The Experts below are selected from a list of 402 Experts worldwide ranked by ideXlab platform

Anwarul Hassan Gilani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the prokinetic laxative and antidiarrheal effects of morus nigra possible muscarinic ca 2 channel blocking and antimuscarinic mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anam Akhlaq, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Abdul Rehman, Zohaib Ashraf, Sadia Syed, Samira Ahmed Bawany, Maimoona Ilyas, Bina S Siddiqui
    Abstract:

    Morus nigra Linn. (black mulberry) is used in gastrointestinal ailments. This study demonstrates gut modulatory properties of M. nigra. The prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal activities of M. nigra were assessed in mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum were used to explore insight into mechanism(s). At 30 and 70 mg/kg, the crude extract of M. nigra (Mn.Cr) exhibited atropine-sensitive prokinetic and laxative effects, similar to carbachol (CCh). While at higher doses (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg), Mn.Cr offered protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea. In rabbit jejunum, Mn.Cr and its chloroform fraction inhibited CCh-induced contractions more potently compared with high K+ (80 mm). Conversely, petroleum fraction was more potent against high-K+-induced contractions. At 0.01 mg/mL, Mn.Cr caused a parallel shift in acetylcholine concentration–response curves (CRCs) followed by a non-parallel shift at 0.03 mg/mL, similar to Dicyclomine. At further tested concentrations, Mn.Cr (0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL) and petroleum fraction suppressed Ca2+ CRCs, similar to verapamil. In guinea-pig ileum, Mn.Cr, its aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited atropine-sensitive gut stimulant activity along with additional uncharacterized excitatory response in the aqueous fraction only. These results suggest that black mulberry possesses prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal effects, putatively mediated through cholinomimetic, antimuscarinic, and Ca2+ antagonist mechanisms, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of lepidium sativum in airways disorders
    Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Najeeb Ur Rehman, Arifullah Khan, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    Lepidium sativum is widely used in folk medicine for treatment of hyperactive airways disorders, such as asthma, bronchitis and cough. The crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) inhibited carbachol (CCh, 1 μM-) and K+ (80 mM-) induced contractions in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr at 0.03 mg/mL produced a rightward parallel shift of CCh curves, followed by nonparallel shift at higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), suppressing maximum response, similar to that caused by Dicyclomine. Pretreatment of tissues with Ls.Cr (0.1–0.3 mg/mL) shifted Ca++ concentration-response curves (CRCs) to right, as produced by verapamil. Ls.Cr at low concentrations (0.03–0.1 mg/mL) caused leftward shift of isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs, like that caused by rolipram, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. These results indicate that bronchodilatory effect of Lepidium sativum is mediated through a combination of anticholinergic, Ca++ antagonist and PDE inhibitory pathways, which provides sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in the overactive airways disorders.

  • studies on antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum crude extract in rats
    Phytotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Khalid M. Alkharfy, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    This study was aimed to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in diarrhea using in vivo and in vitro assays. The seed extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) at 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. In isolated rat ileum, Ls.Cr (0.01–5 mg/mL) reversed carbachol (CCh, 1 µ m) and K+ (80 m m)-induced contractions with higher potency against CCh, similar to Dicyclomine. Preincubation of rat ileum with a lower concentration of Ls.Cr (0.03 mg/mL) caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of CCh without suppression of the maximum response, while at the next higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr shifted the CRCs of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to verapamil. These data suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca++ channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out and this study explains its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • the antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and ca2 channels
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Hasan Salman Siddiqi, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    Abstract Aim of the study This study was aimed at providing the possible mechanisms for the medicinal use of Phyllanthus emblica in diarrhea. Materials and methods The in vivo studies were conducted in mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum were used for the in vitro experiments. Results The crude extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe.Cr), which tested positive for alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins, caused inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation in mice at 500–700 mg/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, Pe.Cr relaxed carbachol (CCh) and K + (80 mM)-induced contractions, in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine. The preincubation of guinea pig-ileum with Pe.Cr (0.3 mg/mL), caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of acetylcholine without suppression of the maximum response. While at the next higher concentration (1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine, suggesting anticholinergic and Ca 2+ channel blocking (CCB)-like antispasmodic effect. The CCB-like activity was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Pe.Cr, shifted the CRCs of Ca 2+ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to nifedipine or Dicyclomine. The activity-directed fractions of Pe.Cr showed a combination of Ca 2+ antagonist and anticholinergic like components in all fractions but with varying potency. Conclusion These results indicate that the Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities, mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca 2+ channels, thus explaining its medicinal use in diarrhea.

Najeeb Ur Rehman - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • Multiple mechanisms of flaxseed: Effectiveness in inflammatory bowel disease
    eCommons@AKU, 2020
    Co-Authors: Palla, Amber Hanif, Gilani Anwar, Bashir Samra, Najeeb Ur Rehman
    Abstract:

    Materials and methods: Aqueous-methanolic crude extracts of Flaxseed (Fs.Cr) and Flaxseed oil were tested against 6% acetic acid- (AA-) induced colitis in BALB/c mice. Microscopic damage parameters of the hematoxylin and eosin-stained and periodic acid-Schiff-alcian blue-stained sections of the colon were scored to be assessed. Possible antispasmodic mechanism was studied on isolated rabbit jejunum, while antibacterial activity was assessed in vitro for microbes implicated in IBD.Results: In AA-induced colitis, Flaxseed oil was found to be more effective in reducing mortality and colonic ulcers than Fs.Cr at 500 mg/kg dose. Fs.Cr was more efficacious in increasing mucin content as compared to oil, exhibiting slightly greater anti-inflammatory effect (50% vs 35%) and reducing depth of lesion (55% vs 42.31%, respectively). Antispasmodic activity of Fs.Cr (0.03 and 0.1 mg/ml) was mediated by phosphodiesterase inhibitors (PDEI, possibly PDE-4 subtype) with a resultant increase in cAMP levels. Flaxseed oil PDEI activity was mild (1 and 3 mg/ml). Fs.Cr (0.1 and 0.3 mg/ml) was potent in exhibiting anticholinergic activity, similar to Dicyclomine, whereas Flaxseed oil showed anticholinergic effect at 1 and 3 mg/ml. Flaxseed oil (9 and 14 µg/ml) was bactericidal against enteropathogenic E.coli (EPEC), enterotoxigenic E.coli (ETEC), and enteroaggregative E.coli (EAEC), whereas Fs.Cr exhibited bactericidal effect against EPEC at 100 µg/ml.Conclusions: Results of this study, taken together with previous studies, suggest that Flaxseed possesses anti-inflammatory, antibacterial, and antispasmodic action through multiple pathways and thus offers promising potential to be developed for IBD

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of lepidium sativum in airways disorders
    Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Najeeb Ur Rehman, Arifullah Khan, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    Lepidium sativum is widely used in folk medicine for treatment of hyperactive airways disorders, such as asthma, bronchitis and cough. The crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) inhibited carbachol (CCh, 1 μM-) and K+ (80 mM-) induced contractions in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr at 0.03 mg/mL produced a rightward parallel shift of CCh curves, followed by nonparallel shift at higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), suppressing maximum response, similar to that caused by Dicyclomine. Pretreatment of tissues with Ls.Cr (0.1–0.3 mg/mL) shifted Ca++ concentration-response curves (CRCs) to right, as produced by verapamil. Ls.Cr at low concentrations (0.03–0.1 mg/mL) caused leftward shift of isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs, like that caused by rolipram, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. These results indicate that bronchodilatory effect of Lepidium sativum is mediated through a combination of anticholinergic, Ca++ antagonist and PDE inhibitory pathways, which provides sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in the overactive airways disorders.

  • studies on antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum crude extract in rats
    Phytotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Khalid M. Alkharfy, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    This study was aimed to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in diarrhea using in vivo and in vitro assays. The seed extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) at 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. In isolated rat ileum, Ls.Cr (0.01–5 mg/mL) reversed carbachol (CCh, 1 µ m) and K+ (80 m m)-induced contractions with higher potency against CCh, similar to Dicyclomine. Preincubation of rat ileum with a lower concentration of Ls.Cr (0.03 mg/mL) caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of CCh without suppression of the maximum response, while at the next higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr shifted the CRCs of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to verapamil. These data suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca++ channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out and this study explains its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Khalid M. Alkharfy - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Anwarul Hassa Gilani, Najeeb U Rehma, Malik Hassa Mehmood, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of lepidium sativum in airways disorders
    Evidence-based Complementary and Alternative Medicine, 2012
    Co-Authors: Najeeb Ur Rehman, Arifullah Khan, Khalid M. Alkharfy, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    Lepidium sativum is widely used in folk medicine for treatment of hyperactive airways disorders, such as asthma, bronchitis and cough. The crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) inhibited carbachol (CCh, 1 μM-) and K+ (80 mM-) induced contractions in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr at 0.03 mg/mL produced a rightward parallel shift of CCh curves, followed by nonparallel shift at higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), suppressing maximum response, similar to that caused by Dicyclomine. Pretreatment of tissues with Ls.Cr (0.1–0.3 mg/mL) shifted Ca++ concentration-response curves (CRCs) to right, as produced by verapamil. Ls.Cr at low concentrations (0.03–0.1 mg/mL) caused leftward shift of isoprenaline-induced inhibitory CRCs, like that caused by rolipram, a phosphodiesterase (PDE) inhibitor. These results indicate that bronchodilatory effect of Lepidium sativum is mediated through a combination of anticholinergic, Ca++ antagonist and PDE inhibitory pathways, which provides sound mechanistic background for its medicinal use in the overactive airways disorders.

  • studies on antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum crude extract in rats
    Phytotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Khalid M. Alkharfy, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    This study was aimed to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in diarrhea using in vivo and in vitro assays. The seed extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) at 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. In isolated rat ileum, Ls.Cr (0.01–5 mg/mL) reversed carbachol (CCh, 1 µ m) and K+ (80 m m)-induced contractions with higher potency against CCh, similar to Dicyclomine. Preincubation of rat ileum with a lower concentration of Ls.Cr (0.03 mg/mL) caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of CCh without suppression of the maximum response, while at the next higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr shifted the CRCs of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to verapamil. These data suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca++ channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out and this study explains its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Malik Hassan Mehmood - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • the prokinetic laxative and antidiarrheal effects of morus nigra possible muscarinic ca 2 channel blocking and antimuscarinic mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2016
    Co-Authors: Anam Akhlaq, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Abdul Rehman, Zohaib Ashraf, Sadia Syed, Samira Ahmed Bawany, Maimoona Ilyas, Bina S Siddiqui
    Abstract:

    Morus nigra Linn. (black mulberry) is used in gastrointestinal ailments. This study demonstrates gut modulatory properties of M. nigra. The prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal activities of M. nigra were assessed in mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum were used to explore insight into mechanism(s). At 30 and 70 mg/kg, the crude extract of M. nigra (Mn.Cr) exhibited atropine-sensitive prokinetic and laxative effects, similar to carbachol (CCh). While at higher doses (100, 300, and 500 mg/kg), Mn.Cr offered protection against castor oil-induced diarrhea. In rabbit jejunum, Mn.Cr and its chloroform fraction inhibited CCh-induced contractions more potently compared with high K+ (80 mm). Conversely, petroleum fraction was more potent against high-K+-induced contractions. At 0.01 mg/mL, Mn.Cr caused a parallel shift in acetylcholine concentration–response curves (CRCs) followed by a non-parallel shift at 0.03 mg/mL, similar to Dicyclomine. At further tested concentrations, Mn.Cr (0.1 and 0.3 mg/mL) and petroleum fraction suppressed Ca2+ CRCs, similar to verapamil. In guinea-pig ileum, Mn.Cr, its aqueous and ethyl acetate fractions exhibited atropine-sensitive gut stimulant activity along with additional uncharacterized excitatory response in the aqueous fraction only. These results suggest that black mulberry possesses prokinetic, laxative, and antidiarrheal effects, putatively mediated through cholinomimetic, antimuscarinic, and Ca2+ antagonist mechanisms, respectively. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Anwarul Hassan Gilani, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • studies on antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum crude extract in rats
    Phytotherapy Research, 2012
    Co-Authors: Khalid M. Alkharfy, Najeeb Ur Rehman, Malik Hassan Mehmood, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    This study was aimed to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Lepidium sativum in diarrhea using in vivo and in vitro assays. The seed extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) at 100 and 300 mg/kg inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in rats. In isolated rat ileum, Ls.Cr (0.01–5 mg/mL) reversed carbachol (CCh, 1 µ m) and K+ (80 m m)-induced contractions with higher potency against CCh, similar to Dicyclomine. Preincubation of rat ileum with a lower concentration of Ls.Cr (0.03 mg/mL) caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of CCh without suppression of the maximum response, while at the next higher concentration (0.1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine. Ls.Cr shifted the CRCs of Ca++ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to verapamil. These data suggest that Lepidium sativum seed extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca++ channels, though additional mechanism(s) cannot be ruled out and this study explains its medicinal use in diarrhea and abdominal cramps. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • the antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities of phyllanthus emblica are mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and ca2 channels
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2011
    Co-Authors: Malik Hassan Mehmood, Hasan Salman Siddiqi, Anwarul Hassan Gilani
    Abstract:

    Abstract Aim of the study This study was aimed at providing the possible mechanisms for the medicinal use of Phyllanthus emblica in diarrhea. Materials and methods The in vivo studies were conducted in mice, while isolated rabbit jejunum and guinea-pig ileum were used for the in vitro experiments. Results The crude extract of Phyllanthus emblica (Pe.Cr), which tested positive for alkaloids, tannins, terpenes, flavonoids, sterols and coumarins, caused inhibition of castor oil-induced diarrhea and intestinal fluid accumulation in mice at 500–700 mg/kg. In isolated rabbit jejunum, Pe.Cr relaxed carbachol (CCh) and K + (80 mM)-induced contractions, in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine. The preincubation of guinea pig-ileum with Pe.Cr (0.3 mg/mL), caused a rightward parallel shift in the concentration–response curves (CRCs) of acetylcholine without suppression of the maximum response. While at the next higher concentration (1 mg/mL), it produced a non-parallel rightward shift with suppression of the maximum response, similar to that of Dicyclomine, suggesting anticholinergic and Ca 2+ channel blocking (CCB)-like antispasmodic effect. The CCB-like activity was further confirmed when pretreatment of the tissue with Pe.Cr, shifted the CRCs of Ca 2+ to the right with suppression of the maximum response, similar to nifedipine or Dicyclomine. The activity-directed fractions of Pe.Cr showed a combination of Ca 2+ antagonist and anticholinergic like components in all fractions but with varying potency. Conclusion These results indicate that the Phyllanthus emblica fruit extract possesses antidiarrheal and spasmolytic activities, mediated possibly through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca 2+ channels, thus explaining its medicinal use in diarrhea.

Anwarul Hassa Gilani - One of the best experts on this subject based on the ideXlab platform.

  • species differences in the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of lepidium sativum and insight into underlying mechanisms
    Phytotherapy Research, 2013
    Co-Authors: Anwarul Hassa Gilani, Najeeb U Rehma, Malik Hassa Mehmood, Khalid M. Alkharfy
    Abstract:

    The aim of this study was to see if the crude extract of Lepidium sativum (Ls.Cr) exhibits species specificity in its antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities along with insight into the underlying mechanisms using the in-vivo and in-vitro experiments. Ls.Cr inhibited castor oil-induced diarrhea in mice at doses (300 and 1000 mg/kg) three times higher dose than for rats. In isolated rat ileum and jejunum, Ls.Cr completely inhibited carbachol (CCh), low K+ (25 mM) and high K+ (80 mM)-induced contractions, while in guinea-pig tissues, Ls.Cr caused complete inhibition of only CCh-induced contraction. In rabbit tissues, Ls.Cr completely inhibited CCh and low K+-induced contractions sensitive to K+ channel antagonists. Pretreatment of guinea-pig and rat tissues with Ls.Cr caused a rightward shift in CCh-induced contractions in a pattern similar to Dicyclomine, while in rabbit and rat tissues, Ls.Cr shifted isoprenaline curves to the left similar to papaverine. These data indicate that the antidiarrheal and antispasmodic activities of L. sativum are species dependent, mediating its antispasmodic effect through combinations of multiple pathways including activation of K+ channels, and inhibition of muscarinic receptors, Ca++ channels and PDE enzyme. Rat tissues showed the highest potency. Based on the results, we recommend using multiple species to know the real pharmacological profile of medicinal products. Copyright © 2012 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

  • mechanisms underlying the antidiarrheal antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities of fumaria parviflora and involvement of tissue and species specificity
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2012
    Co-Authors: Samra Ashi, Adna J Alrehaily, Anwarul Hassa Gilani
    Abstract:

    Ethnopharmacological relevance: In the Greco-Arab (Unani) traditional medicine, Fumaria parviflora Linn. is widely used in hypreractive gut and respiratory disorders including diarrhea, abdominal cramps, indigestion and asthma but scientific studies to provide rational for these medicinal uses are sparse. This study was therefore undertaken to provide ethnopharmacological basis for its medicinal use in diarrhea, abdominal cramps and asthma. Materials and methods: The in vivo studies were conducted in mice and rats while isolated gut and tracheal preparations of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit were suspended in respective tissue baths to measure the isotonic and isometric responses, using Power Lab electronic recorder. Results: The aqueous-methanol extract of Fumaria parviflora (Fp.Cr) protected against diarrhea caused by castor oil in rats and mice, similar to loperamide and Dicyclomine, and bronchospasm caused by carbachol (CCh) in rats, similar to aminophylline. In the in vitro studies, Fp.Cr relaxed CCh and isotonic high K+ physiological salts solutions-induced contractions in jejunum, ileum and tracheal preparations of rat, guinea-pig and rabbit. Fp.Cr was predominately more potent against CCh than isotonic high K+ solutions-induced contractions, similar to Dicyclomine, suggesting the presence of anticholinergic and calcium channel blocking (CCB) activities, which were confirmed when Fp.Cr shifted the CCh and Ca2+ concentration–response curves, constructed in rat ileum and trachea, towards right. Among intestinal preparations from various species, both anticholinergic and CCB effects of Fp.Cr were exhibited at lower concentrations in rat than the other species. In tracheal preparations, Fp.Cr was the most potent in its CCB effect in rabbit. Within species, CCB effect of Fp.Cr was produced at lower concentrations in rat jejunum than ileum and trachea, whereas, anticholinergic effect was produced at higher concentration in rat trachea than intestine. Conclusion: This study, showing the presence of antidiarrheal, antispasmodic and bronchodilator activities in Fumaria parviflora possibly mediated through dual blockade of muscarinic receptors and Ca2+ channels, provides sound basis for its medicinal uses in diarrhea, abdominal cramps and may be used as bronchodilator in asthma. Species and tissue-dependency of these effects underscores the importance of utilizing multiple tissues and species to get more meaningful results.

  • mechanisms underlying the antispasmodic and bronchodilatory properties of terminalia bellerica fruit
    Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 2008
    Co-Authors: Anwarul Hassa Gilani, Arifullah Kha, Tuba Ali, Saad Ajmal
    Abstract:

    AIM OF THE STUDY: The present investigation was carried out to provide the pharmacological basis for the medicinal use of Terminalia bellerica in hyperactive gastrointestinal and respiratory disorders. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Crude extract of Terminalia bellerica fruit (Tb.Cr) was studied in in vitro and in vivo. RESULTS: Tb.Cr caused relaxation of spontaneous contractions in isolated rabbit jejunum at 0.1-3.0mg/mL. Tb.Cr inhibited the carbachol (CCh, 1microM) and K(+) (80mM)-induced contractions in a pattern similar to that of Dicyclomine, but different from nifedipine and atropine. Tb.Cr shifted the Ca(++) concentration-response curves to right, like nifedipine and Dicyclomine. In guinea-pig ileum, Tb.Cr produced rightward parallel shift of acetylcholine-curves, followed by non-parallel shift at higher concentration with the suppression of maximum response, similar to Dicyclomine, but different from nifedipine and atropine. Tb.Cr exhibited protective effect against castor oil-induced diarrhea and carbachol-mediated bronchoconstriction in rodents. In guinea-pig trachea, Tb.Cr relaxed the CCh-induced contractions, shifted CCh-curves to right and inhibited the contractions of K(+). Anticholinergic effect was distributed both in organic and aqueous fractions, while CCB was present in the aqueous fraction. CONCLUSIONS: These results indicate that Terminalia bellerica fruit possess a combination of anticholinergic and Ca(++) antagonist effects, which explain its folkloric use in the colic, diarrhea and asthma.