic nanofillers were dispersed evenly within the Adhesive layer under moist conditions, adding them to a one-bottle Dentin Adhesive might improve the mechanical properties of the Adhesive layer, and accordingly increase the bond strength. The flexural strength (FS), the degree of conversion (DC), and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) to the Dentin of four experimental ethanol-based one-bottle Dentin Adhesives containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 wt % of 12-nm hydrophilic fumed silica were evaluated, and the distribution of the nanofillers were compared using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although the nanofiller content did not affect the DC, the FS tended to increase with increasing nanofiller content. The MTBS appeared to increase when up to 1.0 wt % of the nanofillers were added, but they were statistically not significant. However, when 3.0 wt % of the nanofillers were added, the MTBS decreased significantly comparing to the Adhesive containing 0.5 wt % nanofillers (p < 0.05). The TEM image suggested that if the nanofillers within the Adhesive were 3.0 wt % and applied to a wet Dentin surface, they aggregated easily into large clusters and would decrease the MTBS. © 2004 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part B: Appl Biomater 72B: 284–291, 2005
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effect of the hydrophilic nanofiller loading on the mechanical properties and the microtensile bond strength of an ethanol based one bottle Dentin Adhesive
Journal of Biomedical Materials Research, 2005Co-Authors: Chung Moon Um, Myunghwan Oh, Changgok ChangAbstract:This study evaluated the hypothesis that if hydrophilic nanofillers were dispersed evenly within the Adhesive layer under moist conditions, adding them to a one-bottle Dentin Adhesive might improve the mechanical properties of the Adhesive layer, and accordingly increase the bond strength. The flexural strength (FS), the degree of conversion (DC), and the microtensile bond strength (MTBS) to the Dentin of four experimental ethanol-based one-bottle Dentin Adhesives containing 0, 0.5, 1.0, and 3.0 wt % of 12-nm hydrophilic fumed silica were evaluated, and the distribution of the nanofillers were compared using transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Although the nanofiller content did not affect the DC, the FS tended to increase with increasing nanofiller content. The MTBS appeared to increase when up to 1.0 wt % of the nanofillers were added, but they were statistically not significant. However, when 3.0 wt % of the nanofillers were added, the MTBS decreased significantly comparing to the Adhesive containing 0.5 wt % nanofillers (p < 0.05). The TEM image suggested that if the nanofillers within the Adhesive were 3.0 wt % and applied to a wet Dentin surface, they aggregated easily into large clusters and would decrease the MTBS.