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Michael D Symans - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • introducing middle school students to engineering principles using educational bridge Design software
    Journal of Engineering Education, 2000
    Co-Authors: Michael D Symans
    Abstract:

    In an effort to motivate middle school students to consider future careers in engineering, an educational outreach program was developed and implemented during National Engineers Week. The outreach program concentrated on bridge engineering and was presented within one day to the entire eighth grade student population of the local public school system. The program began with a presentation on careers in engineering with a particular emphasis placed on bridge engineering. Fundamental engineering concepts used in bridge Design were then explained. The students used these concepts to Design a single-span truss bridge using an educational bridge Design software program. Finally, a bridge Design Competition was held in which the students attempted to optimize the Design of their bridge.

Hart Seth - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • AIChE National Student Design Competition: Modular distributed ammonia synthesis, Group 2
    2020
    Co-Authors: Robisch Savannah, Thomas Jake, Myer Gentry, Hart Seth
    Abstract:

    In the United States ammonia is primarily produced along the Gulf Coast due to the availability of cheap, abundant natural gas. However, the majority of the ammonia is used for fertilizer and shipped to agricultural regions. Shipping is expensive and can lead to hazardous or dangerous incidents. An option to change the current ammonia supply chain includes Designing a clean, modular ammonia plant capable of producing 50 mtpd in the Minnesota River Valley. Designing the plant required exploration and analysis of different processes in clean, modular ammonia synthesis. Various process Design elements were considered, but ultimately the most inherently safe, clean, and economically attractive processes were chosen. The ammonia plant Design consists of nitrogen generation via pressure swing adsorption, hydrogen generation via electrolysis of water, anhydrous ammonia synthesis via the Haber Bosch process, and the installation of a wind farm to decrease the overall electricity cost. The capital cost to construct a grassroots modular facility in the Minnesota River Valley is estimated to be $63.9 million. The ammonia production process consists of 12 compressors, 15 heat exchangers, 10 electrolyzers, 6 vessels, 2 adsorbers, 1 plug flow reactor, 1 water purifier, and 1 ammonia storage tank. All of the equipment was Designed for a modular purpose. A total of 15 operators will be needed for an annual cost of $898 thousand. The utility costs are estimated to be around $1.23 million. The utility costs were mitigated with the addition of the wind farm to cover the electricity needs of the plant. Once becoming more aware of the location and current legislation, tax breaks and incentives for environmentally friendly process plants will be considered. Due to extra capital cost being invested into a more environmentally aware production facility, tax incentives will be advantageous to plant value. The project has an annual revenue of $14.6 million, a 20-year useful plant life, and minimum acceptable rate of return of 8%. The NPV of the project is $21.8 million with a DCFROR of 3.66% and payback period of 14 years. The process is economically attractive but not viable under current circumstances due to such large deviation within the sensitivity analysis

Cathelijne Nuijsink - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Negotiating Comfort in the Metropolis: Peter Cook, Toyō Itō, and the Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition, 1977 and 1988
    'OpenEdition', 2021
    Co-Authors: Cathelijne Nuijsink
    Abstract:

    This investigation approaches the annual Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) as a productive cross-cultural medium of exchange that generates new architectural knowledge. It situates this international Competition of ideas in a long history of transnational encounters, to identify the contours of the ideological shift from the consolidation of modernist ideals to their critique. The paper highlights the iteration of the lack of “comfort” of modernist architecture, tracing the origins of this critique by referencing the 1977 and 1988 Competitions, during which the respective judges Peter Cook and Toyō Itō challenged architects to devise innovative housing proposals to attain “comfort in the metropolis.” It initially employs a synchronic approach to investigate the origins of Cook’s Competition theme, the multiple winning entries, the judges’ final remarks, and the after-effects of the Competitions to apprehend how discrete geographies negotiated the notion of comfort. Next, the paper juxtaposes the outcomes of both years of the Competition to offer a diachronic analysis of how architects have conceived the house and the city differently through time. This investigation reveals that the mechanism of this longstanding, idea-based Competition confronts two judges’ positions to understand their cultural and architectural differences

Nesterova Anna - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • SunSat Design Competition 2014-2015 Second Place Winner – Team SunFlower: Thermal Power Satellite
    OHIO Open Library, 2021
    Co-Authors: Henson Keith, Nixon Steve, Holland Kris, Nesterova Anna
    Abstract:

    Space-based Solar Power has failed to be competitive on cost in spite of decades of study. A new approach appears to resolve the cost issue, undercutting coal and opening huge markets for low cost solar power from space. There are two parts to the problem. First is the cost of lifting parts to Geosynchronous Earth Orbit (GEO; second is the mass of parts that make up a power satellite. Our team is proposing a combination that makes use of Skylon to Low Earth Orbit (LEO), and a 15,000 ton payload ground powered electric propulsion from LEO to GEO. This strategy reduces the cost to under $200/kg, a 100-to-one reduction from the current cost for lifting communication satellites to GEO. Reaching these numbers requires a Skylon flight rate in excess of 10,000 per year. Even at $200/kg, the economics cannot tolerate more than 6.5 kg/kW for power satellites to undercut coal, e.g., 32,500 tons for a 5 GWe satellite. Low (20%) efficient photovoltaic (PV) systems are very difficult to reduce below 10 kg/kW. A 60% efficient thermal Design has one third of the light intercepting area of a 20% efficient PV power satellite. Carnot considerations require a high temperature ratio between boilers and radiators. The thermal cycles considered in our approach use concentrating mirrors to direct sunlight into high-temperature boilers. The first working fluid proposed is potassium. After passing through a high temperature turbine, the condensing potassium heats a second working fluid (water or super critical CO2). Waste heat is channeled to low-temperature condensing radiators. Analysis found the radiators to be a relatively small part of the power satellite mass. Concentrators, boilers, turbines, generators, heat radiators and the transmitter massed close enough to 32,500 tons to merit further detailed investigation. The total, including rectenna, parts cost, labor and transportation, came to ~$2400/kW. Levelized cost of electricity from $2400 capital expense came to 3 cents per kWh, comfortably undercutting coal at 4 cents. Displacing coal on financial merits bypasses debates about CO2 buildup and climatology. If Designs and economics can be verified, and assuming rapid expansion beyond the first dozen power satellites, the human race could be off fossil fuels as early as the mid-2030s. To achieve this goal, power satellites must cost less than $2400/kW, installed. It all depends on keeping the power satellite reasonably low in mass and transportation costs extremely low. Click here to see this team video: Team SunFlower - 2015 SunSat Design Competitio

  • SunSat Design Competition 2015-2016 First Place Winner – Team Space Transport: Power Satellites Beamed Energy Bootstrapping
    OHIO Open Library, 2021
    Co-Authors: Henson Keith, Nesterova Anna
    Abstract:

    This International SunSat Design Competition first-place winner for 2016 describes a beamed energy transport system that will operate in Space above low earth orbit (LEO) as a way to move power satellite parts into high orbits. This Design, entitled “Beamed Energy Bootstrapping,” makes use of small propulsion power satellites to provide the energy for space-based vehicles using electric arcjets. The proposal lays out a scheme to get the first propulsion power satellite in place without damage as it passes through the orbiting space junk below 2000 km. Click here to see the video: Space Transport for Power Satellites Beamed Energy Bootstrappin

  • SunSat Design Competition 2013-2014 Second Place Winner – Team Solar Maximum LLC: Sun-Synchronous Orbits
    OHIO Open Library, 2021
    Co-Authors: Jones, Danny R., Nesterova Anna
    Abstract:

    The orbital location of PowerSats plays a critical role in determining the mass of the solar power satellite (PowerSat) transmitter and the size of the rectenna on the Earth’s surface. These in turn play an important role in the cost of deploying the PowerSat, especially the cost of launching the PowerSat into orbit as the transmitter makes up a large part of the PowerSats mass. We will consider a new approach to PowerSat orbital positioning by considering a circular sun-synchronous orbit at 5,185.3 kilometers with an inclination of 142.1 degrees. Locating the PowerSat at this location offers several benefits and only one major drawback. The benefits include small transmitter, small ground rectenna, small minimum power levels, constant energy production and constant energy delivery. The one drawback in that this location is in the inner Van Allen radiation belt, which is a high radiation environment. Locating the PowerSat in the radiation belt is problematic as the radiation can damage the solar cells. However, the use of highly concentrated solar energy can potentially be used to heal the damaged solar cells, thereby providing a reasonable solution to the problem of radiation damage. Ideally the use of highly concentrated solar energy would be used in the Design of the PowerSat anyway to reduce the mass to orbit requirements. By placing the PowerSat constellation in a medium Earth orbit (MEO) that is sun-synchronous the constellation can provide continuous power to specific sites on the ground. However, SPS in this orbit, which is the most intense region of the Earth’s Van Allen radiation belt, would require dramatic advances in radiation hardening for all systems. Solar arrays, in particular have been found to be susceptible to degradation due to exposure to radiation. Self-regeneration of solar cells using heat has already been demonstrated at the experimental stage and the high heat level available at 2,000 suns solar concentration should be sufficient to heal the cells. Concentrated solar energy can potentially reduce PowerSat energy production system mass by an order of magnitude (90%). This combined with a close orbit which can reduce transmitter mass by an order of magnitude (90%), will allow for the development and deployment of much smaller, more mass efficient PowerSats. In addition to these advantages the PowerSats will also have a much lower minimum power level which means that much smaller systems can be deployed incrementally rather than building massive PowerSats as has been proposed in the past. This paper and accompanying visualization will discuss the benefits of combining concentrated solar energy at 2,000 suns concentration with an MEO sun-synchronous orbit at 5,185.3 kilometers with an inclination of 142.1 degrees to achieve a low mass PowerSat and how to overcome the problem of a high radiation environment by taking advantage of the solar energy available to periodically heal the solar cells. Click here to see the video: Concentrated Solar in Sun-Synchronous Orbit - 2014 SunSat Design Competitio

Nuijsink Cathelijne - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Negotiating Comfort in the Metropolis: Peter Cook, Toyō Itō, and the Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition, 1977 and 1988
    'OpenEdition', 2021
    Co-Authors: Nuijsink Cathelijne
    Abstract:

    This investigation approaches the annual Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) as a productive cross-cultural medium of exchange that generates new architectural knowledge. It situates this international Competition of ideas in a long history of transnational encounters, to identify the contours of the ideological shift from the consolidation of modernist ideals to their critique. The paper highlights the iteration of the lack of “comfort” of modernist architecture, tracing the origins of this critique by referencing the 1977 and 1988 Competitions, during which the respective judges Peter Cook and Toyō Itō challenged architects to devise innovative housing proposals to attain “comfort in the metropolis.” It initially employs a synchronic approach to investigate the origins of Cook’s Competition theme, the multiple winning entries, the judges’ final remarks, and the after-effects of the Competitions to apprehend how discrete geographies negotiated the notion of comfort. Next, the paper juxtaposes the outcomes of both years of the Competition to offer a diachronic analysis of how architects have conceived the house and the city differently through time. This investigation reveals that the mechanism of this longstanding, idea-based Competition confronts two judges’ positions to understand their cultural and architectural differences.Diese Untersuchung befasst sich mit der (von 1965 bis 2020) jährlich ausgerichteten Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition als einem ergiebigen interkulturellen Austauschmedium, das neues Architekturwissen generiert. Der internationale Ideenwettbewerb wird hier im Kontext einer langen Geschichte transnationaler Begegnungen betrachtet, um den ideologischen Wandel von einer Verfestigung modernistischer Ideale hin zur Kritik derselben nachzuvollziehen. Der Artikel hebt die immer wieder vorgebrachte Formel des mangelnden „Komforts“ modernistischer Architektur hervor und kommt auf den Ursprung dieser Kritik zurück: Bei den Wettbewerben der Jahre 1977 und 1988 forderten Peter Cook und Toyo Ito als jeweilige Preisrichter die Architekten heraus, innovative Wohnbauten zum „Komfort in der Metropole“ zu entwerfen. Indem er zunächst die Ursprünge von Cooks Wettbewerbsthema, die vielen ausgezeichneten Vorschläge, die Abschlussbemerkungen der Preisrichter und die Nachwirkungen der Wettbewerbe gleichzeitig in den Blick fasst, arbeitet der Beitrag heraus, wie unterschiedlich der Komfortbegriff in einzelnen Regionen verhandelt wurde. Anschließend stellt der Artikel die Ergebnisse der beiden Wettbewerbsausgaben einander in historischer Folge gegenüber und veranschaulicht dabei, wie unterschiedlich Architekten Haus und Stadt zu verschiedenen Zeiten aufgefasst haben.Questo articolo esamina il ruolo del concorso annuale Shinkenchiku Residential Design Competition (1965-2020) in quanto proficuo strumento di scambio interculturale in grado di generare nuove conoscenze architettoniche. Inserisce questo concorso internazionale di idee in una lunga serie di incontri transnazionali per tracciare i contorni della svolta ideologica che ha portato dal consolidamento degli ideali modernisti alla loro critica. L’articolo illustra le ripetute accuse di carenza di “comfort” mosse all’architettura modernista, risalendo alle origini di questa critica attraverso l’analisi dei concorsi del 1977 e del 1988, durante i quali i giurati, rispettivamente Peter Cook eToyō Itō, chiesero agli architetti di ideare proposte residenziali innovative per raggiungere il “comfort nella metropoli”. Attraverso un approccio sincronico, l’articolo indaga la genesi del tema proposto da Cook, i vari progetti vincitori, le osservazioni finali dei giurati e le ricadute dei due concorsi al fine di comprendere come le varie geografie abbiano interpretato il concetto di comfort. In seguito confronta i risultati delle due edizioni del concorso per offrire un’analisi diacronica dei vari modi in cui gli architetti hanno concepito l’abitazione e la città nel corso del tempo.Cette étude envisage le concours d’architecture résidentielle de Shinkenchiku (1965-2020) comme une plateforme d’échanges interculturels favorisant le renouvellement du savoir architectural. Inscrivant le concours dans une longue histoire de rencontres transnationales, l’étude met en évidence le basculement idéologique qui s’est opéré entre l’affirmation des idéaux modernistes et leur critique. Nous reviendrons sur l’apparition de la critique sur le manque de « confort » dans l’architecture moderniste en prenant pour exemple les concours de 1977 et 1988, durant lesquels les juges Peter Cook puis Toyo Ito mirent les architectes au défi de concevoir de nouvelles solutions architecturales pour atteindre « le confort dans la métropole ». En adoptant d’abord une approche synchronique, l’article examine les origines du thème proposé par Cook, les projets récompensés, les appréciations des juges et le retentissement des concours pour comprendre l’incidence de la géographie sur l’appréhension du confort. Les résultats des deux concours sont ensuite analysés de manière diachronique pour mieux saisir les variations temporelles dans la conception de l’habitat et de la ville par les architectes. Au-delà des mécanismes d’un concours durablement marqué par le débat d’idées, cette enquête révèle, confronte et permet de comprendre l’antagonisme entre les différents points de vue culturels et architecturaux des deux juges.Este estudio considera el concurso de arquitectura residencial de Shinkenchiku (1965-2020) como una plataforma de intercambios interculturales apoyando la renovación del saber arquitectural. Inscribiendo el concurso en una larga lista de encuentros transnacionales, el estudio pone en evidencia el cambio ideológico que opera entre la afirmación de ideales modernistas y su crítica. Volveremos sobre la aparición de la crítica sobre la falta de “confort” en la arquitectura modernista tomando como ejemplo el concurso de 1977 y 1988, durante los cuales los jueces Peter Cook y después Toyo Ito pusieron a los arquitectos el desafío de concebir nuevas soluciones arquitecturales, para conseguir “el confort de la metrópolis”. Adoptando primeramente un enfoque sincrónico, el artículo examina los orígenes del tema propuesto por Cook, los proyectos recompensados, las apreciaciones de los jueces y el impacto de los concursos para comprender la incidencia de la geografía sobre la aprehensión del confort. Los resultados de los dos concursos son enseguida analizados de manera diacrónica para entender mejor las variaciones temporales en la concepción del hábitat y de la ciudad por los arquitectos. Más allá de los mecanismos de una competición durablemente marcada por el debate de ideas, esta encuesta revela, confronta y permite de comprender el antagonismo entre las diferentes opiniones culturales y arquitecturales de los dos jueces