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Sumin Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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formaldehyde and tvoc emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Hyun-joong KimAbstract:Formaldehyde was measured with a Desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32 °C using the Desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20 L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20 L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.
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emission behavior of formaldehyde and tvoc from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems
Building and Environment, 2010Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Janghoo SeoAbstract:Abstract Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a Desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a Desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system.
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the reduction of indoor air pollutant from wood based composite by adding pozzolan for building materials
Construction and Building Materials, 2009Co-Authors: Sumin KimAbstract:Abstract The purpose of this study was to investigate the physico-mechanical properties and characteristics on reduction of formaldehyde and total volatile organic compound (TVOC) emission from medium density fiberboard (MDF) as furniture materials with added volcanic pozzolan. Pozzolan was added as a scavenger to urea formaldehyde (UF) resin for MDF manufacture. The moisture content, density, thickness swelling, water absorption and physical properties of MDFs were examined. Three-point bending strength and internal bond strength were determined using a universal testing machine. Formaldehyde and TVOC were determined by Desiccator and 20 L small chamber methods as Korean standards method. With increasing pozzolan content the physical and mechanical properties of the MDFs were not significantly changed, but formaldehyde and TVOC emissions were decreased. Because pozzolan has a rough and irregular surface with porous form, it can be used as a scavenger for MDFs without any detrimental effect on the physical and mechanical properties.
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environment friendly adhesives for surface bonding of wood based flooring using natural tannin to reduce formaldehyde and tvoc emission
Bioresource Technology, 2009Co-Authors: Sumin KimAbstract:Abstract The objective of this research was to develop environment-friendly adhesives for face fancy veneer bonding of engineered flooring using the natural tannin form bark in the wood. The natural wattle tannin adhesive were used to replace UF resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system in order to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. PVAc was added to the natural tannin adhesive to increase viscosity of tannin adhesive for surface bonding. For tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives, 5%, 10%, 20% and 30% of PVAc to the natural tannin adhesives were added. tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives showed better bonding than the commercial natural tannin adhesive with a higher level of wood penetration. The initial adhesion strength was sufficient to be maintained within the optimum initial tack range. The standard formaldehyde emission test (Desiccator method), field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC) and VOC analyzer were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with commercial the natural tannin adhesive and tannin/PVAc hybrid adhesives. By Desiccator method and FLEC, the formaldehyde emission level of each adhesive showed the similar tendency. All adhesives satisfied the E 1 grade (below 1.5 mg/L) and E 0 grade (below 0.5 mg/L) with UV coating. VOC emission results by FLEC and VOC analyzer were different with the formaldehyde emission results. TVOC emission was slightly increased as adding PVAc.
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tvoc and formaldehyde emission behaviors from flooring materials bonded with environmental friendly mf pvac hybrid resins
Indoor Air, 2007Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Jin-a Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Shin Do Kim, Jin Chul ParkAbstract:UNLABELLED Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. A variety of techniques, including 20-l chamber, field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), VOC analyzer and standard formaldehyde emission test (Desiccator method), were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with five different MF resin and PVAc blends at MF/PVAc ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. Although urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin had the highest formaldehyde emission, the emission as determined by Desiccator method was reduced by exchanging with MF resin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission level was decreased with increasing addition of PVAc as the replacement for MF resin. UF resin in the case of beech was over 5.0 mg/l, which exceeded E2 (1.5-5.0 mg/l) grade. However, MF30:PVAc70 was
Hyun-joong Kim - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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formaldehyde and tvoc emission behavior of laminate flooring by structure of laminate flooring and heating condition
Journal of Hazardous Materials, 2011Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Hyun-joong KimAbstract:Formaldehyde was measured with a Desiccator, a 20 L chamber and the FLEC method. The formaldehyde emission rate from laminate was the highest at 32 °C using the Desiccator, which then decreased with time. The formaldehyde emission using the 20 L small chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. There was a strong correlation between the formaldehyde and total volatile organic compounds (TVOCs) with both types of floorings using the two different methods. The formaldehyde emission rate and TVOC results were higher when tested using the FLEC method than with the 20 L small chamber method. The emission rate was affected by the joint edge length in laminate flooring. Toluene, ethylbenzene and xylene were the main VOCs emitted from laminate flooring, and there were more unidentified VOCs emitted than identified VOCs. The samples heated with a floor heating system emitted more formaldehyde than those heated using an air circulation system due to the temperature difference between the bottom panel and flooring. The TVOC emission level of the samples was higher when an air circulation system was used than when a floor heating system was used due to the high ventilation rate.
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emission behavior of formaldehyde and tvoc from engineered flooring in under heating and air circulation systems
Building and Environment, 2010Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Janghoo SeoAbstract:Abstract Formaldehyde and volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from the adhesive, flooring, and flooring with adhesive were measured using a Desiccator, a 20-L chamber and a field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC). Flooring with an adhesive is similar to that used in construction was applied to a floor heating system and an air circulation system, and the surface temperature of the flooring was set to 20 °C, 26 °C and 32 °C. The rate of formaldehyde emission from the flooring was the highest at 32 °C using a Desiccator and decreased with time. The formaldehyde and aldehyde emissions from the samples using a 20-L chamber and FLEC showed a similar tendency. The VOCs emission trends with the 20-L chamber and FLEC were similar. The rate of formaldehyde and TVOC emission determined using FLEC was higher than that determined using the 20-L chamber method. The flooring emitted primarily benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, styrene, xylene, as well as some unknown VOCs. There was a strong correlation between formaldehyde and TVOC emission for the 20-L chamber and FLEC. Samples using a floor heating system showed higher formaldehyde emission than those using an air circulation system. The level of TVOC emission was higher from the samples using an air circulation system than those using the floor heating system.
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tvoc and formaldehyde emission behaviors from flooring materials bonded with environmental friendly mf pvac hybrid resins
Indoor Air, 2007Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Jin-a Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Shin Do Kim, Jin Chul ParkAbstract:UNLABELLED Polyvinyl acetate (PVAc) was added as a replacement for melamine-formaldehyde (MF) resin in the formaldehyde-based resin system to reduce formaldehyde and volatile organic compound (VOC) emissions from the adhesives used between plywoods and fancy veneers. A variety of techniques, including 20-l chamber, field and laboratory emission cell (FLEC), VOC analyzer and standard formaldehyde emission test (Desiccator method), were used to determine the formaldehyde and VOC emissions from engineered flooring bonded with five different MF resin and PVAc blends at MF/PVAc ratios of 100:0, 70:30, 50:50, 30:70 and 0:100. Although urea-formaldehyde (UF) resin had the highest formaldehyde emission, the emission as determined by Desiccator method was reduced by exchanging with MF resin. Furthermore, the formaldehyde emission level was decreased with increasing addition of PVAc as the replacement for MF resin. UF resin in the case of beech was over 5.0 mg/l, which exceeded E2 (1.5-5.0 mg/l) grade. However, MF30:PVAc70 was
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the effects of edge sealing treatment applied to wood based composites on formaldehyde emission by Desiccator test method
Polymer Testing, 2006Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Jin-a Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Hwa Hyoung Lee, Dongwon YoonAbstract:Abstract Formaldehyde emissions were measured with the Japanese industrial standard Desiccator (JIS A 1460) method for particleboard (PB) and medium density fiberboard (MDF) as furniture materials, 8 mm laminate flooring, and engineered flooring as flooring materials. To measure the formaldehyde surface emissions, the edge of each sample was sealed with either parafilm, polyethylene wax or aluminum foil. To determine the effect of thickness, emissions from PB and MDF of 9, 12, 15, 18 and 20 mm thicknesses were measured. The difference between sealing methods was relatively small but the difference from unsealed was large, confirming the need for a test procedure incorporating edge sealing. The reduction rate of formaldehyde emission from PB and MDF was 50–80% for flooring materials and about 30% for furniture materials. The greater core porosity in PB than in MDF may have caused the large reduction of formaldehyde emission from the edge sealed samples. The amount of formaldehyde emitted from the edge was significantly higher in PB than in MDF. These results need to be considered when using the Desiccator test to measure formaldehyde emission from flooring and furniture materials.
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determination of formaldehyde and tvoc emission factor from wood based composites by small chamber method
Polymer Testing, 2006Co-Authors: Sumin Kim, Jin-a Kim, Hyun-joong Kim, Shin Do KimAbstract:Abstract This paper assesses the reproducibility of testing formaldehyde and TVOC emissions from wood-based composites such as medium density fiberboard (MDF), particleboard (PB), laminate flooring, and engineered flooring using Desiccator, perforator and 20 L small chamber methods. According to Desiccator and perforator standards, the formaldehyde emission level of each flooring was ⩽ E 1 grade. The formaldehyde emission of MDF and PB was 3.48 mg/L PB and 5.38 mg/L by the Desiccator method, and 8.57/100 g and 10.21/100 g PB by the perforator method, respectively. A 20 L small chamber was developed in Japan with performance in compliance with ASTM, ECA reports, and ENV 13419-1. To determine formaldehyde emission, the peak areas of each wood-based composite were calculated from aldehyde chromatograms obtained using the 20 L small chamber method. Formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein/acetone, propionaldehyde, methacrolein, 2-butanone/butyraldehyde, benzaldehyde and isovaleraldehyde were detected as aldehyde compounds. In this experiment, it was found that MDF and PB emitted hexanal, pinenes, pentanal, nonanal, heptanal, octanol, etc. MDF and PB emitted significantly greater amounts of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) than the flooring materials did.
Krisyudhanti Emma - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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Penyerapan Air Dan Kelarutan Bahan Semen Ionomer Kaca Sebagai Penutup Pit Dan Fisur Gigi
'Poltekkes Kemenkes Kupang', 2018Co-Authors: Krisyudhanti EmmaAbstract:BACKGROUND: Pit and fissure sealants are materials that are often used for preventive maintenance, especially on occlusal surfaces of teeth that are susceptible to caries. All restoration materials that come into contact with water will experience 2 mechanisms, namely the absorption of water, which causes matrix swelling and increased mass and water solubility, namely the release of components from unreacted monomers and causing reduced mass. OBJECTIVE: Measure the value of water absorption and solubility of glass ionomer cement as a cover of the pit and fissure of the tooth. METHODS: 18 specimens of glass ionomer cement sealant material manipulated according to the manufacturer's instructions consisted of six specimens measuring 15 mm in diameter and 1 mm in thickness made for each immersion time. The specimen was put into a Desiccator at 37°C for 22 hours and then put into another Desiccator with a temperature of 23°C for 2 hours. The specimen was weighed with a precision scale of 0.1 mg. Measurements are carried out repeatedly until a constant mass is obtained (M1). Next, the specimen was put into 40 ml of aquabides and stored in a Desiccator at 37°C for 1 day, 2 days and 7 days. At the end of each immersion time, the specimen was removed from aquabides, dried with suction paper and vibrated in the air for 15 seconds. Specimens are weighed to get M2. The specimens were reconditioned to the Desiccator at 37°C for 22 hours and then put into another Desiccator with a temperature of 23°C for 2 hours and this procedure was repeated one day later, then the mass was weighed repeatedly until a constant mass was obtained (M3). RESEARCH RESULTS: The Kruskal-Wallis statistical test shows that there is no significant difference in the average water absorption value and solubility of materials for immersion for 1 day, 2 days and 7 days. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS: The absorption rate of glass ionomer cement as a cover of dental pit & fissure decreased until the second day and increased until the seventh day, with an average absorption of water for 1 day immersion of 42.68mg/mm³, 2 days 40, 53mg/mm³ and 7 days 42.99mg/mm³. Solubility value in water of glass ionomer cement as a cover of dental pit & fissure decreased until the second day then increased until the seventh day, with an average solubility of material for immersion for 1 day at 41.46mg/mm³, 2 days 39.39mg/mm³ and 7 days 41,91mg/mm³. It was said that there was no significant difference in the value of water absorption and solubility of materials during the immersion period of 1, 2 and 7 days. It is recommended that in the application of glass ionomer cement as a cover of dental pits and fissures, please note in the provision of varnish or protector to reduce the occurrence of water absorption and solubility of the material. In addition, the pit and fissure of the tooth that has been covered should be controlled 3 months later to find out if the cover is still intact or has been damaged or loose. It is also recommended that there is further research to determine the value of water absorption and solubility of ingredients if soaked in artificial saliva for more than 7 days.LATAR BELAKANG: Pit dan fissure sealant merupakan bahan yang sering digunakan untuk perawatan pencegahan, khususnya pada permukaan oklusal gigi yang rentan karies. Semua bahan restorasi yang berkontak dengan air akan mengalami 2 mekanisme, yaitu penyerapan air, yang menyebabkan pembengkakan matriks serta meningkatnya massa dan kelarutan air, yaitu terlepasnya komponen dari monomer yang tidak bereaksi dan menyebabkan berkurangnya massa. TUJUAN: mengukur nilai penyerapan air dan kelarutan bahan semen ionomer kaca sebagai penutup pit dan fisur gigi. METODE: Sebanyak 18 spesimen material sealant semen ionomer kaca dimanipulasi sesuai petunjuk pabrik terdiri dari masing-masing enam spesimen berukuran diameter 15 mm dan tebal 1 mm dibuat untuk setiap waktu perendaman. Spesimen tersebut dimasukkan ke dalam desikator bersuhu 37°C selama 22 jam dan kemudian dimasukkan ke desikator lainnya yang bersuhu 23°C selama 2 jam. Spesimen ditimbang dengan timbangan presisi 0,1 mg. Pengukuran dilakukan berulangkali sampai massa konstan didapatkan (M1). Berikutnya spesimen dimasukkan ke dalam 40 ml aquabides dan disimpan pada desikator bersuhu 37°C selama 1 hari, 2 hari dan 7 hari. Pada akhir setiap waktu perendaman, spesimen dipindahkan dari aquabides, dikeringkan dengan kertas penghisap dan digetarkan di udara selama 15 detik. Spesimen ditimbang untuk mendapatkan M2. Spesimen direkondisi dengan dimasukkan ke dalam desikator bersuhu 37°C selama 22 jam dan kemudian dimasukkan ke dalam desikator lainnya yang bersuhu 23°C selama 2 jam dan prosedur ini diulang pada satu hari berikutnya, kemudian massa ditimbang berulangkali sampai massa konstan didapatkan (M3). HASIL PENELITIAN: Uji statistic Kruskal-Wallis menunjukkan bahwa tidak terdapat perbedaan yang signifikan dari nilai rata-rata penyerapan air dan kelarutan bahan untuk perendaman selam 1 hari, 2 hari dan 7 hari. KESIMPULAN DAN SARAN: Nilai penyerapan air semen ionomer kaca sebagai penutup pit & fisur gigi mengalami penurunan hingga hari kedua lalu meningkat hingga hari ketujuh, dengan rata-rata penyerapan air untuk perendaman selama 1 hari sebesar 42,68mg/mm³, 2 hari 40,53mg/mm³ dan 7 hari 42,99mg/mm³. Nilai kelarutan dalam air semen ionomer kaca sebagai penutup pit & fisur gigi mengalami penurunan hingga hari kedua lalu meningkat hingga hari ketujuh, dengan rata-rata kelarutan bahan untuk perendaman selama 1 hari sebesar 41,46mg/mm³, 2 hari 39,39mg/mm³ dan 7 hari 41,91mg/mm³. dikatakan bahwa tidak ada perbedaan yang signifikan untuk nilai penyerapan air dan kelarutan bahan selama masa perendaman 1, 2 dan 7 hari. Disarankan agar dalam pengaplikasian semen ionomer kaca sebagai penutup pit dan fisur gigi harap diperhatikan dalam pemberian varnish atau pelindung agar mengurangi terjadinya penyerapan air dan kelarutan bahan. Selain itu, pit dan fisur gigi yang sudah diberi penutup, hendaknya dikontrol 3 bulan kemudian untuk mengetahui apakah penutupnya masih utuh atau sudah rusak maupun lepas. Disarankan pula agar ada penelitian lanjutan untuk mengetahui nilai penyerapan air dan kelarutan bahan jika direndam di dalam saliva buatan selama lebih dari 7 hari
Zeli Que - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of loading ratio conditioning time and air exchange rate on the formaldehyde emission from wood based board using large chamber and Desiccator method
Composites Part B-engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Zeli Que, Feibin Wang, Takeshi FurunoAbstract:Abstract The emission of formaldehyde is critical factor in the evaluation of environment and health effects of wood-based composite materials. Different test methods are used in different countries. The comparison study was done between commonly used American test methods, large chamber ASTM E1333-10, and Japanese Desiccator method JIS A 1460-2001 for testing Formaldehyde emission form 16 mm uncoated particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) under the different conditioning days, air exchange rates, and loading ratios. In case of reduction of the loading ratios, the good correlation between the large chamber method and the Desiccator test could be obtained for particleboard tested. With the reduction of the loading ratios, the correlation between the large chamber method and the Desiccator test was improved. At the loading ratio of 0.04 ft2/ft3, the coefficients of determination (R2) showed 0.995 for 0.5 AC/HR, and 0.989 for 1.0 AC/HR. Large chamber emission rate at 1.0 AC/HR was 0.727 time Large chamber emission rate at 0.5 AC/HR.
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formaldehyde emission from wood products relationship between the values by the chamber method and those by the Desiccator test
Wood Science and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Zeli Que, Takeshi FurunoAbstract:The formaldehyde off-gassing properties of various wood products were evaluated under environment conditions that simulate conditions of mobile home. The formaldehyde concentrations observed in the chamber were correlated to the 24-h Desiccator formaldehyde potentials. It was found that 24-h Desiccator values did correlate to formaldehyde levels in the chamber at a given temperature, relative humidity, air change rate, and sample loading. The 24-h Desiccator method correlated to each other for a given wood product. Formaldehyde levels of wood products tested in combination reflected the levels of the highest single emitter. Formaldehyde concentrations from combinations of particleboards and plywood panels may be predicted from their single chamber K factor using the modified Hoetjer equation. Double loading of a single wood product did not double the chamber concentration at the low air change rate and sample loading. Finally, the formaldehyde concentrations observed in the chamber under conditions that simulated mobile loadings of wood product, air change rate, temperature, and humidity relate to real wood formaldehyde levels.
Takeshi Furuno - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.
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effect of loading ratio conditioning time and air exchange rate on the formaldehyde emission from wood based board using large chamber and Desiccator method
Composites Part B-engineering, 2013Co-Authors: Zeli Que, Feibin Wang, Takeshi FurunoAbstract:Abstract The emission of formaldehyde is critical factor in the evaluation of environment and health effects of wood-based composite materials. Different test methods are used in different countries. The comparison study was done between commonly used American test methods, large chamber ASTM E1333-10, and Japanese Desiccator method JIS A 1460-2001 for testing Formaldehyde emission form 16 mm uncoated particleboard and medium density fiberboard (MDF) under the different conditioning days, air exchange rates, and loading ratios. In case of reduction of the loading ratios, the good correlation between the large chamber method and the Desiccator test could be obtained for particleboard tested. With the reduction of the loading ratios, the correlation between the large chamber method and the Desiccator test was improved. At the loading ratio of 0.04 ft2/ft3, the coefficients of determination (R2) showed 0.995 for 0.5 AC/HR, and 0.989 for 1.0 AC/HR. Large chamber emission rate at 1.0 AC/HR was 0.727 time Large chamber emission rate at 0.5 AC/HR.
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formaldehyde emission from wood products relationship between the values by the chamber method and those by the Desiccator test
Wood Science and Technology, 2007Co-Authors: Zeli Que, Takeshi FurunoAbstract:The formaldehyde off-gassing properties of various wood products were evaluated under environment conditions that simulate conditions of mobile home. The formaldehyde concentrations observed in the chamber were correlated to the 24-h Desiccator formaldehyde potentials. It was found that 24-h Desiccator values did correlate to formaldehyde levels in the chamber at a given temperature, relative humidity, air change rate, and sample loading. The 24-h Desiccator method correlated to each other for a given wood product. Formaldehyde levels of wood products tested in combination reflected the levels of the highest single emitter. Formaldehyde concentrations from combinations of particleboards and plywood panels may be predicted from their single chamber K factor using the modified Hoetjer equation. Double loading of a single wood product did not double the chamber concentration at the low air change rate and sample loading. Finally, the formaldehyde concentrations observed in the chamber under conditions that simulated mobile loadings of wood product, air change rate, temperature, and humidity relate to real wood formaldehyde levels.